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1

Radykalizacja i nieład międzynarodowy - artykuł wstępny

100%

Jackowska N.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2022

|

issue 2 (383)

5-5

EN

Radicalization and international disorder

2

The Manifestation of Terrorism and Extremism in Prisons

70%

Brunová M., Vegrichtová B.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

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2020

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vol. 31(31)

110-116

EN

The paper deals with prison facilities from the perspective of the security threats of radicalization and terrorism. Prisons are continuously assessed as an ideal recruitment pool for extremist and terrorist organizations. Prison environment concentrates various persons with criminal past and with the tendencies to accept different ideological doctrines or radical interpretations of religions. Many of prisoners suffer from stress, lack of social and family support, uncertain future, depressions and frustration. Such factors could initiate or accelerate radicalization process in correctional facilities. This security problem is in contemporary days discussed in many European countries. All security experts and academic institutions came to the fact, that the crucial attribute of this issue is prevention and appropriate identification of the indicators of radicalization. The paper gives an overview of the most significant findings in this field, summarizes the experiences of Czech Republic and gives examples of good practices.

3

Walka z gwałtowną radykalizacją postaw w Unii Europejskiej. Podejście normatywne i instytucjonalne

70%

Wojnicz L.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2022

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issue 2 (383)

25-45

EN

The main purpose of the article is to discuss and evaluate the legal and institutional achievements of the European Union in the area of countering violent radicalization. The study is based on several methods. The first one is the institutional-legal method, which selects the key legal acts and structures in the issue under discussion. The second method adopted is the method of analysis, which is helpful in evaluating both the normative and institutional parts, as it helps to identify, firstly, the key risk areas for the occurrence of jihadist narratives, and secondly, the methodology that the EU has developed in the area of preventing and combating radicalization. The analysis of the legal acts and the institutional system allows an assessment of the effectiveness of the measures and methods at the EU’s disposal, which consequently leads to confirmation or refutation of the thesis that the EU’s approach to preventing and combating radicalization is effective. The conclusions of the analysis indicate that the EU’s action on preventing and combating violent radicalization is centered around places where extremist propaganda is highly likely to spread and radicalization occurs as a result, such as prisons and the Internet. And it is primarily in these two areas that the EU’s efforts are focused, both in the normative and institutional spheres. The author believes that the comprehensive institutional and legal tools at the EU’s disposal in the fight against radicalization are effective, although not without flaws. This, however, does not impede confirmation of the thesis of the effectiveness of action undertaken by the EU and the awareness on the part of this organization that the fight against radicalization is a process that requires constant work and cooperation between many actors.

4

Islam na Kryme a radikalizmus: Postoj Ruska ku krymským Tatárom po anexii polostrova – represia, alebo integrácia?

70%

Solík M., Baar V.

Politologická revue (Czech Political Science Review)

|

2015

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issue 1

31-63

XX

Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in March 2014 sounded like a memento as 70 years since Stalin's deportations of the Crimean Tatars from Crimea to Central Asia were commemorated. The Tatars, who make up more than 12% of Crimea's total population of two million people, have been extremely concerned about the situation. Current status may adumbrate strained relationship between the Russian leadership and the Crimean Tatars, respectively in the case of ignoring the rights of the Crimean Tatars it may cause radicalization of the Tatar ethnic minority which can subsequently lead to a wave of destabilization in the peninsula. The article acquaints the reader with radical political and religious organizations of the Crimean Tatars and the groups that may become radical in new conditions in the peninsula. The article is concerned with the Russian strategy towards the Crimean Tatars for the purpose of neutralizing their potential radicalization.

5

Terroryzm dżihadystyczny we Włoszech. Skala problemu i odpowiedź państwa

70%

Kosmynka S.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2023

|

issue 1-2 (386)

193-212

EN

Jihadi terrorism has been posing a severe threat to international security for more than two decades. Many European countries serve as important targets and bases of operations for salafi networks. In order to fully comprehend the challenges and threats posed by jihadist terrorism, it is crucial to understand the process of radicalization, which frequently occurs online and through personal interactions. The study explores the issue of violent radicalization in Italy and examines counterterrorism policy that has historically placed a major emphasis on prosecuting, penalizing and expelling radicals. Italy is a major player in the EU’s immigration and security policy. The paper also discusses Italy’s contribution to the international radical salafi movemenet. The article focuses on the circumstances and goals of Italian policies and programs implemented over the past 20 years in response to jihadi activity in the Apennine Peninsula. The paper’s main hypothesis holds that for many years, Italian authorities prioritized on enacting mostly reactive measures to combat terrorism. The methodological analysis is based on the integration of historical and system method and refers to Marc Sageman’s theory of the jihadist networks, which is more appropriate for understanding how they rise and function.

6

The Manifestation of Terrorism and Extremism in Prisons

70%

Brunová M., Vegrichtová B.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

|

2019

|

vol. 31(31)

110-116

EN

The paper deals with prison facilities from the perspective of the security threats of radicalization and terrorism. Prisons are continuously assessed as an ideal recruitment pool for extremist and terrorist organizations. Prison environment concentrates various persons with criminal past and with the tendencies to accept different ideological doctrines or radical interpretations of religions. Many of prisoners suffer from stress, lack of social and family support, uncertain future, depressions and frustration. Such factors could initiate or accelerate radicalization process in correctional facilities. This security problem is in contemporary days discussed in many European countries. All security experts and academic institutions came to the fact, that the crucial attribute of this issue is prevention and appropriate identification of the indicators of radicalization. The paper gives an overview of the most significant findings in this field, summarizes the experiences of Czech Republic and gives examples of good practices.

7

Radicalization as a Source of Danger to Safety

70%

Łachacz T., Holger N.

Internal Security

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2019

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vol. 11(2)

119-127

EN

The article discusses the phenomenon of radicalization, which becomes a source of danger for the individual and the security of the state. At the beginning the article discusses the essence and causes of the phenomenon, and then refers to the Polish and German strategies in the field of security. The documents identify radicalization and extremism as a contemporary threat to national security, which is confirmed by numerous attacks in Europe. Examples of attacks involving radicalized individuals are discussed in this paper in the article. The discussion ends with conclusions emphasizing that in the process of radicalization the information provided to individuals and communication between government institutions and society are extremely important.

8

Unexpected Terrorists? Polish Links to ISIS

70%

Polko P.

Internal Security

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2019

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vol. 11(2)

97-107

EN

Poland is regarded as a country relatively free from Islamic terrorist threat. According to official statements, the four-level terrorism threat scale assessed the terrorism threat in Poland as low (‘zero’). The Islamic minority living in Poland is small and very specific, connected with the historical background of the country and well integrated. For years, relations with most of the Islamic countries were good, or even very good, until the beginning of the XX century when Poland got involved in operations in Iraq and Afghanistan and became a member of the anti-ISIS coalition. That might have attracted the attention of Al-Qaeda and ISIS to the country and its citizens as possible targets of attacks. Surprisingly, 20 to 40 Polish citizens went to Iraq or Syria to fight as foreign fighters (FTFs). More than 10 per cent of Polish criminals wanted by the Interpol is charged with participation in the terrorist organization (ISIS). The article aims to present the relations between this Central European country and the jihadist terrorist organization and to reverse the common belief that Poland has no links to ISIS and no reasons to regard the organization as its serious problem.

9

Countering the phenomenon of radicalization and violent extremism: analysis based on the example of selected Western European countries

70%

Gut J.

Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka

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2023

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vol. LI

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issue 2

97-109

EN

Over the past decade, Western European countries have experienced a surge in Islamist and right-wing terrorism. The terrorist attacks have made the European community aware of the scale of the terrorist threat. The increase in the number of terrorist attacks is due, among other things, to the increasing radicalization, which in effect, in many cases, leads to terrorist activity. Confirmation of the negative effects of increasing radicalization in Western European countries, was a surprisingly large number of young people (men and women) who joined the so-called Islamic State in Syria and Iraq. Therefore, individual countries are implementing their strategies to combat radicalism and extremism, and taking measures aimed at deradicalization of already radicalized people. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the measures taken to counter radicalization and an attempt to assess their effectiveness, based on the example of selected Western European countries.

10

Exploring the Theories of Radicalization

61%

Maskaliūnaitė A.

International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal

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2015

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vol. 17

9-26

EN

After the London bombings in July 2005, the concern of terrorism scholars and policy makers has turned to “home-grown” terrorism and potential for political violence from within the states. “Radicalization” became a new buzz word. This article follows a number of reviews of the literature on radicalization and offers another angle for looking at this research. First, it discusses the term “radicalization” and suggests the use of the following definition of radicalization as a process by which a person adopts belief systems which justify the use of violence to effect social change and comes to actively support as well as employ violent means for political purposes. Next, it proposes to see the theories of radicalization focusing on the individual and the two dimensions of his/her motivation: whether that motivation is internal or external and whether it is due to personal choice or either internal (due to some psychological traits) or external compulsion. Though not all theories fall neatly within these categories, they make it possible to make comparisons of contributions from a variety of different areas thus reflecting on the interdisciplinary nature of the study of terrorism in general and radicalization as a part of it.

11

Ruch QAnon i masowa radykalizacja nowej prawicy. Wykorzystanie struktury Internetu przez ekstremistyczny ruch konspiracyjny w celu pozyskania zwolenników i szerzenia propagandy

61%

Szymkiewicz A.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2022

|

issue 2 (383)

47-62

EN

This article focuses on the description and case analysis of the phenomenon of QAnon - a radical extremist movement that is a new type of quasi-religious underground community, shaped by the structure of the Internet. The article highlights the most important aspects of the Q community and places them in a broader context. The text focuses on reconstructing the internal logic of the group and analyses the new type of Internet methods and practices. These strategies can be exploited by other movements with a similar profile since through their use, the QAnon has reached millions of recipients on social media platforms. The thesis of the article is based on the assumption that the movement is a community grown on the architecture of the Web 2.0 system, the consequences of which are detailed. The Q movement as a socio-cultural phenomenon has influenced the political radicalization of public opinion not only in the United States, but also in European countries.

12

Radicalization and Family Values. The Case of Muslim Youth among the Somali Community of Eastleigh, Nairobi, Kenya

61%

Nalugala R.

Roczniki Teologiczne

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2017

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vol. 64

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issue 10: Nauki o rodzinie

177-188

EN

This paper investigates the role of families in the radicalization of the youth today. The global perspective based on literature review helps to address the influence of parents on their children and how radicalization can be overcome. The findings in Eastleigh, Nairobi add value to the conclusion that the radicalization process cannot be placed on one faith like Islam but people of all faiths, creed, races, groups, can be radicalized depending on their situation. The strong point presented by the push and pull factors can have a negative impact and radicalize local communities against foreigners. Discrimination can be used by leaders as a rallying call for resistance. Those in other parts of the world, sympathetic to suffering brethren can rush in to help, at times not knowing the details of the problem at hand. The paper calls for tolerance to all people and show restraint when one's space is infringed upon by the so called foreigners.

PL

W artykule jest analizowane zagadnienie procesu radykalizacji wśród młodzieży. Jak zauważa autor, radykalizacja nie może być utożsamiana z konkretną religią, ale jest problemem międzyreligijnym oraz międzynarodowym. Według niego zdarza się, że radykalizacja kieruje niechęć młodych przeciwko obcokrajowcom, co często jest wykorzystywane przez polityków lub inne siły do osiągnięcia własnych celów. Autor analizuje sposoby promowania tolerancji w wyżej opisanych przypadkach.

13

Radykalizacja kobiet do terroryzmu w ISIS

51%

Czarnota N.

Polityka i Społeczeństwo

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2022

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vol. 20

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issue 1

22-34

EN

The aim of this article is to explain the processes that influence women's involvement in terrorist activities in the ranks of international jihadist organizations. Although the activity of women in terrorist groups has been visible for many years, there is a need to recognize gender dynamics in the process of radicalization. This article contains theoretical aspects related to the presentation of the concept of radicalization and the recruitment stage resulting from this process, which is a necessary element. Moreover, indications of the radicalization of women's attitudes and behawior were demonstrated, including individual factors, factors attracting and pushing them to participate in a terrorist attack.

PL

Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie procesów, które wpływają na zaangażowanie kobiet w działalność terrorystyczną w szeregach międzynarodowych organizacji dżihadystycznych. Mimo iż działalność kobiet w ugrupowaniach terrorystycznych jest widoczna od wielu lat, to jednak istnieje potrzeba rozpoznania dynamiki płci w procesie radykalizacji. Niniejszy artykuł zawiera aspekty teoretyczne związane z pojęciem radykalizacji i przedstawia wynikający z tego procesu etap rekrutacji, który jest jego niezbędnym elementem. Ponadto, wykazano przesłanki radykalizacji postaw i zachowań kobiet, w tym czynniki indywidualne, czynniki przyciągające i popychające do udziału w ataku terrorystycznym.

14

Placing “Lone-actor Terrorism” in Context. Who Are We Dealing with and What Threat Do They Pose? Preliminary Results of the FP7 PRIME Project

51%

Gradoń K.

Studia Iuridica

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2016

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vol. 67

165-180

EN

The author presents the de-classified preliminary findings of the European Commission funded FP7 research project PRIME, dealing with extremism, radicalization and lone-actor terrorism (also known as “lone wolf terrorism”). The article provides partial results of the research consisting of a context analysis of the lone actor threat, that is a description of a range of identified contextual elements which may affect the relevance, adoption, implementation or exploitation of the PRIME Project’s final deliverables (counter- and communication measures requirements portfolios), including differences in culture and legislation across Europe, as well as operational (law-enforcement-related and stakeholder-identified) constraints. The article presents a host of definitional issues related to “lone wolf terrorism”, provides results of the surveys/questionnaires performed in Poland and India and ends with a summary of the problems, constraints and obstacles to the successful and efficient use of operational procedures available for the law-enforcement and security agencies and institutions, based on data gathered through engagement activities with security practitioners.

15

Północnokaukascy bojownicy w szeregach Państwa Islamskiego. Profil psychologiczno-społeczny oraz mechanizmy rekrutacji

51%

Grabowski T.

Przegląd Orientalistyczny

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2020

|

issue 2-3 (274-275) "Świat islamu w perspektywie badań arabistycznych i politologicznych Historia i współczesność"

145-164

EN

The main aim of the article is to create a psychological profile of people from the North Caucasus who have voluntarily joined the Islamic State and fight in its ranks. In addition, it determines motives that govern these individuals and describes what mechanisms are used during volunteers’ recruitment. Threats to international security created by North Caucasian militants after the fall of the Islamic State were also analyzed.

16

The Spiritual Dimension of Education – Addressing Issues of Identity and Belonging

51%

de Souza M.

Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education

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2016

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vol. 7

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issue 1

125-138

EN

In a shrinking world where events across the globe become relevant for the lives of masses of people regardless of the distances that divide them, some serious issues have arisen which have particular significance for education policies and practice. Too many children are growing up against a backdrop of polarised views and attitudes which is a cause for concern in many countries where societies are characterized by racial, cultural and religious diversity. This article explores some critical concepts that are pertinent to contemporary Australia and uses research findings and content analysis to problematize the issue. It argues that there is clear evidence that the health and wellbeing of children and young people is being affected by exposure to prejudicial attitudes which can be linked to the diversity that has become a sustaining feature of many contemporary societies and it has had serious consequences for their identity and sense of belonging. It proposes that one way of addressing these issues is through education that addresses the relational dimension of students’ lives which is expressed through their connectedness to all others, that is, their spiritual natures. Finally, it identifies some features of such an educational system.

17

Placing “Lone-actor Terrorism” in Context. Who Are We Dealing with and What Threat Do They Pose? Preliminary Results of the FP7 PRIME Project

51%

Gradoń K.

Studia Iuridica

|

2016

|

vol. 67

165-180

EN

The author presents the de-classified preliminary findings of the European Commission funded FP7 research project PRIME, dealing with extremism, radicalization and lone-actor terrorism (also known as “lone wolf terrorism”). The article provides partial results of the research consisting of a context analysis of the lone actor threat, that is a description of a range of identified contextual elements which may affect the relevance, adoption, implementation or exploitation of the PRIME Project’s final deliverables (counter- and communication measures requirements portfolios), including differences in culture and legislation across Europe, as well as operational (law-enforcement-related and stakeholder-identified) constraints. The article presents a host of definitional issues related to “lone wolf terrorism”, provides results of the surveys/questionnaires performed in Poland and India and ends with a summary of the problems, constraints and obstacles to the successful and efficient use of operational procedures available for the law-enforcement and security agencies and institutions, based on data gathered through engagement activities with security practitioners.

18

Programy profilaktyczne na rzecz podnoszenia bezpieczeństwa hybrydowego

51%

Mazur J.

Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka

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2023

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vol. LIII

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issue 4

59-74

EN

Contemporary hybrid threats are a challenge for security creators and require new solutions in their prevention. One of such solution is the construction of prevention programs to prevent radicalization and hate speech. These programs should be science-based, well-designed, and include knowledge of psychology, sociology, law, and security. Programs addressed to young people should also take into account the challenges of adolescence and should be run by specialists with up-to-date knowledge, skills and competences. The aim of the presented evaluation study of the preventive program was to check the effectiveness of the educational program preventing radicalization leading to discrimination and hate speech „Rozumiem=Szanuję” (Polish for “I Understand = I Respect”). The study shows that the assumed goals of the program were achieved. In order to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of the program, analyzes of existing and induced sources were carried out as well as qualitative research (interviews) and quantitative research (survey technique), conducted after the implementation of individual program modules.

PL

Współczesne zagrożenia hybrydowe są wyzwaniem dla kreatorów bezpieczeństwa i wymagają nowych rozwiązań w celu ich zapobiegania. Jednym z takich rozwiązań jest tworzenie programów profilaktycznych zapobiegających radykalizacji i mowie nienawiści. Programy te powinny być oparte na naukowych podstawach, dobrze zaprojektowane i uwzględniające wiedzę z psychologii, socjologii, prawa i bezpieczeństwa. Programy kierowane do młodzieży powinny uwzględniać też wyzwania związane z adolescencją i być prowadzone przez specjalistów z najnowszą wiedzą, umiejętnościami i kompetencjami. Celem prezentowanego badania ewaluacyjnego programu profilaktycznego było sprawdzenie skuteczności programu edukacyjnego „Rozumiem=Szanuję”, zapobiegającego radykalizacji wiodącej do dyskryminacji i mowy nienawiści. Badanie pozwoliło stwierdzić, że założone cele programu zostały zrealizowane. W celu wszechstronnego ujęcia oceny skuteczności programu zostały przeprowadzone analizy źródeł zastanych i wywołanych oraz badania jakościowe (wywiady) i ilościowe (technika ankiety), dokonywane po realizacji poszczególnych modułów programu.

19

Radykalizacja jako kategoria analityczna w profilowaniu terrorystów

51%

Borkowski R.

Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka

|

2014

|

issue 4

73-81

EN

The issue of radicalism and radicalization is an important area of investigation of contemporary social science. The most important research issues include questions about the process of acquisition of extremist beliefs and methods of recruitment and indoctrination of terrorist groups. The most difficult questions about the turning points in the biography of potential terrorists would be available observations and under what circumstances it would be possible to take preventive measures. Another research question would apply to determine whether the processes of radicalization in the case of groups of the extreme left, extreme right-wing, religious fundamentalists are the same or are they different. Finally, what is the difference between radicalization of terrorist groups and radicalized terrorists acting alone. Such studies would be useful from the point of view of security policy, prevention, prevention of attacks to neutralize terrorist groups. If it was possible to accurate profiling environments where radicalization processes occur, could also deal with these processes and to prevent the emergence of terrorist organizational structures. Such possibility would give into the hands of rulers, and special services extremely powerful weapon and may convert modern democracies into dystopian surveillance states.

PL

Kwestia radykalizmu i radykalizacji jest ważnym obszarem badań współczesnego terroryzmu. Najważniejsze zagadnienia badawcze obejmują pytania o proces nabywania ekstremistycznych przekonań oraz o metody rekrutacji i indoktrynacji terrorystycznych organizacji. Najtrudniejsze pytania dotyczą punktów zwrotnych w biograﬁ i potencjalnych terrorystów. Inne istotne kwestie badawcze to m.in. pytania o to, czy procesy radykalizacji w przypadku grup skrajnej lewicy, skrajnej prawicy oraz fundamentalistów religijnych są takie same, czy też są odmienne. Wreszcie, czy istnieje różnica między radykalizacją w grupach terrorystycznych a samoradykalizacją zamachowców działających samodzielnie. Takie badania byłyby użyteczne z punktu widzenia polityki bezpieczeństwa i prewencji antyterrorystycznej. Jeśli można byłoby dokładnie profilować środowiska, w których może wystąpić radykalizacja, to można byłoby zapobiec pojawieniu się struktur organizacyjnych. Takie rozwiązanie dałoby ogromne możliwości rządzącym oraz poszerzałoby zakres władzy służb specjalnych, co w konsekwencji mogłoby przekształcić współczesne demokracje w dystopijne państwa policyjnego nadzoru.

20

Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na radykalizację postaw i terroryzm

41%

Izak K.

Przegląd Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego

|

2020

|

vol. 12

|

issue 23

13-47

PL

Pandemia COVID-19 zaostrzyła retorykę ekstremistów i organizacji terrorystycznych wobec środowisk obcych im etnicznie, kulturowo i religijnie. Ekstremiści muzułmańscy uważają pandemię za karę boską wymierzoną Chinom, Stanom Zjednoczonym, żydom, szyitom i chrześcijanom (krzyżowcom). Pojawiają się też opinie z kategorii spiskowej teorii dziejów, że pandemię wywołali żydzi w celu przejęcia władzy nad światem. Hinduscy nacjonaliści za pandemię w Indiach winią muzułmanów, a Chińczycy z Kantonu – Afrykańczyków. Ci ostatni, stanowiący ok. 300 tys. mieszkańców Kantonu, są w sposób otwarty stygmatyzowani i dyskryminowani. Podobnych zachowań doświadczyli także Afroamerykanie. COVID-19 został potraktowany również jako broń biologiczna. Neonaziści i biali supremacjoniści w USA apelują o bezpośredni kontakt zarażonych zwolenników z policjantami, urzędnikami federalnymi i żydami w celu przeniesienia na nich koronawirusa. Izolacja i ograniczenia w kontaktach w celu zahamowania rozprzestrzeniania się pandemii spowodowały skierowanie uwagi wielu ludzi na media społecznościowe. Szerzona jest w nich dezinformacja, nienawiść, agresja i pogarda. Obserwuje się m.in. wzrost zainteresowania filmami publikowanymi w serwisie YouTube na temat zagłady, krucjat, dżihadyzmu z udziałem Mahdiego, czyli mesjanistycznego wyzwoliciela, który ma pojawić się przed Dniem Sądu Ostatecznego i uwolnić świat od zła. Nakłada się na to pogorszenie nastrojów wśród młodzieży w państwach muzułmańskich i muzułmańskich mniejszości w Europie. W związku z zamknięciem meczetów rośnie zainteresowanie islamskimi portalami edukacyjnymi zdominowanymi przez radykalny nurt salaficki, które upowszechniają tezę o koronawirusie jako karze boskiej za krzywdy doznawane przez muzułmanów. Koronawirus nie spowodował obniżenia skali zagrożenia terrorystycznego w Europie, mimo apeli Państwa Islamskiego o niepodróżowanie na Stary Kontynent. W UE żyją przecież sympatycy obalonego kalifatu i byli jego bojownicy, którzy wrócili do krajów zamieszkania. Ci, którzy pozostali na Bliskim Wschodzie przez dłuższy czas znajdowali się oni w uśpieniu. Teraz trwa proces ich aktywizacji. Obserwuje się zwiększenie siły przekazu propagandowego adresowanego do Europejczyków. Szczególną rolę odgrywa w tych działaniach agencja medialna „Amaq” i elektroniczny magazyn tygodniowy „Al-Naba” („Raport”). Państwo Islamskie próbuje zaprezentować się jako międzynarodowa struktura, prowadząc działalność dezinformacyjną w mediach społecznościowych, a tym samym wzmocnić swój przekaz do potencjalnych rekrutów. W wielu regionach świata Państwo Islamskie ma siły i środki do prowadzenia walki partyzanckiej i działań terrorystycznych, przede wszystkim w Syrii, Iraku, Afganistanie, Azji Południowo-Wschodniej i Afryce. Wykorzystuje regionalną destabilizację i lokalne organizacje ekstremistyczne do kolejnych ataków. Można mówić o zwiększeniu aktywności terrorystów, jednak nie jest ona tak duża jak przed rokiem, chociaż są regiony, w których ich działania są bardzo intensywne, na przykład w Syrii, Iraku, Afganistanie czy Mozambiku. COVID-19 zagraża międzynarodowej solidarności i współpracy, która jest kluczowa dla walki z organizacjami terrorystycznymi w strefie Sahelu, gdzie siły lokalne oraz ich międzynarodowi partnerzy próbują powstrzymać dżihadystów. Wysoce mobilne operacje organizacji terrorystycznych na pograniczu Mali, Nigru i Burkina Faso oraz wokół jeziora Czad wymagają wspólnego wysiłku tych państw przy wsparciu Francji, Stanów Zjednoczonych i innych krajów, chociaż to zaangażowanie nie zawsze jest podporządkowane wspólnej strategii. Pandemia może uczynić miejscowe ugrupowanie terrorystyczne jeszcze bardziej niebezpiecznymi, ponieważ dodatkowo absorbuje i osłabia lokalne rządy i siły zbrojne. W przypadku zerwania współpracy między krajami regionu, zmagającymi się z kryzysem zdrowia publicznego, lub wycofania się zagranicznych sojuszników konsekwencje mogą być niezwykle groźne dla bezpieczeństwa państw Sahelu.

EN

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the rhetoric of extremists and terrorist organizations towards communities that are ethnically, culturally and religiously alien to them. Muslim extremists see the pandemic as a divine punishment against China, the United States, Jews, Shiites, and Christians (Crusaders). There are also opinions from the category of conspiracy theory of history that the pandemic was caused by the Jews in order to take over the world. Hindu nationalists blame the Muslims for the pandemic in India, and the Chinese blame the Africans in Guangzhou. The latter, numbering around 300,000 residents are openly stigmatized and discriminated against. African Americans also experienced similar behavior. COVID-19 has also been treated as a biological weapon. Neo-Nazis and white supremacists in the United States are calling on those infected supporters to contact police officers, federal officials, and Jews directly to transmit the coronavirus to them. Isolation and restricted contacts in order to contain the spread of the pandemic drew the attention of many people to social media. They are spreading disinformation, videos published on YouTube on the subject of extermination, crusades, and jihadism with the participation of the Mahdi, i.d the messianic liberator, who is to appear before the Judgment Day and free the world from evil. This is compounded by the deterioration of sentiment among young people in Muslim countries and Muslim minorities in Europe. Due to the closure of mosques, there is growing interest in Islamic educational websites dominated by the radical Salafi movement, which popularize the thesis that the coronavirus is a divine punishment for harm suffered by Muslims. The coronavirus has not reduced the scale of the terrorist threat in Europe, despite the calls of the Islamic State not to travel to the Old Continent. After all, there are supporters of the overthrown caliphate and former militiants in the EU who have returned to their countries of residence. Those who remained in the Middle East have been dormant for a long time. The process of their activation is underway. There is an increase in the power of propaganda message addressed to Europeans. The media agency ‘Amaq’ and the electronic weekly magazine ‘Al-Naba’ (‘Report’) play a special role in these activities. The Islamic State is trying to show itself as an international structure through disinformation activities on social media and thus strengthen its message to potential recruits. In many regions of the world, The Islamic State has the strength and means to conduct guerrilla warfare and terrorist activities, primarily in Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Southeast Asia and Africa. It uses regional destabilization and local extremist organizations for further attacks. One can speak of an increase in terrorist activity but it is not as large as a year ago, although there are regions where their activities are very intense, for example in Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan and Mozambique. COVID-19 threatens international solidarity and cooperation, which is key to the fight against terrorist organizations in the Sahel zone, where local forces and their international partners are trying to stop jihadists. The highly mobile operations of terrorist organizations on the border of Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso and around Lake Chad require a joint effort of these countries with the support of France, the United States and other countries, although this involvement is not always subordinated to a common strategy. The pandemic can make a local terrorist group even more dangerous because it further absorbs and weakens local governments and armed forces. In the event of a breakdown of cooperation between the countries in the region struggling with the public health crisis, or the withdrawal of foreign allies, the consequences may be extremely dangerous for the security of the Sahel states.

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