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EN
The article approaches the culture problem between myths about extraordinary bravery of Polish men and the historical facts which are different from this stereotype. This article focuses on the roots of the myth and its permanent place in Polish culture.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy kwestii o charakterze kulturowym. Jest próbą konfrontacji mitu o szczególnej waleczności Polaków z rzeczywistością historyczną, która od tego stereotypu jest odległa. Ponadto rozważania dotyczą przyczyn ukształtowania się takiego mitu i jego stałej obecności w kulturze narodowej Polaków.
EN
This article presents the literary creation of the title character Zawisza the Black [Zawisza Czarny] by Juliusz Słowacki. It is important to define the roles which Zawisza plays – he appears as a knight, a defender of the Commonwealth – “lover of the homeland”, and Laura’s lover.
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba zaprezentowania literackiej kreacji tytułowego bohatera dramatu Juliusza Słowackiego Zawisza Czarny. Istotne wydają się rozważania na temat ról, w których występuje Zawisza – jako rycerz, obrońca Rzeczypospolitej – „kochanek ojczyzny” oraz kochanek Laury.
EN
In his epic paraphrase of Konrad Wallenrod [Konrad Wallenrod], Słowacki did not polemise with Mickiewicz’s poem. He rather discovered and explained the genesian sense of its content. It’s hard to call this “rewriting Mickiewicz”, as it has been described by Alina Witkowska. One can rather interpret it as creating a genesian narrative using the content and style of Mickiewicz’s works. In the second half of the 1840s, the author of Dziady [Forefathers’ Eve], Konrad Wallenrod [Konrad Wallenrod], and Pan Tadeusz [Sir Thaddeus] stopped interesting Słowacki as an individual of extraordinary worldview, imagination, and talent. He became instead one of many significant, homeric voices of the “spirit of the world”, spirit of the history. However, in his genesian narrative Słowacki used not only Mickiewicz’s texts, but also those of his own. Moreover, he used works of other masters in whom he recognised signs of prophetism: Homer, Dante, Ariosto, Shakespeare, Calderon, etc. In the epic fragment [Konrad Wallenrod] [Konrad Wallenrod], he presented a collective vision of Lithuanian bards – midair knights, who foretell ground-breaking events that were to happen in Lithuania. This vision is an evidence that the prophetic song, as a revelation of secrets of God or the spirit of history, does not belong to only one singer. On the contrary, reading and explaining the revealed truths is a collective task.
PL
Słowacki, parafrazując Konrada Wallenroda, nie polemizował z tym utworem, lecz odkrywał i tłumaczył genezyjski sens zawartego w nim przekazu. Trudno to nazwać „pisaniem Mickiewicza”, jak określiła osobliwą praktykę twórczą poety Alina Witkowska. Można mówić raczej o „pisaniu Mickiewiczem” − tworzeniu narracji genezyjskiej treścią i stylem jego dzieł. W drugiej połowie lat czterdziestych autor Dziadów, Konrada Wallenroda i Pana Tadeusza przestał interesować Słowackiego jako jednostka wyróżniająca się określonym światopoglądem, wyobraźnią, talentem. Stał się dla niego jednym z głosów − doniosłych, homeryckich − za pośrednictwem których przemawia „duch świata”, duch dziejów. Nie tylko jednak „Mickiewiczem” pisał poeta opowieść genezyjską, lecz także utworami własnymi. Pisał ją również dziełami innych mistrzów: Homera, Dantego, Ariosta, Szekspira, Calderona i in., w których dostrzegał oznaki profetyzmu. W epickim urywku [Konrad Wallenrod] wspólna, zbiorowa wizja wajdelotów, tj. obraz napowietrznych rycerzy − zwiastunów przełomowych zdarzeń mających w przyszłości rozegrać się na Litwie − dowodzi, że pieśń jako objawienie tajników działania Boga czy duchów w historii nie jest własnością jednego śpiewaka, że odczytywanie i tłumaczenie prawd objawionych jest zadaniem kolektywnym.
EN
Agata Seweryn’s book Światłocienie i dysonanse. O Norwidzie i tradycji literackiej [Chiaroscuro and dissonances. About Norwid and literary tradition] (Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL, 2013) by its subtitle clarifies the question. Outlined here by author of the review the concept of tradition in Norwid not preclude what Agata Seweryn wrote in her book. Her purpose was primarily to recognize and describe the whole area allusions in the work Norwid to the heritage of former literature. Therefore, uttered here criticism concerning only certain aspects of the considerations outlined in the book, do not undermine its value for modern Norwidology.
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Norwid z epoki baroku?

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EN
Agata Seweryn’s book  Światłocienie i dysonanse. O Norwidzie i tradycji literackiej [Chiaroscuro and dissonances. About Norwid and literary tradition] (Lublin: Wydawnictwo KUL, 2013) by its subtitle clarifies the question. Outlined here by author of the review the concept of tradition in Norwid not preclude what Agata Seweryn wrote in her book. Her purpose was primarily to recognize and describe the whole area allusions in the work Norwid to the heritage of former literature. Therefore, uttered here criticism concerning only certain aspects of the considerations outlined in the book, do not undermine its value for modern Norwidology.
EN
From the very beginning of his artistic career Oskar Kokoschka systematically used historical, literary and mythological persons, whose figures, being recognizable in culture, facilitated the expression of his own psychological states and life experiences. The young painter, familiar with the classic works of literature, was also fascinated by music. One of his most vivid musical memories mentioned in an interview after more than half a century, was connected with his visits at the Vienna opera horse where he hare heard concerts directed by Gustav Mahler. A an especially enduring memory was that of the performance of R. Wagner’s drama Tristan und Isolde. From that time on the story of the mythical couple of lovers dominated the artist’s imagination, and after his meeting with Gustav's widow, Alma Mahler, he was able to assume a personified figure involving all the three people. As a result Kokoschka and Alma's love affair was supposed to develop according to the historical and mythical scenario of the medieval, and originally Celtic, saga. The artist first played the role of a life-guardsman seeking the favor of the patron of the Vienna cultural elite, and also seeking the hand of the inaccessible „queen” left by the dead director, „the old king”. Having won her acceptance the painter was able to be in her good graces for some time as her lover. However, a tragic turnabout, and at the same time the end of the relation, was inevitably inscribed in the process, in which the „young pretender” Kokoschka, having entered the role of the king, next had to give way to the next candidate. Stages of this symbolic process can be seen in Kokoschka’s letters as well as in his literary and visual works from the period of his relationship with Alma Mahler in the years 1912-1915, when one compares the facts from the protagonists’ lives with, among others, the medieval versions of the Tristan legend and its version composed by Wagner.
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