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Czesław Miłosz na Ukrainie

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EN
The article is dedicated to the reception of Czesław Miłosz’s works in Ukraine at the beginning of democratic transformations and today. The author concentrates attention mostly on two aspects: translations and critical and journalistic discourse. This enables her to indicate the specificity of the way the Polish thinker and writer’s works have been received by Ukrainian readers. Having analyzed the above mentioned issues in diachronic perspective, the author is able to present changes and main tendencies in Ukrainian reception of Czesław Miłosz’s works over time.
EN
An analysis of the act of reading included in philosophers’ writings makes it possible to look for answers to the question about whether we can get to know a book at all? This is an epistemological question, a question about the sources, boundaries and goal of cognition. A question all the more important given the fact that it is asked in an era of a shift from typographic to digital culture. Does getting to know a book consist in reading it? If so then what is this process of reading — getting to know a book? Delving into the author’s intentions or perhaps adding one’s own meanings? Passive acquisition of the content included in the work by its author or active interpretation, assuming that the reader is equally important? To what extent is the meaning of a text fixed, to what extent is its content objective and readable equally to all in every act of reading? Is a book an open work, a separate being with some autonomy or perhaps a text is in all circumstances dependent on its author? Does the author have a monopoly on the “correct” reading of a work? And does a correct/true interpretation exist at all?
EN
This paper concerns the process of negotiating author and reader roles in the blogosphere. The starting point of this article is the theory of Roland Barthes that the death of the author is necessary for the birth of the reader. This idea notably responds to changing relations between the author and the reader in the new nedia era. The exemple of the blogosphere allows us to see that the roles of the author and the reader are not pre-defined and the filed of their "laws" is negotiated (two models of negotiations are described in this paper). In the blogosphere, wkich is an exemple of participatory culture, knocking the author off his pedestal does not result in the reader replacing the author, as R. Barthes would like. On the empty pedestal, after dumping the author, the reader does not appear - but communication does.
Studia Humana
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2016
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vol. 5
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issue 3
83-89
EN
The article is an unyielding argument supporting the thesis that not only a writer, but also a translator is expected to use their creativity so that nothing is lost in translation. Amongst various factors that influence the process of translating a novel the article focuses on two of them: a translator should stick to the original text with taking the semantic fields differences into account while s/he should keep the atmosphere of the source language, making as little changes in the target language as possible. Marking a translator’s existence in a text is strongly connected with a perlocutionary act. A great example of the translation that covers both principles is The Godfather, written by Mario Puzo and translated from English into Polish by Bronisław Zieliński. He translated only English words into Polish, leaving the target Italian words with no metamorphosis. The article presents the effect obtained by such an action.
EN
Ewa Nowacka occupies an important place among the contemporary Polish writers and her prose works for young recipients, extensive as far as various subjects and genres are concerned, contain many inventive, unique concepts and writing ideas. Nowacka is, first of all, the author of novels of manners and historical ones, in which the writer presents her imagination, her aspiration for the reconstruction of life of manners, cultural life, concern for noticing concrete things, details, which are the background of experience of a young character who struggles with eternal, archetypical problems, the universalism and psychologism of which is the strong point of the author’s writing. The recipient of Ewa Nowacka’s works notices that characters create their destiny through ordinary struggle, that it is necessary to mythologize the existence in order to understand the world.
EN
The present paper explores Durtal’s conversion as the refusal of any fixed reference. The reflections of the hero on his personal experience, but also on the social transformations are characterised by the metaphysical seriousness and semantic experiments. The constant lexical substitution arouses the curiosity of the reader: its referential opacity is only apparent. Thus, the writer emphasizes that going beyond the beaten path requires a new mode of expression where meaning no longer depends on the rehashing of commonplaces, but relies on semantic mismatches and prolonged tensions between juxtaposed terms. Likewise, social transformations strongly disapproved of by the hero become the source of paradoxical reasoning where truth is expressed through the negativity of judgment. Nevertheless, despite the lucidity of his social and ethical judgments, Durtal remains blind to the imperfection of his own conversion. Moreover, the frequent recourse to paradox demonstrates that the protagonist is still in doubt which announce a long spiritual path of true conversion.
EN
The aim of the paper is to analyze the nature and strength of literature’s impact on the self-consciousness of the Russian society. The author points out the historical mechanism of emergence of a new form of novel, one in which the presence of political commentary became a generic feature. The poetics of this sub-genre, as well as issues tackled in it, are further characterized.
EN
In recent years, we have been able to observe a stronger trend to explore the educational reality by way of scientific research. This results from the pressure on quantitative indicators and evidence-based arguments. International surveys focus mainly on educational effects and provide more or less accurate rankings of educational systems and the degree of learners’ success, school and national rates. In addition to these trends, however, it is also necessary to focus one’s research on the real world of children and young learners in a holistic concept. Qualitative research strategies prefer more phenomenological and personalistic approaches based on exploratory and investigative scientific methods. Such approaches have been applied by the authors in previous studies: they have published several studies and two monographs dedicated to children who are about to begin their education and their understanding of the world. This research was supported by the VEGA 1/0598/15 “The Child at the Threshold of Education and its World” project. In this paper, the authors will present brief findings from these studies. The basic source was authentic children’s testimonies to the significant phenomena of their world and childhood. Building on these findings, we are currently focusing our research on the formation and development of the children’s readability (supported by the VEGA 1/0455/18 “Research and Development of Readability with Younger School-Age Learners” project1). There are convincing claims that this phenomenon is the most important determinant of success in education and the development of creativity and critical thinking.
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UNDERSTANDING THE MESSAGE OF THE WRITTEN PRESS NEWS

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EN
The press of the 20th and 21st century has been dominated by photography, as it has managed to transform the reader from a passive receiver of information into an eye-witness. Photography has been therefore considered a “universal language”, “a message without a code” (Roland Barthes), capable of facing the ever higher challenges of a globalized world. Nevertheless, it has been proven that the final message is never only a visual one, but a blending of both the visual and the linguistic message accompanying all press photographs.
EN
The paper discusses the preliminary results of a pilot exploratory study concerning on-record politeness strategies used by academics to soften criticism of scientific performance of other scholars and deal with judgmental opinions in relation to their own research findings. The study uses the apparatus offered by the politeness theory to get insight into the trans-cultural writer-reader communication in written academic discourse, namely, in reply to/response to articles. Methodologically, the study draws from the classic framework of linguistic politeness (Brown and Levinson [1978]/1987) with reformulations (Bousfield 2008) in order to identify ways of showing polite (dis)agreement in academic writing (Myers 1989; 1992). The paper focuses on the general selection of and preference towards particular on-record politeness strategies used for conflict management (mitigation, resolution) and face redress in replies to.
EN
The article undertakes the consideration of ethics of reading in the context of narrativestrategies in reference of Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved. The logical, psychological and moral axis of novel is problem of Sethe’s rough choice to kill her daughterrather than see her return to slavery. Author of article claims that Morrison’s treatment of Sethe’s choice creates an ethical relationship with an audience. The paperpresents the Wayne Booth, Martha Nussbaum, Adam Zachary Newton, and JamesPhelan’s approaches to ethics of reading. Author relies on Phelan’s interpretationof Sethe’s choice largely. The Sethe’s deed is presented from perspective of threetellings: slave catcher, Stamp Paid and Sethe. Afterwards the Phelan’s approach issupplemented by tellings of Beloved and Denver. In conclusion author claims thatMorrison’s treatment of Sethe’s choice implies that Sethe’s deed is beyond the reachof standard ethical judgment.
PL
This article presents two aspects of showing the power of literature. Orhan Pamuk, a Turkish Nobel prize winner, in his book New life is more focused on the content of the novel. Main characters of the story are entirely devoted to one book that totally changes their lives. Italo Calvino is more focused on the structure. His characters take part in a great adventure just to find the end of the story that they are interested in. The main goal of this article is to show differences and similarities in showing the same literary issue. Italo Calvino's novel is more optimistic and positive. Literature has good influence on his characters. On the other side, Orhan Pamuk's novel shows a destructive side of literature. Characters in his book seem to be defeated from the very beginning. Those two books show in a very good way the difference between European optimism and Oriental, especially Turkish, sentimentality, which in Turkish language has its own name – hüzün. It can be translated as 'blues, sadness, spleen'.Both novels present the power of literature and its influence on readers.
EN
This paper gathers Alexander Solzhenitsyn’s selected statements relating to the reception of his most significant work of art The Red Wheel. The conditions of “proper reading” are depicted in Solzhenitsyn’s interviews, journalistic texts and fragments of the narrative included in his epic. The author of the paper explores the writer’s requirements that concern the influence of literature and a reader’s response to the historical novel. The reconstruction of Solzhenitsyn’s model reception also enables to define the writer’s attitude towards his reader. The author of The Red Wheel believes in the social role of literature and the universal meaning of a literary text concentrated on truth, thus Solzhenitsyn’s approach stresses the ethical dimension of literature and the figure of writer as a guide.
EN
Reader-response theory is based on the assumption that a literary work takes place in the mutual relationship between the reader and the text. According to this theory, the meaning is constructed through a transaction between the reader and the text within a particular context. Readers assume multiple roles when responding to a variety of forms of literature. The process of developing responses facilitates active and meaningful reading and increases emotional and intellectual participation in the text, which ultimately provides learners with better comprehension and awareness of the text. The potential value of classroom discussions helps learners to express their emotional reactions, to elicit their responses, to nourish their perspectives for furthering depth of their interpretation, to corroborate their opinions and share their responses for building a social relationship. It is crucial that learners are directed to perform more adequately in response to texts and actively engage in dialogues to pose literal and inferential questions, to explore a range of possible meanings and to foster cognitive development and comprehension.
EN
Zwierzchowski Piotr, Kino, czytelnik i czytający. O Geniuszu Michaela Grandage’a [The Cinema and Two Types of Readers. About Michael Grandage’s Genius]. „Przestrzenie Teorii” 32. Poznań 2019, Adam Mickiewicz University Press, pp. 371–381. ISSN 1644-6763. DOI 10.14746/pt.2019.32.20. In Genius (2016) by Michael Grandage books are present in many ways. The main characters are William ‘Max’ Perkins, an editor of the Charles Scribner’s Sons publishing house and Thomas Wolfe, a writer starting out at the time. The film is concerned with their relationship and the creation of the novel. The book functions as both a work and an artefact (also as typescript). Literature is a conversation topic and a way of living. One of the most important spaces is the publishing house building. Piotr Zwierzchowski, however, analyses Genius primarily as a contribution to reflections on the act of reading and its film visualization, referring to the distinction introduced by Alberto Manguel(modelled on Barthes’ écrivain and écrivant) between the reader as someone who reads “with no ulterior motive” and one “for whom the text is a vehicle towards another function".
PL
Zwierzchowski Piotr, Kino, czytelnik i czytający. O Geniuszu Michaela Grandage’a [The Cinema and Two Types of Readers. About Michael Grandage’s Genius]. „Przestrzenie Teorii” 32. Poznań 2019, Adam Mickiewicz University Press, pp. 371–381. ISSN 1644-6763. DOI 10.14746/pt.2019.32.20. In Genius (2016) by Michael Grandage books are present in many ways. The main characters are William ‘Max’ Perkins, an editor of the Charles Scribner’s Sons publishing house and Thomas Wolfe, a writer starting out at the time. The film is concerned with their relationship and the creation of the novel. The book functions as both a work and an artefact (also as typescript). Literature is a conversation topic and a way of living. One of the most important spaces is the publishing house building. Piotr Zwierzchowski, however, analyses Genius primarily as a contribution to reflections on the act of reading and its film visualization, referring to the distinction introduced by Alberto Manguel(modelled on Barthes’ écrivain and écrivant) between the reader as someone who reads “with no ulterior motive” and one “for whom the text is a vehicle towards another function”.
EN
The purpose of the article is to locate liberature within a greater historical and theoretical framework, and to propose an understanding of liberature as a genre. For many years, materiality of literature has been excluded from literary studies, finding its shelter either in library and information studies or among editors. Recently, this tendency has been changing rapidly, as the variety of studies and theories on electronic literacy, new media literacy or the visual aspects of widely recognised works do not cease to prove. Liberature is no exception in this matter. It is argued that the increasing interest in liberature, along with its reception, provides a fertile ground for reading it as an independent genre. With this assumption in mind, the very notion of genre should no longer be perceived as a fixed collection of bounding rules and categorising devices, but rather as the dialogic and creative space aiming at influencing and referring to other texts. In this sense, such a position of liberature, already recognised in Polish literary criticism, might genuinely serve its predominant purpose to explore the refreshing and effective methods of reading, which apply- but are not limited-to the germinating liberary tradition. In fact, they may stimulate new interpretations of diverse preceding texts, whose both materiality and visuality have been repressed.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ulokowanie liberatury w szerszej perspektywie historycznej i teoretycznej oraz zaproponowanie jej rozumienia jako gatunku. Przez wiele lat, materialność literatury nie była pełnoprawnym przedmiotem badań literackich, znajdując schronienie jedynie w bibliotekoznastwie, badaniach nad informacjami, czy znajdując zainteresowanie u redaktorów. W ostatnim czasie, ten trend uległ gwałtownym przemianom, głownie dzięki licznym teoriom elektronicznej literackości, literackości nowomedialnej czy wizualnych aspektów dzieł literackich, a także licznym studiom badawczym traktującym o powyższych tematach. Liberatura nie jest w tej kwestii wyjątkiem. Rosnące zainteresowanie nią i jej repcja dostarczają obiecującej przestrzeni czytania jej jako samodzielnego gatunku. Podążając za takim założeniem, musimy jednak przemyśleć kategorię gatunku na nowo, nie jako zbiór wiążąchych reguł i porządkujących kategorii, a raczej jako dialogiczną i twórczą sferę wpływów i odniesień do innych teekstów. Tym smym, liberatura, zauważona poprzez polską krytykę literacką, może służyć swojemu najistotniejszemu celowi: odkrywania odświeżających i efektywnych metod czytelnicznych, które obejmują tradycję liberacką (choć nie tylko ją). W gruncie rzeczy, mogą one stymulować nowe interpretacje licznych, już istniejących tekstów, których aspekty wizualne i materialne były dotychczas niezauważalne.  
EN
This paper concerns the theory of triple mimesis formulated by the contemporary French philosopher, Paul Ricoeur, in his three-volume book Time and Narrative. It is a hermeneutical interpretation of Aristotle’s classic definition of mimesis from his Poetics. Ricoeur’s argument is aimed at proving that the way an imitative transformation of the reality in a narrative operates actually presupposes a circular relation between the living experience and the narrative, which mutually determine each other. The main aim of this paper is to answer the question of how the communication between the author, the work, and the reader should be viewed in the context of triple mimesisand what factors determine our understanding of a mimetic work of art
Peitho. Examina Antiqua
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2015
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vol. 6
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issue 1
113-146
EN
In the Phaedrus, the expression τὰ γεγραμμένα φαῦλα ἀποδεῖξαι, „to demonstrate the inadequacy of its own written” could mean „to make a palinody.” The requirements to define someone as a philosopher that Socrates provides (Phdr. 278) describe in theoretical and normative form what the dialogue has already represented in its dramatic form. Plato has targeted the speech of Lysias and the first speech of Socrates as belonging to a literary genre that is still in statu nascendi: a sophistic conference in which the writing is supposed to be read aloud and there is established a particularl emotional relationship between the reader and listener with the subordination of the latter to the former. For Socrates this relationship should be different and the speeches as well as books should have a completely different intent, content and form: philosopher must offer to the one whom he loves a chaste and virtuous conduct: such conduct, in its imitation of the divine, is precisely what distinguishes him from other scholars: τιμιώτερα. The philosophical relationship must involve a different kind of reading: a silent one that can neutralize the deleterious and seductive effects of the voice. This does not imply, however, that all books are the same. Philosophical writing is not a palindrome on a statue, like a picture. Its qualifying element is the linear and irreversibile sequence. Time flows between one segment and the next. Thus, thoughts presented in writing move in space, whereas characters that have thoughts in them also move over time, changing and modifying themselves. That is precisely how philosophical writing, such as the platonic dialogue, can reproduce logos.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono formy pracy z czytanką w klasach I-III. Zaprezentowano cele, zadania oraz etapy opracowania czytanek. Istotne znaczenie w przekazywaniu wiadomości uczniom klas I-III z zakresu edukacji polonistycznej mają również dokładnie ujęte analizujące i syntezujące sposoby omawiania czytanek.
EN
In this paper the methods of working reader in classes I-III. Presents the objectives, tasks and stages of development of reading. Important role in relaying messages to pupils of classes I-III of the polish language education are also covered thoroughly analyze and discuss ways of reading.
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Kryminalne gry z czytelnikiem

63%
PL
Praca stanowi analizę najnowszej publikacji Mariusza Kraski Prosta sztuka zabijania. Figury czytania kryminału poświęconej opisowi różnych modeli oddziaływania literatury kryminalnej na czytelnika, a przede wszystkim doświadczeniu czytania dla przyjemności. Rozpatrując proces czytania jako swoistą strategiczną grę między czytelnikiem a autorem i tekstem, Kraska analizuje potencjalne scenariusze kryminalnych lektur, które prezentuje przy użyciu figur uzależnienia, uwodzenia, śledzenia i interpretacji. Tekst gdańskiego badacza to próba stworzenia kompleksowej analizy kategorii gry w kontekście gatunku powieści kryminalnej, stanowiąca nowatorskie spojrzenie na ten gatunek literatury.
EN
The paper discusses the latest publication by Mariusz Kraska entitled Prosta sztuka zabijania. Figury czytania kryminału [Simple Art of Killing. Figures in Reading Crime Fiction] in which he presents different models of impact that crime literature has on a reader, with special reference to so-called reading for pleasure. Since the reading process is considered a sort of strategic game between the reader and the author or his/her text, Kraska analyses potential scenarios of crime novels and presents them with the use of the following figures: pleasure of becoming addicted, pleasure of being seduced, pleasure of following the plot and pleasure of interpreting. The researcher from Gdańsk attempts to provide comprehensive analysis of game category in the context of crime fiction, in other words takes a novel look at this literary genre.
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