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1
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COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF VIRTUAL CURRENCY (CRYPTOCURRENCY) IN SELECTED COUNTRIES

100%
Kasprzyk M.
Review of European and Comparative Law
|
2018
|
vol. 35
|
issue 4
7-26
PL
In the era of rapid technological progress, the legislators of individual countries face the challenge of submitting new technological phenomena to the legal framework. The business operation in the field of virtual currencies (cryptocurrencies),widely, in the financial technology sector (hereinafter referred to in as “fintech”), create a chance to attract investors and develop the economy. On the other hand, the same might be misused for illegal purposes, such as, in particular,money laundering or financing of terrorism. This study provides for an overview of the legal regulations of selected states in the field of virtual currencies (cryptocurrencies). Although, presented laws and regulations herein are in favour of thecryptocurrencies, the scope of implemented acts varies significantly.
2
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Łańcuch wartości dużych zbiorów danych (big data) w rolnictwie – problemy i wyzwania regulacyjne

88%
Kosior K.
Studia BAS
|
2020
|
issue 3(63)
101-125
EN
The aim of the article is to take a closer look at the emerging big data value chain in agriculture and contribute to a better understanding of major regulatory problems and challenges that relate to the development and functioning of the said value chain. The analysis encompasses cases and experiences gained in the developed countries, and particularly in the EU. Currently, there are no specific regulations or public policies that would apply to big data sets and big data analytics in agriculture. The development trajectories of digital agriculture (or smart farming) are shaped primarily by provisions included in private contracts that bind farmers with agricultural technology providers. The approach to data analytics in such ecosystems is basically driven by the logic of corporate interests, which implies that lesser attention is being paid to general development needs of the sector or broader social interests. The current organization of the big data value chain basically favors the largest and the wealthiest farms. These patterns may contribute to increasing income inequalities in the sector. In the longer term, they may also harm sustainable farming systems. Although informal codes of conduct developed at industry level provide for general standards for agricultural data sharing and use, there is a need for specific regulations and policies that would support sustainable and inclusive digital transformation in agriculture. Taking into account the broader public value of aggregated agricultural data sets, such regulations and policies should particularly encourage a closer cooperation between the public and the private sector.
3
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The Ties that Bind? Real Estate Education in Europe and Regulatory Framework in Poland

88%
Marona B., Głuszak M.
The New Educational Review
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2014
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vol. 35
187-201
EN
The main research goal was to explore the linkage between regulatory framework and university level real estate education in Poland. In order to achieve the research goal we analyzed the results of European and American to-date research into real estate education and we studied curricula from selected Polish universities for compliance with ministerial minimum requirements. Finally, we conducted a survey among students studying real estate economics from state universities with the best economics faculties in Poland. Based on the conducted research, it has been established that in their specialization choices Polish students are motivated mainly by pragmatic factors (professional prospects, possibility to obtain a broker’s or administrator’s license) and by interests. On the other hand, though, the research has revealed that in all the Polish schools surveyed curricula for the subject of real estate economics have been to a greater or lesser degree adjusted to the minimum programs connected with professional license system, and do not differ significantly from one another.
4
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European union regulation of insurance industry in the aftermath of the financial crisis

75%
Emond I., Kunertová T.
The Lawyer Quarterly
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2019
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vol. 9
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issue 2
140-149
EN
At the time of writing of this article we have reached the tenth anniversary of the peak of the financial crisis of 2007 to 2008. The 2008 financial crisis and its aftermath provide the backdrop to regulatory actions in the field of insurance. The article aims to examine the institutional and regulatory actions enacted at European Union (EU) level following the crisis which impacted upon the European insurance industry. Regulatory action was enacted in the EU mainly with the adoption of over forty pieces of financial service legislation from 2008 to 2018, most of which help to channel regulation towards a more centralized regime at an EU level. Hand in hand with the strengthening of the regulatory frameworks of financial services, the EU started focusing on the conduct of business rules under the premise of consumer protection. Finally, the article cannot omit upcoming Brexit as impacts on the insurance industry are inevitable, in particular, as the City of London used to be a financial hub for the whole Europe.
5
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Uwarunkowania rozwoju energetyki atomowej

75%
Szablewski A. T.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
|
2009
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vol. 236
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issue 11-12
1-24
EN
The paper deals with renewed interest in nuclear power engineering in Poland and elsewhere. The author looks at the issue of nuclear power development, paying special attention to the nature and significance of the challenges involved. Szablewski focuses on the extent to which power sector liberalization could hinder investment in new nuclear power plants andsuggests ways ofovercoming this problem. In this context, the paper analyzes the competitive position of nuclear power against coal and gas-based energy and assesses various risks related to nuclear power investment in liberalized markets and the ways in which these risks can be mitigated. Special measures are needed for the energy sector as it undergoes liberalization, Szablewski says. This especially applies to the sector’s structure, the market position of energy companies, the overall regulatory framework, and the approach of government institutions. Energy sector companies need to be able to share risk with other market players, according to the writer.
6
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Volunteering as a Vector of EU Youth Policy

75%
Naidych M. A.
Historia i Polityka
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2015
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issue 14(21)
91-100
EN
The article deals with the legal framework of the European Union, aimed at regulation and promotion of volunteering. We investigate the availability of legislative documents in the community of each country and analyze the factors that influence the willingness or reluctance of young people to get involved in volunteer projects. The basic problems on the way of popularizing volunteer activity and the core issues of youth volunteering in Ukraine are determined.
7

Jednolity rynek łączności elektronicznej w Unii Europejskiej jako fundament Europejskiej agendy cyfrowej. Reforma regulacji z 2009 roku

63%
Ławniczak K.
Przegląd Europejski
|
2012
|
issue 2(25)
65-84
PL
Komunikacja elektroniczna zmienia wszelkie aspekty życia społecznego, również politykę i biznes. Światowy kryzys gospodarczy osłabił wzrost, lecz nie zatrzymał nadejścia „ery cyfrowej”. Co więcej, postęp w dziedzinie technologii informacyjnych i komunikacyjnych może nie tylko poprawić wskaźniki ekonomiczne, lecz także pomóc w poradzeniu sobie z wyzwaniami XXI-wieku, takimi jak globalizacja, przemiany demograficzne czy zmiana klimatu. W 2009 roku Unia Europejska znowelizowała ramy regulacyjne łączności elektronicznej. Rok później Komisja Europejska ogłosiła Europejską agendę cyfrową, która stanowi jedną z 7 inicjatyw flagowych Europy 2020 – 10-letniej unijnej strategii na rzecz wzrostu. Niniejszy artykuł analizuje obszary działań agendy, jak i główne kierunki zmian wprowadzonych przez wspomnianą wyżej nowelizację, w celu zweryfikowania hipotezy, że jednolity rynek łączności elektronicznej jest warunkiem sukcesu Europejskiej agendy cyfrowej.
EN
Electronic communications continue to change every aspect of life, including politics and business. While the global economic crisis undermined growth, it did not hamper the advent of the “Digital Age”. In fact, the progress in information and communications technology can not only help to boost economic performance, but also to tackle the challenges of the 21st century, such as globalisation, demographic transformations or climate change. In 2009, the European Union revised its regulatory framework for telecommunications. The following year, the European Commission announced the Digital Agenda for Europe, which constitutes one of the 7 flagship initiatives of the Europe 2020 – the EU’s ten-year growth strategy. This article analyses the pillars of the Agenda, as well as the most important changes introduced by the new regulations. It attempts to prove that the single electronic communications market is necessary for the success of the Digital Agenda for Europe.
8
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Jednolity rynek łączności elektronicznej w Unii Europejskiej jako fundament Europejskiej agendy cyfrowej. Reforma regulacji z 2009 roku

63%
Ławniczak K.
Przegląd Europejski
|
2012
|
vol. 2012 (25)(2)
65-84
PL
Electronic communications continue to change every aspect of life, including politics and business. While the global economic crisis undermined growth, it did not hamper the advent of the “Digital Age”. In fact, the progress in information and communications technology can not only help to boost economic performance, but also to tackle the challenges of the 21st century, such as globalisation, demographic transformations or climate change. In 2009, the European Union revised its regulatory framework for telecommunications. The following year, the European Commission announced the Digital Agenda for Europe, which constitutes one of the 7 flagship initiatives of the Europe 2020 – the EU’s ten-year growth strategy. This article analyses the pillars of the Agenda, as well as the most important changes introduced by the new regulations. It attempts to prove that the single electronic communications market is necessary for the success of the Digital Agenda for Europe. Komunikacja elektroniczna zmienia wszelkie aspekty życia społecznego, również politykę i biznes. Światowy kryzys gospodarczy osłabił wzrost, lecz nie zatrzymał nadejścia „ery cyfrowej”. Co więcej, postęp w dziedzinie technologii informacyjnych i komunikacyjnych może nie tylko poprawić wskaźniki ekonomiczne, lecz także pomóc w poradzeniu sobie z wyzwaniami XXI-wieku, takimi jak globalizacja, przemiany demograficzne czy zmiana klimatu. W 2009 roku Unia Europejska znowelizowała ramy regulacyjne łączności elektronicznej. Rok później Komisja Europejska ogłosiła Europejską agendę cyfrową, która stanowi jedną z 7 inicjatyw flagowych Europy 2020 – 10-letniej unijnej strategii na rzecz wzrostu. Niniejszy artykuł analizuje obszary działań agendy, jak i główne kierunki zmian wprowadzonych przez wspomnianą wyżej nowelizację, w celu zweryfikowania hipotezy, że jednolity rynek łączności elektronicznej jest warunkiem sukcesu Europejskiej agendy cyfrowej
9

Organization of Higher Environmental Education in Universities of Ukraine and France: Comparative Pedagogical Analysis

63%
Vlasova V.
Comparative Professional Pedagogy
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2014
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vol. 4
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issue 2
116-122
EN
The article deals with the organization of higher environmental education in France and Ukraine. The main elements of the pedagogical comparison between the two countries have been defined. Scientific and educational literature analysis devoted to the study of specific aspects of environmental education in universities of both countries has been done. Regulatory and legal framework for environmental training in these countries has been researched. The structure of higher education and the ecological system of educational levels both in Ukraine and France have been stipulated. Basic elements of a comparative analysis of higher environmental education in Ukraine and France have been characterized. The main areas of environmental education in universities of France and Ukraine have been determined. Principles of higher environmental education in France, based on the systems of laws and regulations, have been outlined. The importance of design and styling concept of environmental education has been proved. The main reason for increasing trend to expansion of environmental education at various university departments and levels of education has been defined. Milestones of higher environmental education in France and Ukraine have been determined. After the comparative analysis of higher environmental education in France and Ukraine common features of higher education in these countries have been outlined.
10
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Praktyczne problemy gospodarki współdzielenia w oparciu o działalność Ubera

51%
Bonarek M.
Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe
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2018
|
vol. 21
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issue 36
EN
The use of modern technologies in the service sector has revolutionized traditional business models. Although innovative techniques used by Uber surely determine the progress of the competition and economic development within the market, not adjusting the national regulatory framework to its needs builds up practical difficulties related to a proper legal qualification of the business. The article aims to give a description of current issues of collaborative economy associated with the existing legality gap in the domestic legal order and presents the most crucial postulates of the single market strategy. In addition to characterizing the company and the terms of service delivery, the purpose of the following paper is also to explore Uber’s activity as concerns the existence of an employment relationship and point out the problems with the taxation of digital services.
PL
Zastosowanie nowoczesnych technologii w sektorze usług zrewolucjonizowało tradycyjne modele prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej. Choć innowacyjne rozwiązania wykorzystywane przez Ubera determinują postęp konkurencji i rozwój gospodarczy, niedostosowanie krajowych ram regulacyjnych względem potrzeb rynkowych nawarstwia trudności związane z dokonaniem poprawnej kwalifikacji prawnej prowadzonej działalności. W opracowaniu opisano aktualne problemy gospodarki współdzielenia w oparciu o występującą lukę extra legem w krajowym porządku prawnym oraz przedstawiono kluczowe postulaty jednolitego rynku wewnętrznego. Oprócz scharakteryzowania przedsiębiorstwa i warunków świadczenia usług, celem jest także porównawcze ujęcie działalności Ubera w kontekście istnienia stosunku pracy oraz wskazanie na problematykę opodatkowania usług cyfrowych.
11
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Przedsiębiorca w realiach XXI w. Wybrane zagadnienia i postulaty

51%
Dobosz K.
Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe
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2018
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vol. 21
|
issue 36
EN
The article concerns the progressing changes affecting the freedom of entrepreneurs in conducting business. After distinguishing a dozen or so areas of law that may be particularly relevant in this context, more detailed observations have been made regarding several selected areas. The considerations were focused around competition law, company law and criminal law. The last element of the work are postulates to indicate potential solutions for possible development scenarios.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy postępujących zmian wpływających na swobodę przedsiębiorców w zakresie prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej. Po wyróżnieniu kilkunastu obszarów prawa, które mogą być jako szczególnie relewantne w tym kontekście, bardziej szczegółowe obserwacje zostały poczynione względem kilku wybranych obszarów. Rozważania zostały zogniskowane wokół prawa konkurencji, prawa spółek i prawa karnego. Ostatnim elementem pracy są postulaty mające wskazać potencjalne rozwiązania dla możliwych scenariuszy rozwoju.
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