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PL
The article analyzes the concept of justice in both procedural and substantive aspects of civil law, with regards to John Rawls’ notion of “procedural justice”. The basic problem of the article is the question if each outcome of a fair procedure is just by the token of the fairness of the procedure. The author argues that such a standpoint, claiming that the procedure itself creates a just decision, will be incompatible with Article 45 paragraph 1 of the Polish Constitution. This paragraph grants the right to just adjudicature, which takes into account the whole substantive law. There are areas in law where conflicts between the procedural and the substantive justice are possible. Such an area is the adversary trial proceedings and evidentiary proceedings. The Court of Justice of the European Union emphasizes that there are such groups of legal entities (eg. consumers), for which it is necessary to regard ex officio all of facts pointing to the unjust treatment of consumer. The similar point of view was expressed by the Supreme Court of Poland. The Supreme Court of Poland allowed an evaluation of a claim which includes principles of justice, even if the defendant doesn’t take any position. This belief agrees with the standpoint of E. Waśkowski, who emphasized that the sentence should be “rightful”.
EN
Purpose: Despite the popularity of employee engagement in the past decade, organizations across the globe struggle with disengaged employees at work. The purpose of this paper is to critically reflect on issues relating to employee engagement and to develop a conceptual framework that explains the linkages between organizational climate, procedural justice, distributive justice, perceived organizational support, and employee engagement with the aim of fostering higher levels of employee engagement in organizations. Methodology: The paper provides a systematic review of the literature on employee engagement and reviews from peer-reviewed journals written in English on the topic and published in 1985–2019. Findings: Research in this field shows that engaged employees are perceived as employees who work harder, are willing to go the extra mile, and are more passionate about the work they do and the quality they present to produce better results that drive business growth. Today, more than ever, organizations understand the importance of their employees and view them as the most important asset to their businesses. Hence, keeping employees committed and engaged has become one of the key focuses for organizations. Originality: Previous studies have not considered a holistic model of employee engagement from the angles addressed in this paper nor has such a model been tested on a global or regional scale. This study contributes to the literature on employee engagement by proposing a conceptual framework through which organizations can have important insights into how to engage their employees. The conceptual framework of this study will be crucial for organizations attempting to improve their employee engagement
Management & Marketing
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2016
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vol. 11
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issue 2
431-448
EN
The present study investigates the motivational effects in a sample of Romanian employees in private companies that implement pay for performance programs of one of the characteristics of these programs, namely pay dispersion, and on the potential mediating role of organizational justice in these effects. To this aim, we examined the relationships between the amounts of pay dispersion introduced by the respective financial incentive system, employee perceptions of distributive and procedural justice, work motivation, and base salary, respectively. The results of the data analysis, performed through structural equation modeling, support our hypotheses concerning the positive effect of performance – related pay dispersion on motivation and the mediating role of the two dimensions of organizational justice in this effect. Larger financial rewards allocated by the financial incentive system for high performers increase employee perceptions of distributive and procedural justice, which, in turn, foster work motivation. Base salary was also found to influence pay dispersion, as well as perceived distributive justice.
EN
In Polish psychology there has been no systematic research so far on the experience of contact with courts and on the evaluation of this experience using the theory of procedural justice. Polish psychologists do not have Polish instruments measuring procedural justice at their disposal. The Procedural Justice Scale is a measure operationalizing the dimensions of procedural justice according to Tyler’s model: respect, neutrality, voice, understanding, and influence. The aim of the present article is to present the work on the revised version of the Procedural Justice Scale, measuring procedural justice operationalized exclusively in psychological terms, and to present the psychometric properties of this scale. In particular, the author tested the reliability of the instrument and verified its validity based on confirmatory factor analysis, scale intercorrelations, and intergroup differences. The results confirmed the five-factor structure of procedural justice. They also confirmed the criterion validity of the measure, reflected in correlations with validation instruments.
EN
Recovery strategies are critical to service providers in their efforts to maintain satisfied and loyal customers. While the existing research shows that recovery satisfaction is a function of customer perception of distributive, procedural and interactional justice, the present study considers an important contextual factor - customer-perceived quality of the service provider in the evaluation of justice dimensions and satisfaction. To test the hypotheses proposed, a survey was carried out in the mobile services context. The findings reveal that customer-perceived quality affects the evaluation of justice dimensions and its outcomes. The findings reveal that while distributive justice enhances recovery satisfaction for low perceived quality services, the procedural justice resulted in greater satisfaction in high perceived quality services. Thus, by understanding the role of customer-perceived quality, service managers can deliver effective recovery strategies thereby enhancing satisfaction and loyalty.
EN
In her article, the author presents the institution of mediation that was introduced to the Administrative Procedure Code (Polish: Kodeks postępowania administracyjnego, k.p.a.) with the amendments of 1st June 2017. Mediation is not a completely new institution in the area of public administration. The regulations that were in force before the amendments foresaw their direct application, or set out the duty to initiate similar measures. Moreover, it was observed that during administrative procedures activities were undertaken that corresponded to the notion of mediation, or other non-confrontational ways to reach a consensus. Therefore, it can be concluded that the amended Code has in fact legitimised the existing need and the practice of conciliatory activities that previously were not applied in a unified way, though. At present, the situation is likely to change.
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 7
116-122
EN
The case comment relates to the judgment the Court of Justice of the European Union of 21 July 2016 in the case VM Remonts (C-542/14), delivered in response to a preliminary reference made by the Latvian Supreme Court. The question at stake referred to possibility to hold a company liable (in the light of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) for the anticompetitive behaviour of a third-party service provider. The Court of Justice did not follow the Opinion of the Advocate General Wathelet who suggested introducing rebuttable presumption of the company's liability in this respect. Instead, the Court of Justice held that a company should be only liable for the breach of competition law of a third-party service provider if one of three conditions are met (the service provider was acting under its direction or control; the company knew of the anticompetitive objectives of the service provider; or the company should have reasonably foreseen the anticompetitive behaviour of the service provider). The judgment is welcome as enforcing procedural justice and the companies' right to defence.
EN
The article deals with the problem of the sense of justice of Internet recruitment procedures among young adults. Meta-analysis of studies on the sense of justice of the recruitment process shows that it is extremely important for both employers and job candidates. Influencing the attitude of a candidate to the organization, it provides a number of both positive and negative effects. In order to investigate the problem, in case of young adults (as people which entering the stage of development, which one of the main goals is to find a job), it has been conducted a three-part test to determine the perceived level of justice of e-recruitment procedures, as well as its impact on the assessment of the recruitment announcement and recruiting organization. On the basis of the Internet survey (N=280), we found significant differences between categories of significance for justice (transparency, objectivity, feedback, job information and freedom of expression) and predictions as to the actual course of Internet recruitment. Furthermore, in the experimental variant we demonstrated that the assessment of the general announcement is only to ensure a fair procedure for the provision of feedback.
PL
W artykule poruszono problem poczucia sprawiedliwości w odniesieniu do procedur rekrutacji internetowej wśród młodych dorosłych. Metaanalizy badań nad poczuciem sprawiedliwości procesu rekrutacji wskazują, że jest ono niezwykle ważne zarówno dla pracodawców, jak i kandydatów do pracy. Wpływając na nastawienie kandydata w stosunku do organizacji, niesie ze sobą szereg pozytywnych i negatywnych efektów. W celu zbadania problemu w przypadku młodych dorosłych (jako osób wchodzących w stadium rozwojowe, którego jednym z głównych celów jest znalezienie pracy) przeprowadzono trzyczęściowe badanie mające na celu określenie postrzeganego poziomu sprawiedliwości procedur e-rekrutacyjnych oraz jego wpływu na ocenę ogłoszenia rekrutacyjnego i rekrutującej organizacji. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej za pośrednictwem Internetu ankiety (N=280) stwierdzono istotne różnice między istotnością dla badanych kategorii sprawiedliwości (przejrzystości, obiektywności, informacji zwrotnej, informacji o pracy i swobodzie wypowiedzi) a przewidywaniami co do rzeczywistego przebiegu rekrutacji internetowej. Ponadto w wariancie eksperymentalnym wykazano, że na ocenę ogólną ogłoszenia wpływ ma wyłącznie zapewnienie sprawiedliwej procedury dostarczania informacji zwrotnej.
EN
The right to a fair trial is a basic and important guarantees in a democratic state of law. The leading role in its interpretation is played by art. 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and standards developed on its bases in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union is one of the legal acts inspired by human rights guaranteed in the European Convention on Human Rights. The Charter has become an act that comprehensively captures the subjective rights in in the legal order of the European Union, including the discussed right to a fair trial. The purpose of the publication is to establish the extent of guaranteed legal protection at the European level in two acts – European Convention on Human Rights and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The analysis of the two above-mentioned acts is preceded by a discussion of the principle of procedural justice.
PL
Prawo do rzetelnego procesu stanowi podstawową i ważną gwarancję w demokratycznym państwie prawa. Wiodącą rolę w interpretacji tego pojęcia odgrywa art. 6 Konwencji o Ochronie Praw Człowieka i Podstawowych Wolności oraz wypracowane na jego podstawie standardy w orzecznictwie Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka. Karta Praw Podstawowych Unii Europejskiej jest jednym z aktów prawnych inspirowanych prawami człowieka gwarantowanymi w Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka. Karta stała się aktem ujmującym w sposób kompleksowy prawa podmiotowe występujące w porządku prawnym Unii Europejskiej, w tym omawiane prawo do rzetelnego procesu. Celem publikacji jest ustalenie w jakim zakresie gwarantowana jest ochrona sądowa na poziomie europejskim w dwóch aktach – Konwencji o Ochronie Praw Człowieka i Podstawowych Wolności oraz Karcie Praw Podstawowych Unii Europejskiej. Analizę dwóch wyżej wymienionych aktów poprzedza omówienie zasady sprawiedliwości proceduralnej.
EN
The quality of the faculty is one of the most important components of higher education’s quality assurance. Turnover among faculty, however, could undermine the efficiency, productivity and in some occasions, threats the institution’s long-term survival. Preliminary interviews with human resource personnel of selected private higher institutions revealed a high turnover rate of 18%. This qualitative phenomenological study explored the reason on why faculty resigns their job. In-depth interviews were conducted with faculty members from 5 private universities in Malaysia, using purposive sampling. The NVivo 8 software was used to analyze the data thematically. Seven major themes emerged from the analysis including; employer image, availability of external job opportunities, social media bullying, unfair performance measurement, unfair compensation, work overload and job Insecurity. Although some emerging themes could be traced to previous literatures, an emerging theme of social media bullying warrants further scrutiny. The research results could help private universities to strategize how to minimize the high turnover rates while optimizing the levels of faculty retention. Furthermore, this research provides some initial insight on the role of social media bullying in turnover literature.
EN
Human dignity in the Polish law is considered as the basis for the system of rights and freedoms regulated in Chapter II of the Constitution of 1997. In turn, the rule of law is a principle of constitutional democracy respecting human rights. Procedural rules focus on the manner in which the state operates, also in relation to individuals. Procedural justice as a principle derived from the rule of law can be defined as a set of values whose guarantee in legal norms and implementation in procedural practice affects their fairness and enables their positive evaluation. The jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal considers the principle of procedural fairness as one of the principles of the rule of law and binds it with the right to court which means exactly: 1) the right of access to court, 2) the right to really fair procedure, 3) the right to court judgment, and 4) the right to appropriate shape of the system of the authorities examining cases. Appropriate shaping (fairness) of the procedure within the meaning presented by the Constitutional Tribunal ensures in particular that the parties of proceedings have: the right to be heard; the right to obtain a justification of the decision, which prevents arbitrary action of the court; ensured predictability of the proceedings; guarantee of procedural measures balancing the position of the parties; ensured the control of the decision by a superior instance; guarantee of impartiality of the judge. Meeting these requirements guarantees respect for dignity of a man as a participant in the proceedings.
PL
W ostatnich latach w naukach społecznych (a także wśród przedstawicieli władz publicznych i podmiotów prywatnych, np. przedsiębiorstw) daje się zauważyć wzrost zainteresowania czynnikami pozwalającymi na zwiększenie poziomu legitymizacji systemu społecznego lub poszczególnych rozstrzygnięć i instytucji. Ten wzrost zainteresowania wynika między innymi z procesów demokratyzacji, które sprawiają, że dotychczasowe źródła panowania – np. formalnoprawne – w coraz mniejszym stopniu wystarczają do uzasadnienia posiadania władzy. Decydenci coraz wyraźniej dostrzegają, że im wyższy poziom postrzeganej legitymizacji ich władzy, tym jest większa skłonność do podporządkowania się ich decyzjom (i tym niższe koszty braku podporządkowania). Artykuł relacjonuje najnowsze ustalenia empiryczne, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem znaczenia, jakie dla legitymizacji władzy ma tzw. sprawiedliwość proceduralna. Obejmuje ona subiektywne poczucie osób podlegających rozstrzygnięciom, że decydent (władza) jest bezstronny, traktuje je z szacunkiem, zapewnia im szansę na zaprezentowanie własnego stanowiska, zaś proces podejmowania decyzji jest zrozumiały.
EN
In recent years, social researchers (as well as public authorities and private companies) have had a renewed interest in the factors fostering the legitimacy of the socio-political system, as well as the legitimacy of diverse institutions and particular decisions. This increased interest results, among other things, from processes of democratization that have made the previous sources of authority — for instance, legal ones — increasingly insufficient to justify the wielding of power. Decision-makers have been noticing with increasing clarity that the greater the perceived legitimacy of their power, the greater is the tendency of others to accept their decisions (and the lower the costs arising from insubordination). The article describes the latest empirical findings, with particular consideration of the significance of so-called procedural justice for the legitimation of power. This includes the feeling of persons subject to decisions that the decision-making process is comprehensible and that the decision-maker (authority) is impartial, treats them with respect, and assures them of the opportunity to present their own position.
EN
The subject of the article is to present the concept of discourse in law on the basis of selected institutions, in particular mediation and comparison with trial. The analysis was carried out in a philosophical perspective and above all, it is based on the theory of Jürgen Habermas. This article deals mainly with the notion of practical discourse. The aim of the article is to show whether, speaking about law and its institutions, in particular mediation, we can actually talk about practical discourse. An interesting issue is also the search for elements of various concepts of justice in the analysis of mediation discourse and above all procedural and restorative justice. Considerations in this respect lead to the conclusion that mediation corresponds to the features of practical discourse according to Habermas to a greater extent than judicial proceedings, and is expressed through the concepts of procedural justice and restorative justice.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest przedstawienie pojęcia dyskursu w prawie na przykładzie wybranych instytucji, w tym przede wszystkim mediacji i jej porównania z postępowaniem sądowym. Analiza przeprowadzona została w perspektywie filozoficznoprawnej i przede wszystkim opiera się na teorii Jürgena Habermasa. Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy w dużej mierze pojęcia dyskursu praktycznego. Celem artykułu jest wykazanie, czy mówiąc o prawie i jego instytucjach, w tym w szczególności o mediacji możemy w rzeczywistości mówić o dyskursie praktycznym. Interesującą kwestią jest także poszukiwanie elementów różnorodnych koncepcji sprawiedliwości w analizie dyskursu mediacyjnego, a przede wszystkim sprawiedliwości proceduralnej i naprawczej. Rozważania w tym zakresie prowadzą do wniosku, że mediacja odpowiada cechom dyskursu praktycznego według J. Habermasa w większym stopniu niż postępowanie sądowe, a także wyraża się poprzez pojęcia sprawiedliwości proceduralnej i sprawiedliwości naprawczej.
EN
The objective of the paper was to determine the impact of procedural and distributive justice upon organization commitment of age-diversified employees. The objective was achieved in the course of a study encompassing two employees’ age groups: the first, consisting of people aged below 30 (N=555), the second, encompassing those aged above 50 (N=520). Respondents were employed in large and medium Polish companies. Results of the study allow to conclude that regardless of respondents’ age, the change in the perception of organizational justice will exert a positive impact upon organization commitment. The intensity of affective commitment is influenced primarily by procedural justice (in both age groups). Regardless of employees’ age, continuance commitment depends upon the perception of distributive justice.
PL
Celem artykułu było określenie wpływu poczucia sprawiedliwości proceduralnej i dystrybucyjnej na poziom zaangażowania (organization commitment) pracowników w rożnym wieku. Do realizacji tak postawionego celu przeprowadzono badania w dwóch grupach pracowników: do 30 roku życia (N=555) i powyżej 50 roku życia (N=520), zatrudnionych w 57 dużych i średnich polskich przedsiębiorstwach. Wyniki badań pozwalają na stwierdzenie, że niezależnie od wieku badanych, zmiana postrzegania sprawiedliwości organizacyjnej wpłynie na pozytywne zmiany w poziomie organization commitment. Na poziom affective commitment wpływa przede wszystkim poczucie sprawiedliwości proceduralnej (w obu badanych grupach wiekowych). Niezależnie od wieku badanych, poziom continuance commitment uzależniony jest od postrzegania sprawiedliwości dystrybucyjnej.
EN
Successful involvement of employees requires factors determining the level of involvement to be identified. The research problem was posed in the form of the following question: Does a correlation between organizational justice and employees’ involvement exist? The objective of the paper was to determine the relationship between variables, define its strength, and indicate HRM practices which may exert a positive impact upon the perception of organizational justice and boost employees’ involvement at the same time. In order to achieve such a goal, a study encompassing 2,076 employees of 57 large- and medium-sized Polish companies was conducted. Results of the study prove that a statistically significant correlation between procedural and distributive justice, and employees’ involvement exists. The strength of the relationship differs depending on various types of involvement.
PL
Warunkiem skutecznego budowania zaangażowania pracowników jest identyfikacja czynników go warunkujących. Problem badawczy sformułowany został jako pytanie: czy istnieje związek pomiędzy poczuciem sprawiedliwości a poziomem zaangażowania pracowników? Celem artykułu jest wykazanie związku między zmiennymi, określenie siły tego związku oraz wskazanie praktyk z zakresu ZZL, które mogą pozytywnie wpłynąć na postrzeganie sprawiedliwości organizacyjnej i jednocześnie wzmacniać poziom zaangażowania pracowników. Do realizacji tak postawionych celów przeprowadzono badania w grupie 2076 pracowników zatrudnionych w 57 dużych i średnich polskich przedsiębiorstwach. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań można stwierdzić, że istnieje statystycznie istotny związek pomiędzy sprawiedliwością proceduralną i dystrybucyjną a zaangażowaniem pracowników. Siła tego związku różni się w przypadku różnych rodzajów zaangażowania.
EN
The article aim is to answer the question whether Amartya Sen’s theory of justice – presented in the fullest way in his book The Idea of Justice (Oxford 2009) – may be regarded as intellectually attractive to legal philosophy. The analysis of this theory leads to the conclusion that it can be of limited relevance to that branch of philosophy. It is connected with the fact that Amartya Sen belongs to such a kind of thinkers who reject the focusing only on the institutions as a means to the realization of justice. Con¬sidering the so-called procedural justice, Sen refers only to the idea of an impartial spectator developed by Adam Smith, and essentially he is not interested in retributive justice. Thus, it seems that the richer theory of John Rawls still remains much more attractive for the jurisprudence. However, in the author’s opinion, some concepts created by Sen may be an important starting point for reflection on law, even apart from Sen’s entire theory. His notions of freedom (which can be adapted, for example, to judge paternalistic regulations) and of capability seem to be particularly inspiring from the point of view of legal philosophy.
EN
The article discusses the issue of fairness of the decision to resolve a dispute in mediation. The discussion concerns mediation in civil cases. In civil law relations, referring to Aristotle’s classical distinction of distributive justice (iustitia distributiva) and corrective justice (iustitia commutativa), which is the starting point of any serious discussion of justice, it is corrective justice (iustitia commutativa) that is meant here. The author indicates the obstacles to the fairness of the decision to resolve a dispute in mediation, which are mainly the problems involving the findings of fact and the substance of the settlement. Moreover, the article discusses the issue of procedural justice whose norms (rules) are not implemented in mediation proceedings. In conclusion, the author claims that the essence of mediation in civil cases is not the pursuit of justice. Mediation does not assume that the resolution is to be fair, that is not the point here. It is emphasized, however, that the institution of mediation is necessary and has its advantages, but currently the practical importance of this form of dispute resolution in the Polish legal system is little.
PL
W artykule podjęto zagadnienie sprawiedliwości decyzji rozwiązującej spór w mediacji. Rozważania dotyczą mediacji w sprawach cywilnych. W stosunkach cywilnoprawnych, nawiązując do klasycznego rozróżnienia Arystotelesa, które jest punktem wyjścia wszelkich poważnych rozważań o sprawiedliwości, na sprawiedliwość rozdzielczą (iustitia distributiva) i sprawiedliwość wyrównawczą, chodzi o sprawiedliwość wyrównawczą (iustitia commutativa). Autor wskazuje przeszkody, jakie pojawiają się, by można było mówić o sprawiedliwości decyzji rozwiązującej spór w mediacji. Dotyczą one w szczególności problemu ustaleń faktycznych oraz istoty ugody. W artykule podjęto ponadto zagadnienie sprawiedliwości proceduralnej, której normy (reguły) w postępowaniu mediacyjnym nie są realizowane. W konkluzji autor stwierdza, że istotą mediacji w sprawach cywilnych nie jest dążenie do sprawiedliwości; w mediacji nie zakłada się, że rozwiązanie ma być sprawiedliwe, nie o to chodzi. Podkreślono jednakże, iż instytucja mediacji jest potrzebna, ma zalety, jest ważna – niemniej aktualnie praktyczne znaczenie tej formy rozwiązywania sporów w polskim systemie prawnym jest niewielkie.
EN
The article provides an overview of procedural justice within the framework of historical development. It is focused on analysing the concept of procedural justice in term of the most significant theoretical approaches. It deals with current konwledge which considers procedural justice as a part of integrated justice models. In conclusion, the author describes trends in procedural justice research.
SK
Príspevok prináša prehľad problematiky proceduráľnej spravodlivosti v rámci historického vývoja. Zameriava sa na analýzu konceptu procedurálnej spravodlivosti z hľadiska najvýznamnejších teoretických prístupov. Zaoberá sa tiež aktuálnymi východiskami, ktoré uvažujú o procedurálnej spravodlivosti ako o súčasti komplexnejších modelov spravodlivosti. V závere popisuje a poskytuje informácie o súčasnom stave a smerovaní výskumu procedurálnej spravodlivosti.
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