Search results

1

The Role of a Donor in an Emerging Power’s Foreign Policy: Brazilian Solidarity Diplomacy

100%

Sawicka M.

Ad Americam

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2016

|

issue 17

135-147

EN

Since 2003, Brazil has been searching for efficient modalities directed at deepening ties with Latin American and African states, such as knowledge sharing and engaging in dialogue on alternative ways of tackling common development challenges. Considered by Brazilian policymakers to be expressions of solidarity diplomacy, these concepts and modalities are part of what has been coined Brazil’s “autonomy through diversification” strategy. Brazilian presidents Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff consecutively pursued geopolitical realignments focused on the creation of a multipolar world order with a strengthened, more visible position for Brazil, an emerging world power. This paper will examine the practical and theoretical implications of Brazil’s reconceptualization of its role as a donor of development aid, as well as donor-recipient relations as expressed in the two presidents’ official speeches, documents of the Brazilian Cooperation Agency, and COBRADI reports Furthermore, it will explore whether Brazil’s declared role as a development partner and its practices in the capacity thereof are consistent with the expectations of other significant development cooperation actors.

2

Dziennikarz – reporter, moderator czy ekspert? Analiza wybranych programów ekonomicznych: Kapitalny program (TVP Info) oraz Biznes dla ludzi (TVN24 BIS)

88%

Kacperska M.

Kwartalnik Naukowy OAP UW "e-Politikon"

|

2014

|

issue 12

85-108

PL

Jedną z istotnych ról pełnionych przez media i dziennikarzy jest informowanie i edukowanie społeczeństwa. Niedostateczny poziom wiedzy ekonomicznej polskiego społeczeństwa sprawia, że należy zastanowić się nad rolą, jaką w tym zakresie mogą pełnić media. Analiza jakościowa polegająca na porównaniu treści programów ekonomicznych (TVN24 BiS – Biznes dla ludzi i TVP Info – Kapitalny program) oraz roli (ekspert, drogowskaz i tłumacz, selekcjoner i upowszechniacz), jaką pełnią w nich dziennikarze, jest wstępem do zakrojonych na szersza skalę badań ilościowych.

EN

One of the important roles of the media and journalists is to inform and educate the public. Insufficient levels of economic knowledge of the Polish society makes it necessary to consider the role media can play in this regard. Qualitative analysis involves a comparison of the content of economic programs (TVN 24 BiS – "Biznes dla ludzi" and TVP Info – "Kapitalny program") and the role (expert, guide and translator, coach and “disseminator”) journalists played in them is an introduction to the extensive quantitative research on a wider scale.

3

Społeczna i kulturalna rola mediów studenckich w Krakowie

88%

Kicior B.

Komunikacja Społeczna. Czasopismo elektroniczne

|

2014

|

issue 2(10)

1-15

PL

Artykuł jest fragmentem pracy dyplomowej autora dotyczącej roli społecznej i wpływu mediów studenckich w Krakowie na swoich odbiorców. Zawiera część z wynikami badań przeprowadzonymi w roku 2014 oraz ich analizą. W środowisku medialnym media studenckie są głównie postrzegane jako amatorskie stowarzyszenia nastawione na rekreację i integrację studentów. Praca jest próbą zbadania części merytorycznej ich działalności. Badania dotyczą profilu funkcjonowania mediów studenckich na przykładzie środowiska krakowskiego, stopnia i sposobu istnienia na rynku medialnym oraz wśród swoich odbiorców.

EN

The article is a part of author’s master’s thesis. It applies to the social role and influence of students’ media in Cracow. It contains a part with the research results alongside with the analysis. The research was conducted in 2014. Students’ media in their environment are being seen as amateur associations aimed at entertainment of its members. This work is an attempt to study the substantative aspect of students’ media. The research apply to how these media are functioning basing on Cracow students’ media example. Moreover, to level and way of their existence on media market and among its consumers.

4

Role of Saudi Universities in Spreading the Culture of Social Responsibility Based on the Experiences of Malaysian and Canadian Universities

88%

Al-Huwaish Y. M.

Journal of Education Culture and Society

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2023

|

vol. 14

|

issue 2

552-570

EN

Aim. This research paper aims to identify the role of Saudi universities in spreading the culture of social responsibility based on the experiences of Malaysian and Canadian universities. Methods. The author adopted the descriptive analytical approach based on the literature review and analysing the experiences of Saudi, Malaysian, and Canadian universities. Results. The results showed that the Saudi Ministry of Education should play its role in institutionalising social responsibility in Saudi universities and the higher education sector, e.g., promoting social responsibility practices at universities as a part of the ministry’s strategy. Conclusion. In the light of the results obtained the officials of Saudi universities can benefit from the experience of Malaysian and Canadian universities to spread the culture of social responsibility. This research recommends raising the awareness of university students of the importance of university social responsibility as a strategy to motivate them to participate in various community activities and programmes. Originality. This research is considered one of the fewest studies that analysed the experiences of Saudi, Malaysian, and Canadian universities.

5

LA MUJER EN LOS REFRANES DE DON QUIJOTE. ESTUDIO CONTRASTIVO DE LAS TRADUCCIONES RUMANAS

88%

TITI CĂLIN A.

Concordia Discors vs Discordia Concors: Researches into Comparative Literature, Contrastive Linguistics, Cross-Cultural and Translation Strategies

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2014

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vol. 6

153-171

EN

This paper aims at investigating paremiological units from the Romanian translations of the novel Don Quixote de la Mancha, bearing in mind Cervantes‘ original text. The contrastive analysis is based on linguistics and translation studies, its main objectives being to indicate the changes resulting from the translation process and to pursue the conservation of the paremiological essence, highlighting incongruences deriving therefrom. We have considered the translation from 1969 done by Edgar Papu and Ion Frunzetti and the translation from 2004, by Sorin Mărculescu. Prior to these remarks, we also conducted a paremiological analysis (Pavel Ruxăndoiu, 2003). First of all, we mentioned the situational-generic context, that is, we pointed out what exactly generated the evocation of the proverb, which character used it and when. Secondly, we specified the functional context, namely, a pragmatic perspective at the level of speech, and finally, we examined the composition, from lexical, grammatical and stylistic points of view. The research was only confined to the proverbs whose central figure is the woman and since they synthesize every aspect of the life of a community, its fundamental attitudes, its relations with the world (Avram, 2011: 3), the role or status of women in the society of the time can be depicted in the proverbs about women used by Cervantes.

6

Kierownik projektu − charakterystyka profesji

88%

Piwowar-Sulej K.

Nauki Społeczne

|

2013

|

issue 1(7)

79-90

EN

The article says that Project Manager (PM) is considered as a profession even though it does not appear in the official profession list of the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy. The characteristic of this profession was made on the basis of such elements as: general role of PM, particular tasks which lie in implemented project management methodology and project management competencies. The considerations are based on the literature studies, analysis of job offers and results from interviews conducted among 22 project managers in 2012.

7

Istota, miejsce, rola i znaczenie języków specjalistycznych we współczesnym globalnym świecie

88%

Szadyko S.

Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne

|

2012

|

issue 1(3)

185-212

EN

The article is devoted to special languages in the world today. The author describes their essence, place, role and importance.

8

Scholar in the spectacle of parametrization – between authenticity and game of appearances

88%

Cybal-Michalska A.

Rocznik Pedagogiczny

|

2018

|

vol. 41

93-103

EN

By referring to the metaphor of the theater – the theater of the reality of parametrization in which we the people of science participate – the author is wondering whether the servitude towards science can be identified with scientometrics, i.e., parametrization in the form that is known to us, where at least two of the indicators are subjective, namely: the type of the criteria and their weight. In the article, the emphasis is placed on the theatrical space of construction of the relation of “co-presence” which is not free from our need for recognition, individuality, uniqueness and being the best, at the top of the ranking of parametrization, “skillfully” playing our role of the “scientist” on the stage, which connects but also divides because of that, i.e. the place occupied on that stage. The acts are the spaces of our scientific activity, which – by capturing the “difference” in relation to others and the “difference” in relation to ourselves in time – allow us to be, to crystallize our image, to further define ourselves and to be recognizable in the role of a scientist in a reality that was not chosen by us, but is implemented according to codified rules of the game.

9

Dramat - scena - aktor*

88%

SARNA A.

Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication

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2016

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vol. 19

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issue 28

35-46

EN

Drama – stage – actor The author discusses the issue of acting and theatrical stage in the context of Józef Tischner’s philosophy, which sees the stage as the platform for freedom, and the meeting and parting of people, as well as their relationship with the Absolute. The language of the character is created by: the actor, screenplay, costumes, lighting and music. He introduces the idea of objectifying the stage and familiarising onself with role, the basis of which are relations between the plays characters.

PL

Drama – stage – actor The author discusses the issue of acting and theatrical stage in the context of Józef Tischner’s philosophy, which sees the stage as the platform for freedom, and the meeting and parting of people, as well as their relationship with the Absolute. The language of the character is created by: the actor, screenplay, costumes, lighting and music. He introduces the idea of objectifying the stage and familiarising onself with role, the basis of which are relations between the plays characters.

10

The temporality of truth : deception and self-deception in Ingmar Bergman's The Best Intentions

75%

Perregaard B.

Theatralia: Revue současného myšlení o divadelní kultuře (Theatralia: The revue of contemporary thought on theatre culture)

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2019

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vol. 22

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issue 1

31-44

EN

Ingmar Bergman's novel, The Best Intentions, is about the life and love of his parents. In transforming his parents into the characters, Henrik and Anna, Bergman offers a compelling analysis of the driving forces behind their real-life actions and choices. The paper draws from the work of the Danish philosopher, Søren Kierkegaard, to demonstrate the way that Bergman's analysis is connected to a particular understanding of the dynamics of the self. I ask: how and why are Bergman's two characters led to deception and self-deception during the most critical years of their lives? Bergman's intuitions about the embodied, relational self arguably have to do with his experience as a stage director. Through his work, he is aware of the way that players distinguish between their own selves and the roles, characters, voices, and identities they perform. Bergman exploits the techniques, concepts, and metaphors of the theater in the narration of this story of a 'life catastrophe'.

11

СУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ЯКІСНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ МАЙБУТНІХ ПРАЦІВНИКІВ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ СФЕРИ

75%

Веретенко Т.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2015

|

issue 8(52)

266-275

EN

The article deals with different approaches to training social workers in higher education: functional, role, competence. It is emphasized the orientation of educational process on the formation and development of general and professional competencies. General competence are universal, which the student acquires in the course of a particular educational program, professional competence depending on the subject area and determine the profile of the educational program and graduate qualifications. Analysis of the native and foreign research allowed scientists to identify five major functional roles of social pedagogy associated with professional features: lawyer (social teacher acts as a full and competent representative of the client on whose behalf he is involved in the struggle for change in existing regulations or existing practices, intermediary, broker, mediator (acting as coordinator of the efforts of the client and of the various professionals or organizations, sources of information on existing social resources, teacher, mentor (provides certain knowledge and skills needed for a particular life situation, “the person who opens new possibilities” (“enabler”) (providing emotional and intellectual support, encourage discussion and study of the problem, reflection and self-client); therapist, consultant, coach (acts as a psychologist and helps the person to solve the problem through changing some elements of his behavior, development and change of attitudes, correction perception of reality: ourselves, other people, situations. Modern scientists view competence approach as the basis for a new paradigm of education and the creation of a single European Indicator of space. In Ukraine, normative basis of the introduction of competence approach laid down in the National Doctrine of Education, Ministry of Education and Science, Youth and Sports of Ukraine “On Approval of the Plan of Action for the quality of higher education in Ukraine and integration into the European and also global education community” and other programs and directives . Competence approach caused the international community transition to an information society, where the priority is not considered a mere accumulation of future specialist knowledge and skills, and ownership information search skills, ability to self for training and professional activities; the need to be competitive, requiring higher schools providing future professionals to integrate basic features in different societies, to act, to cultivate. This approach to professional training of social reorientation means the outcome of the process of education in terms of activity.

12

ПРОФЕСІЙНЕ ВИГОРАННЯ ЯК ПЕРЕШКОДА ПІЗНАВАЛЬНО-ТВОРЧОЇ САМОРЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ ПЕДАГОГІЧНИХ КАДРІВ

75%

Микола С.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2016

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issue 8(62)

74-84

EN

The article is devoted to revealing the key aspects of professional burnout as obstacles to cognitive and creative self-realization of teachers. The first place among great numbers of published researches on the issue of burnout, takes up the articles relating to teachers’ work. Burnout syndrome as a result of job stress has been extensively studied for over 30 years in the foreign psychology. In Ukrainian science the great interest to it has arisen recently, that is why this subject has not received appropriate consideration. The following methods of research were used: system-structural and functional analysis, theoretical analysis of Ukrainian, Russian and foreign scientific sources. In the context of our research we consider it necessary to review the concept of creativity. Analysis of psychological and educational research indicates that the problem of creativity is considered in the following aspects: philosophical, psychological and pedagogical. The subject of creativity is a human. The most important characteristics of educational creativity are: a high level of social and moral consciousness; search and problematic way of thinking; developed intellectual and logical abilities; vision problem; creative imagination, developed imagination; specific personal qualities; specific leading motives. Creatively working teacher could provide self-realization of his/her own personal creativity and create conditions for active students’ learning. But the problem of burnout appears. Burnout syndrome is one of the phenomena of personal deformation. There are three factors of professional burnout: personal, role and organizational. Personal factor includes motivation, variants of stress reaction and other personal features. Role factor is connected with role conflicts and role uncertainty. Organizational factor includes characteristics of professional tasks, type of leading, level of responsibility. So we got a theoretical justification for increased attention to the issue of prevention of burnout, because it reduces the creative self-realization, and has negative impact on the human psyche, which could cause further psychological disorders. The perspective of further research is to develop training programs for teachers to maintain and strengthen the mental health.

13

Wartości i interesy w polityce zagranicznej zjednoczonych Niemiec

75%

Kobzarska-Bar B.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2013

|

issue 2(347)

205-219

EN

The article tackles the problem of values and interests in the German security policy particularly during the administration of the CDU/CSU and FDP coalition headed by Angela Merkel. From the statements on security policy formulated by members of subsequent cabinets after 1990 it follows that Germany is in the course of redefining its role in international relations. This role is now defined by a tradition of multilateralism and the conception of a civil state adapted to new challenges that a contender to the position of a world power must confront. A policy of values and interests is the hallmark of Merkel’s present government.

14

Considerations on a Scientist’s Academic Mission and Roles in a Higher Education School

75%

Žydžiūnaitė V., Tandžegolskienė I., Rutkienė A.

Acta Technologica Dubnicae

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2015

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vol. 5

|

issue 2

51-68

EN

Analysis of the scientific literature has shown that the mission of a scientist is inherent to an individual and is oriented towards institution and activity or performance being implemented in higher education. Every higher education school defines its mission and vision, thus the aim of a scientist is to act according to the provided institutional mission. Academic staff at higher education schools, according to the attributed roles, performs various activities which are associated with teaching and research, administration and human resources management, work in labour services. According to the roles and activities being distinguished and described, diverging concepts exist for handling the academic staff roles. The aim of conceptual research refers to consideration and description of a scientist’s missions and roles in higher education generally and a higher education school specifically. The answers to the following research questions are provided in the article: What are the levels of a scientist missions in higher education? How the roles of a scientist could be defined in higher education referring to autonomy or interdependence? What competencies are attributed to the roles of a scientist in higher education? The research concludes that the mission of a scientist is related to the multi-layered concept covering the roles, context, organizational structure and values in a higher education institution. It is essential for a scientist to perceive and define their own mission(s), role(s), responsibilities and obligations to a higher education school, students, science, and society. The mission of a scientist in a higher education school rests in certain combination of diverse competencies being applied on both organizational and individual levels. In summary, academic staff roles are entwined and contrasting with each other. However, the roles of a researcher and a teacher are linked in general as the role of a teacher requires accomplishing academic staff activities such as planning learning activities, devoting time to consultations, meetings and discussions with students.

15

Rzeczywiste przygotowanie pedagoga szkolnego, w kontekście problemów młodzieży ponadgimnazjalnej

63%

Sroka-Świstak A.

Społeczeństwo. Edukacja. Język

|

2015

|

vol. 3

87-97

EN

The purpose of this article is to show the types of problems and difficulties of high school youth, with particular attention paid to their change and transformations that have taken place over the last few years. Thus, to draw attention to the work of the school educator and the effectiveness in overcoming the difficulties encountered in his or her professional work. To present the real and established aspects of professional training of a school educator that make reference to youth. The first part presents the basic concepts that define the school educator, and thus the youth. Another aspect is to specify the contemporary problems of young people as well as the emphasis on the need for changes in attitudes, role and responsibilities of the school educator resulting from the necessity of bringing current support to the young generation. Article will also be enriched by the conclusions of my own research on high school youth problems.

16

Zarys problematyki przywództwa politycznego w Unii Europejskiej

63%

Rutkowska J.

Przegląd Europejski

|

2012

|

vol. 2012 (26)(3)

83-96

PL

The subject of political leadership of the EU appears in discussions of experts not only in the context of internal and external problems of the Union, but the current and future shape of the political system as well. Recent events, including in particular the economic crisis, revealed once again the most serious problems of the political system of the EU – the lack of a clear system of institutions and leadership. It seems that the most appropriate definition of leadership in the context of united Europe complexity is a centre that determines the vision and mission of the organization, creates its objectives, as well as bears the responsibility for implementing the strategy and making changes in the organization. The basic aim of this study is to find answers to questions concerning the possibility of mapping out a centre for the political leadership of the European Union.

17

The role of management accountant in enterprises operating in Poland

63%

Zarzycka E.

Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości

|

2017

|

issue 93(149)

235-252

EN

The short period of the functioning of management accounting in enterprises operating in Central and Eastern Europe may suggest that advanced professional models identified by management accounting researchers and described in world literature have not developed in this region. The main objective of the study was to identify the role of a management accountant in enterprises operating in Poland as compared to international solutions. The set objective has been met thanks to the analysis of the information included in job offers seeking management accountants. The obtained results show that in enterprises operating in Poland, management accountants play the role of in-house business consultants strongly oriented towards matters of the organisations for which they work. However, they do not participate in the decision-making processes on equal terms with other managers, which means that they are not business partners yet. The study broadens the existing state of knowledge by adding a description of the current level of development of the role of management accountants in Poland as compared to the concepts considered to be models in developed countries. It is also a starting point for further, more detailed research on the development of this profession in Central and Eastern European countries, which to date has not been a subject of research.

PL

Krótki okres funkcjonowania rachunkowości zarządczej w przedsiębiorstwach działających w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej może sugerować, iż w tym rejonie nie doszło do wykształcenia się rozwiniętych modeli zawodowych zidentyfikowanych przez badaczy rachunkowości zarządczej i opisanych w literaturze światowej. Głównym celem badania była identyfikacja roli specjalisty rachunkowości zarządczej w przedsiębiorstwach działających w Polsce na tle rozwiązań międzynarodowych. Dzięki analizie informacji zawartych w ofertach pracy poszukujących specjalistów z obszaru rachunkowości zarządczej cel został osiągnięty. Uzyskane wyniki pokazują, iż w przedsiębiorstwach działających w Polsce specjaliści rachunkowości zarządczej pełnią rolę wewnętrznych konsultantów biznesu silnie zorientowanych na sprawy organizacji, w której pracują. Nie współuczestniczą oni jednak na równych zasadach z innymi menedżerami w procesach podejmowania decyzji, co oznacza, iż nie są oni jeszcze partnerami biznesu. Badanie wzbogaca istniejący stan wiedzy o opis aktualnego poziomu rozwoju roli specjalistów rachun-kowości zarządczej w Polsce na tle koncepcji uznawanych za modelowe w rozwiniętych krajach świata, a także jest punktem wyjścia dla dalszych pogłębionych studiów nad rozwojem tego zawodu w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, co jak dotychczas nie było przedmiotem badań.

18

The Role of an Elderly Person in a Family Living in Podlaskie Voivodeship

63%

Kramkowska E.

Roczniki Nauk Społecznych

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2017

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vol. 9(45)

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issue 2

47-59

PL

Podstawowa komórka społeczna, jaką jest rodzina, zawsze narażona była na zmiany wywołane przeobrażeniami otaczającej ją rzeczywistości. Zmienia się definicja rodziny, zmieniają pełnione przez nią funkcje, czy koloryt wszystkiego, co składa się na codzienność. Przekształceniom ulegają również role poszczególnych jej członków – niektóre ulegają rozszerzeniu, np. jeden rodzic musi wypełniać obowiązki obojga, a inne zawężeniu. Prezentowany tekst dotyczy ról, jakie we współczesnej rodzinie pełnią najstarsi jej członkowie, które omawiane są na podstawie wyników badań przeprowadzonych wśród pracowników instytucji pomocy w woj. podlaskim. Czy seniorzy są traktowani z szacunkiem czy też nie? Czy odgrywają znaczącą rolę w dzisiejszej rodzinie czy są raczej spychani na margines? Odpowiedzi na te i podobne pytania zawiera przedkładany artykuł.

EN

Family, the basic unit of society, has always been exposed to changes caused by transformations of the surrounding reality. We are observing changes of the definition of family, changes of its functions, changes of everything that constitutes our everyday life. There are also transformations of the roles of family members – some are expanded, e.g. one parent must fulfill the obligations of both, while others narrowed. The presented text refers to the roles of the oldest members of the contemporary family, described on the basis of studies conducted among workers of welfare institutions in Podlaskie Voivodship. Are seniors treated with respect? Could they play a significant role in today’s family or is their role quite marginal? The answers to these and similar questions are included in the article.

19

Любовь, гендерные роли и стереотипы в рассказах Антона Чехова из народной жизни (Агафья, Бабы)

63%

Собенников А.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Rossica

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2021

|

issue 14

59-68

EN

The article is devoted to Chekhov’s stories from the life of peasants and explores how Chekhov described folk ideas about love, how he depicted gender roles and stereotypes prevalent in this environment. The short stories “Agafya” (1886) and “Baby” (“Peasant Wives”) (1891) are interesting from the point of view of describing the state of a woman in love, her role in marriage and her social lot. Chekhov is sensitive to the framework of the folk culture, as reflected in ‘Proverbs and Sayings of the Russian People’ collected by Vladimir Dal. It is marked by male dominance, male aggression, dependent position of a woman, her vulnerability. Young girls shown in “Agafya” and “Peasant Wives” have been married off without love, and female sexuality finds its expression in extramarital relationships. In “Agafya” Savka attracts women with masculine beauty and an artistic manner. His contemplation, “concentrated immobility” and his love for birds are signs of inner freedom: Savka is not like everyone else. His existential choice arouses sympathy in women so that they bring him food or make dates with him at night. In the time of the story, Agafya has been a wife for a year, and the fact that she goes out on a date at night indirectly reflects on her marriage with a railway switchman. She will be punished in the morning. In the short story “Peasant Wives” Mashenka also becomes a victim of male sexuality. When her husband had been conscripted and “packed off to Poland,” a neighbour, Matvey Savvich, began to call on the young woman and to help her with the harder household work. In his own interpretation, “a year had not passed before the Evil One, the enemy of all mankind, confounded me” [from Constance Garnett’s translation]. In Chekhov’s text, the male character does not admit his guilt in seducing another man’s wife; he puts the blame on the woman. Thus, he does not perform the main gender role of a man – to be the protector of his beloved. In Chekhov’s short story there are two gender motives that explain a woman’s love: the first is male help with the household; the second is women’s loneliness, the need for contact and men’s affection. In Matvey Savvich’s description Masha is an adulteress and a criminal. And in all subsequent events – the wife getting bitten by her returned husband, his death from poisoning – Matvey takes the side of the formal justice. Chekhov’s short stories are anti-literary in that they reveal the author’s purpose as depicting peasant and burgher life as actual existence. There is no aestheticisation, heroisation or idealisation of peasant life, which were the sins of the populist writers (narodniki). Chekhov’s Agafya and Mashenka are Russian women, their fates are typical both in terms of gender sociology and of gender psychology. Behind the complex narrative structure, the biographical author (Chekhov) hides his own feeling of pity and compassion for a specific female fate.

RU

Статья посвящена рассказам Чехова из народной жизни, тому, как Чехов описал на- родные представления о любви, обрисовал гендерные роли и стереотипы в этой среде. Рас- сказы Агафья (1886) и Бабы (1891) интересны описанием состояния влюбленной женщины, ее роли в браке, ее социальной судьбы. Чехов чуток к рамкам народной культуры, которые можно найти в Пословицах и поговорках русского народа Вл. И. Даля: мужское доминиро- вание, мужская агрессивность, зависимое положение женщины, ее бесправие. В Агафье и в Бабах молодых девушек выдали замуж без любви, и женская сексуальность проявляется в отношениях с мужчинами вне брака. Савка в Агафье привлекает женщин мужской кра- сотой и артистичностью. Его созерцательность, «сосредоточенная неподвижность», любовь к птицам – признаки внутренней свободы, он не такой, как все. И женщины «жалеют» его за этот экзистенциальный выбор, носят еду, приходят ночью на свидание. Агафью выдали замуж «год назад», и то, что она ночью приходит на свидание, – косвенная характеристика ее брака с железнодорожным стрелочником. Утром ее ждет расправа. В рассказе Бабы Машенька тоже становится жертвой мужской сексуальности. Ког- да мужу «забрили лоб» и «погнали в Царство Польское», Матвей Саввич, сосед молодой женщины, стал к ней захаживать, помогать по хозяйству. В его интерпретации «не прошло и года, как смутил меня нечистый дух, враг рода человеческого». У Чехова герой не признает своей вины, что он соблазнил чужую жену; вину он перекладывает на женщину. Тем самым он не выполняет главную гендерную роль мужчины – быть защитником любимой женщины. В рассказе Чехова два гендерных мотива, поясняющих любовь женщины: первый – мужская помощь по хозяйству; второй мотив – женское одиночество, потребность в общении, в муж- ской ласке. В описании Матвея Саввича – Маша прелюбодейка и преступница. И во всех дальнейших событиях – избиении жены мужем, вернувшимся со службы, его смерти от от- равления – он принимает сторону формального правосудия. Рассказы Чехова антилитературны, т. е. в них обнаруживается установка автора на изо- бражение крестьянской и мещанской жизни как экзистенции. В них нет эстетизации, героиза- ции или идеализации мужицкой жизни, чем грешили писатели-народники. Агафья и Машенька у Чехова – русские женщины, их судьбы типичны и в аспекте гендерной социологии, и в аспекте гендерной психологии. За сложной повествовательной структурой биографический автор (Че- хов) скрывает собственное чувство жалости и сострадания к конкретной женской судьбе.

20

Zarys problematyki przywództwa politycznego w Unii Europejskiej

63%

Rutkowska J.

Przegląd Europejski

|

2012

|

issue 3(26)

82–95

PL

Tematyka przywództwa politycznego zjednoczonej Europy pojawia się w dyskusjach ekspertów nie tylko w kontekście problemów wewnętrznych i zewnętrznych Unii, a także aktualnego i przyszłego kształtu systemu politycznego. Ostatnie wydarzenia, w tym przede wszystkim kryzys gospodarczy, ujawniły po raz kolejny najpoważniejsze problemy systemu politycznego Unii – brak przejrzystego systemu instytucji oraz przywództwa. Pomimo trudności, najsłuszniejsze w kontekście złożoności systemu zjednoczonej Europy jest definiowanie przywództwa jako ośrodka określającego wizję i misję organizacji, kreującego jej cele, a także ponoszącego odpowiedzialność za realizowanie strategii i dokonywanie zmian w organizacji. Podstawowym celem pracy jest znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytania dotyczące możliwości wyznaczenia ośrodka przywództwa politycznego Unii Europejskiej.

EN

The subject of political leadership of the EU appears in discussions of experts not only in the context of internal and external problems of the Union, but the current and future shape of the political system as well. Recent events, including in particular the economic crisis, revealed once again the most serious problems of the political system of the EU – the lack of a clear system of institutions and leadership. It seems that the most appropriate definition of leadership in the context of united Europe complexity is a centre that determines the vision and mission of the organization, creates its objectives, as well as bears the responsibility for implementing the strategy and making changes in the organization. The basic aim of this study is to find answers to questions concerning the possibility of mapping out a centre for the political leadership of the European Union.

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