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EN
This article discusses the role of piano as a didactic aid in early education. The piano is a great aid to motivate, sparks creativity, and effectively engages children in the learning proces. A case study conducted by the author proposes different techniques of integrating the piano in the context of music lessons. The study contains a variety of musical activities and proposes specific teaching instructions to work with rhymes.
EN
If viewed from a purely linguistic standpoint, rhyme belongs to the phoneticphonological and lexical levels of natural language. It draws on two basic linguistic planes: the plane of expression and the plane of content, which are inextricably linked and closely interwoven. The ways of formal linking of rhyming units result in the creation of different forms of rhyme, where the formal properties of rhyming range from complete to partial correspondence of the rhyming phonological material. This results in the creation of various forms of rhyme, such as the following: tautological (lexical) rhyme, homonymic (homographic) rhyme, echo-rhyme, prefixal rhyme and suffixal rhyme. Each of these kinds of rhyme, except the suffixal, expresses one semantic category, while the suffixal rhyme potentially includes five semantic categories: (1) lexical synonymy; (2) contextual synonymy; (3) lexical antonymy; (4) contextual antonymy and (5) multifarious meanings. The analysis of these semantic categories (all the nine of them) is limited by the scope of this paper, and includes one example from Serbian poetry for each of the identified semantic categories respectively. Our analysis has demonstrated that the semantic function of rhyme depends directly on the type of form (the kind of rhyme), i.e., on the way of structuring the phonological (sound) material in the rhyming of lexical units.
EN
The paper deals with prosodic patterns of the Hausa poetry and investigates its stanzaic, metre, and rhyme structure with reference to the patterns developed in the Arabic poetry. Using the corpus of poems written in ajami by four contemporary poets the use of Arabic-based patterns as well as their “deviated” or “defected” forms have been investigated. The analysis confirms the crossfertilization between the oral and written poems tradition in Hausa.
PL
Rhyme versatility creates a necessity for multifaceted research into its structural, functional, semantic, psycholinguistic, lingua-culturological and other aspects. The integrating efforts of linguists, literary scholars and other professionals around a common goal promote the formation of an interdisciplinary branch — rhymology. Rhymography deals with the theoretical questions regarding the compilation of rhyming dictionaries. We consider the most urgent problems in Ukrainian rhymology and rhymography to be metalanguage and term system description, the theoretical generalisation of rhyme researchers’ results, the study of rhyme structure, its typology, rhyme creation mechanisms as well as the mechanisms for its reception, the reconstruction of the history of compiling rhyming dictionaries, their classification, the working out of techniques, the lexicographic description of rhyme, etc.
PL
The last volume of poetry by Stanisław Barańczak, titled Chirurgiczna precyzja (Surgical precision) features the poem Za szkłem (Behind glass). It is an extremely ironic and ambiguous work. The interpretation provided in this paper points to the exceptional importance of this text for Barańczak’s poetry as a whole.
EN
The article presents the linguistic games in selected poems by Małgorzata Strzałkowska. The subject of the research were 300 works from ten volumes that have been published over the last twenty-five years. The text examines these verbal games, which are mainly based on the sound layer of the utterance, i.e. sounds / sounds, onomatopoeia, rhymes, and rhythm. It was found that Strzałkowska’s poems can be ready-made lesson plans that can be used in Polish lessons, in phonetics, in voice emission as well as during speech diagnosis or therapy.
7
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Rytmická stránka Nerudova rýmu

72%
EN
This article considers the rhythmical aspect of rhyme in the published collections of verse of Jan Neruda (1834-1891), Hřbitovní kvítí (1857), Knihy veršů (1867), Písně kosmické (1878), Balady a romance (1878-83), and Zpěvy páteční (1896). The author´s method is to start from the theoretical works of Jan Mukařovský (1891-1975) (the rhythmical aspect of rhyme) and Miroslav Červenka (1932-2005) (the structure of endings in Czech syllabotonic verse). When describing Neruda´s collections, the author focuses on the frequency of the individual endings and their combinations in rhyming lines. The discussion is based on comparing the actual frequency of endings with their theoretical frequency (resulting from linguistic factors). The changes in frequency of endings from one collection to the other are put into a system with changes in, among other things, the range of meters and stanza types, and changes in the semantics of the rhyme. Particular attention is paid to the question of dactylic rhyme, which was an essential ingredient of Písně kosmické and Prosté motivy, and the question of rhyme without meter.
EN
Subject to analysis in this article are the poetic and the metapoetic statements made by Henryk Sienkiewicz. Even though the latter category is now and then analysed in lingustic research – as part of the analyses of Sienkiewicz’s legacy as a columnist and a reviewer – the former category remains terra incognita for language researchers. The first part of the article analyses the key concepts of Sienkiewicz’s metapoetic statements (e.g. talent [gift, talent] or prostota [simplicity]) as well as the stylistic qualities of these statements (e.g. poetic nature, emotionality). The second part of the article features a linguistic analysis of the idiostylistic qualities of Sienkiewicz’s poetic works: grammar of rhymes, selection of stylistic means (e.g. parallels and epithets) as well as his choice of the lexical stock.
PL
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PL
Artykuł skupia się na folklorze dziecięcym, który dominuje w twórczości Danuty Wawiłow. Folklor dziecięcy, według Jerzego Cieślikowskiego, to słowne formy ekspresji dziecięcej zarówno własne, jak i dorosłych. Obejmuje on twory słowne (wyliczanki, rymowanki), wizualne (rysunek kredą na asfalcie) oraz gestyczne (skakanie, gra w klasy). Z racji występowania w wierszach Danuty Wawiłow folkloru dziecięcego, bardzo często wykorzystuje się je podczas pracy z dziećmi. Wynika to także z obecności w nich aspektu psychologicznego, np. sposobów oswajania dzieci z lękami, nawiązywania i podtrzymywania kontaktów interpersonalnych. Dlatego też utwory zawarte w tomiku Rupaki (1977) Grzegorz Leszczyński określił mianem liryki „oddziecięcej”. W tomiku Strasznie ważna rzecz (1978) natomiast poetka koncentruje się na twórczości dzieci, m.in. wyliczankach, rymowankach i zabawach. Utwory Danuty Wawiłow spełniają ogromną rolę nie tylko kształcącą, ale i integracyjną, wychowawczą, zabawową. Źródłem kultury dziecięcej bowiem okazuje się potrzeba bawienia się, której nie brakuje w twórczości przywołanej poetki.
EN
The article focuses on children's folklore, which dominates in the work of Danuta Wawiłow. Children's folklore, according to Jerzy Cieślikowski, are verbal forms of children's expression, both their own and adults. It includes verbal forms (rhymes, rhymes), visual (drawing with chalk on asphalt) and gestures (jumping, playing in classes). Due to the existence of children's folklore in the poems of Danuta Wawiłow, they are very often used when working with children. This is also due to the presence of a psychological aspect in them, such as ways to tame children with fears, establish and maintain interpersonal contacts. That is why the works contained in the volume Rupaki (1977) by Grzegorz Leszczyński referred to as “fromchildren”. In the volume A terribly important thing (1978), the poet focuses on children's creativity, including counting, rhymes and games. Danuta Wawiłow's works play a huge role not only in education, but also in integrational, educational and playful activities. The source of children's culture turns out to be the need of playing, which is not lacking in the work of the summoned poet.
PL
The article analyses the poetry where verse and prose, two varieties of artistic language organization, cooperate closely. Modern poetry is open for experiments. For this reason many authors allow themselves to combine poetic and prosaic elements in one text. As a result, we get texts that carry a double emotional loading. Among such texts there are rhyme metrical prose, strophic prose, verse in prose, vers libre and pollymetric constructions that combine verse and prose.
EN
The article attempts to answer the question of what the potential benefits of a methodological cooperation between poetics and genetic criticism are. The answer is based on the definition formulated by D. Korwin-Piotrowska who observes that “concepts and terms in the field of poetics document the cognitive effort involved in studying and describing the work of the human mind.” I argue that we may understand (although, in a limited degree) how “the human mind” works when poetics, in cooperation with genetic criticism, studies not only the final version of the text, but also the text in-the-making (a record of a textual process, i.e. a draft). Combining poetics and genetic criticism, I analyze two poems by Czesław Miłosz, Rozmowy na Wielkanoc 1620 roku [Conversations at Easter 1620] and Na ścięcie damy dworu [On the beheading of a lady at court], demonstrating how the poet arrived at the final rhyme pattern. In the end, I make further theoretical comments in connection with, inter alia, the concept of the “extended mind” and the contemporary subjective and functional concepts of culture.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie o to, jakie korzyści może zyskać poetyka, wchodząc w metodologiczną kooperację z krytyką genetyczną. Odpowiedź opiera się na definicji, sformułowanej przez Dorotę Korwin-Piotrowską, stwierdzającą, że „pojęcia z zakresu poetyki są zapisem poznawczego wysiłku, by zbadać i opisać pracę ludzkiego umysłu”. W szkicu postawiona zostaje teza, wedle której szczególna (choć rzecz jasna ograniczona) możliwość poznawania „pracy ludzkiego umysłu” pojawia się wówczas, gdy poetyka – współpracując z krytyką genetyczną – zajmuje się nie tylko gotową postacią tekstu, lecz także tekstem in statu nascendi (zapisem procesu tekstotwórczego, jakim jest brulion). Twierdzenie to zostaje następnie zilustrowane za pomocą poglądowej analizy, łączącej opis poetologiczny z genetycznym, a poświęconej pracy nad rymem, wykonywanej przez Czesława Miłosza w trakcie pisania dwu wierszy: Rozmów na Wielkanoc 1620 roku i Na ścięcie damy dworu. W zakończeniu szkicu pojawiają się dalsze uwagi teoretyczne, między innymi odwołujące się do pojęcia extended mind oraz współczesnych, podmiotowych i czynnościowych koncepcji kultury.
12
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Asnyk’s notebook of rhymes

58%
PL
Podstawą materiałową artykułu jest notes Adama Asnyka, który przechowuje Biblioteka Jagiellońska w Krakowie (Oddział rękopisów, sygn. 7185 I, numer inwentarzowy 16261). Zawiera 56 kart zapisanych po stronach recto i verso. Asnyk notował w nim wyrazy, które się rymowały. Używał notesu z gotowymi zestawieniami rymów jako pomocy podczas pisania wierszy. Lista tych wyrazów wykazuje wysoką frekwencję słów przyswojonych z łaciny, greki oraz zapożyczeń francuskich. Dotyczą pojęć abstrakcyjnych, kultury antyku, klasyki literackiej i nazw własnych, które się odnoszą do geografii świata i historii powszechnej. Oznacza to intelektualny i inteligencki model poezji. W zestawieniach słów częste są asocjacje wskazujące na ironiczną postawę poety wobec romantyzmu. Rymy nie tworzą przypadkowych układów słów o podobnej fonetyce, ale stanowią pola gramatyczne i semantyczne. Analiza notesu Asnyka pozwoliła na sformułowanie wniosków, że: 1) wbrew ustaleniom wersologów Asnyk używał w rymach form gramatycznych nieodmiennych (bezokolicznik, przysłówek); 2) rym niedokładny w polskiej poezji pojawił się wcześniej, niż dotąd sądzono (koniec XIX w.).
EN
The material basis for the article was Adam Asnyk’s notebook, which is presently owned by The Jagiellonian Library in Kraków (Manuscript Archive, 7185I, no. 16261). The notebook contains 56 pages handwritten by Asnyk on both sides of a sheet. Asnyk wrote down the words which rhymed. He made use of the notebook when he needed set rhymes as a tool while composing poems. The list of these words demonstrates a high frequency of words borrowed from Latin, Greek, and French. They apply to abstract nouns, antiquity, literary classics, as well as proper nouns related to world geography and history. All indicates the intellectual and intelligentsia model of his poetry. The sets of words often included associations which emphasised Asnyk’s irony towards Romanticism. The rhymes were not accidental sets of words phonetically similar but instead they indicated grammatical and semantic fields. The analysis of Asnyk’s notebook enabled the following conclusions: 1) in spite of some scholars’ opinions, in his rhymes Asnyk used noninflectional grammatical forms (infinitives, adverbs); and 2) partial rhyme in Polish poetry had appeared earlier than it was commonly assumed (the end of the 19th century).
UK
Пропонована стаття присвячена порівняльному дослідженню засобів вираження логічної сегментації в англійській мові та українській мові. Тема статті обумовлена,тим що вивчення функціональної перспективи речення на сьогодні є найважливішим етапом у формуванні комунікативно-функціональної граматики будь-якої мови. У статті проаналізовані загальні теоретичні засади поняття «сегментація». Охарактеризовано основні особливості сегментації речення в лінгвістиці. У ході роботи висвітлено основні етапи наукової думки в галузі порівняльного мовознавства, розглянуто такі поняття як «сегментація», «логічна сегментація», а також проаналізовано принципи логічної сегментації речень в аналізованих мовах. Проведено системний аналіз наявний даних з проблеми сегментації. Виділено й проаналізовано засоби вираження сегментації в мовах. Зʼясовано, комплекс головних розбіжностей сегментації речень в українській та англійській мові. Встановлено комплексний аналіз педагогічного, психологічного і лінгвістичного знання з проблеми дослідження. Виявлено механізм сегментації, який є одним із спеціальних механізмів, що забезпечують всі аспекти комунікації. Проаналізовано й описано реальні зв’язки у реченні. Виділено, узагальнено й систематизовано знань з питань особливостей сегментації англомовного тексту. Проведений зіставно-типологічний опис двох мов з даної проблеми. Виходячи з даних теорій, виділено основні проблеми сегментації речення в англійській мові. На основі порівняння з англійською мовою детально виділені і описані в порівняльному плані синтаксичні, граматичні та лексичні способи виділення теми і реми. В ході роботи виявлено універсальне в механізмах сегментації висловлювання в англійській і українській мовах, а також визначені ті області, які вибірково притаманні або англійській мові, або українській мові. У статті розглянуто явище сегментації в pізниx aспeктax: істopія poзвитку структур як експресивних oдиниць літepaтуpнoї мови, пpoaнaлізoвaнo pізнoвиди сегментації.
EN
The proposed article is devoted to the comparative study of the means of expression of the logical segmentation in English and Ukrainian. The topic of the article is determined by the fact that the study of functional perspective of a sentence is now the most important stage in the formation of communicative and functional grammar of any language. The article analyzes the general theoretic foundations of the notion of “segmentation”. The main features of sentence segmentation in linguistics are characterized. In the course of the work main stages of scientific thought in the field of comparative linguistics are reflected, such concepts as “segmentation”, “logical segmentation” are studied, and principles of the logical segmentation of sentences in the languages under consideration are analysed. A systematic analysis of the available data on the problem of segmentation is performed. The means of segmentation expression in the languages are identified and analyzed. It has been revealed that the complex of the main differences in the segmentation of sentences in Ukrainian and English languages. The complex analysis of pedagogical, psychological and linguistic knowledge of the research problem has been established. The mechanism of segmentation, which is one of the special mechanisms providing all aspects of communication, has been revealed. Real links in a sentence are analysed and described. The knowledge on the peculiarities of segmentation of the English-language text has been identified, summarized and systematized. A comparative-typological description of the two languages on the problem has been carried out. Based on these theories, the main problems of sentence segmentation in English are highlighted. Based on the comparison with the English language, the syntactic, grammatical and lexical ways of separating the topic and the rheme are highlighted and described in detail in a comparative perspective. In the course of the study, the universal mechanisms of sentence segmentation in English and Ukrainian are revealed, as well as the areas that are selective in either English or Ukrainian. The article considers the phenomenon of segmentation in different aspects: the history of the development of structures as expressive units of literary language, the types of segmentation are analyzed.
EN
This case study presents an analysis of the author’s approach to translating Dvořák’s Unaccompanied Male Voice Choruses (B 66, B 72, B 73). A strategy is outlined for the rendering of cognitive and aesthetic values of the Czech song texts in English, with particular reference to principles for the derivation of rhyme pairs. Other features of style and of cultural transfer are also noted.
MK
Овој труд ги разработува проблемите кои произлегуваат при преводот на поезијата од македонски на полски и од полски на македонски јазик. При тоа се обрнува посебно внимание на формата на поетската творба како ограничувачки фактор на слободата на преведувачот. Во статијата се земени примери од постари преводи, како и примери земени од наставата по превод и преведувачката работилница на Семинарот за македонски јазик, литература и култура. Се става акцент на дилемата дали да се зачува формата и до кој степен содржината треба да подлегне на губење во преводот.
EN
This article deals with the problems which appear in translating poetry from Macedonian into Polish and from Polish into Macedonian. At the same time it pays special attention to the poetic form as a limiting factor of the translator’s freedom. The article presents examples of older translations, as well as examples from translation classes at the University of Skopje and from the translation workshop at the Summer School of Macedonian Language, Literature and Culture. The focus is on the dilemma of whether the form should be preserved and to what degree the contents could succumb to translation loss.
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