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EN
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of the digital material incorporated into Text-to-Speech system for students’ English spelling. The digital material was made on the basis of the Spelling Bee vocabulary list (approximately 300 words) issued by the selected school. 21 third graders from a private bilingual school in Taiwan were selected for this study. This study employed four data collection techniques, including questionnaire, pre-test and post-test, informal observation and interview, and semi-structured individual interviews. The research results showed that the use of digital material fostered the students’ English spelling ability and their self-directed learning.
EN
A number of new open learning environments have risen aside to common e-learning environments. Wikiversity is an open environment to all community members. Students' behaviours change in the community creation process, and their self-satisfaction impacts learning. The study methodology is qualitative content analysis, and the data is collected from students' blogs, online and focus group interviews. Data is based on a monitored course for bachelor students of special pedagogy (n=21). There was a possibility to test and assess modern e-learning technologies and use a socio-constructive learning process. The results are studied in light of social-exchange theory. The outcome of this study indicated that learners' satisfaction increases with free access to fellow students' works, full and equal membership of the community and an opportunity to compare oneself to the others. The future research should focus on optimization of policies and sustainable development in education to establish successful exchange systems.
EN
Technology of self-directed learning suits the features of human physiological development and ensures the development of skills that help a person adapt to rapid changes in all spheres of modern society.
PL
Technologie informacyjne w samokształceniu jako samodzielnym uczeniu się wspomagają rozwój funkcji fizjologicznych człowieka oraz zapewniają prawidłowy rozwój umiejętności, które pozwalają dostosować się do szybkich zmian we wszystkich sferach współczesnego społeczeństwa.
EN
Issues discussed in this article are related to the process of self-education. The author presents the concepts of andragogy and lifelong learning in the functioning of the education sciences. He also refers to a research project carried out in “Andragoski Center Republike Slovenije” (“Andragogy Centre of the Republic of Slovenia in Ljubljana”). Conclusions from the study show the differences and distinctiveness between pedagogy and andragogy which provoke refl ection on the place of adult education in the society and the world. By referring to Nairobi Recommendation on the Development of Adult Education by UNESCO, the author combines educational dilemmas with law and human need for education in adult life. He presents his fi ndings in terms of the functioning of higher education and focuses on the tasks of an academic teacher and student attitudes towards their own education.
EN
For many years the national extramural exams were placed on the margins of the Polish educational system. In 2007 the Central Examination Board was entrust with the assessment of skills of adult applicants who wanted to have their comprehensive knowledge officially confirmed on the primary, lower secondary or upper secondary school level. Since 2012 the applicants have also been able to take the extramural exams in general and practical knowledge on the level of a basic vocational school. This resolution is consistent with the guidelines of the European Parliament from the year 2008 about European Qualification Framework for Lifelong Learning and, accepted in 2012, the OECD strategy: Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives. In the Polish educational system, the applicants for extramural exams are adults who do not attend any school but learn by themselves and decide individually when they are ready to take the exams. Every year a few thousand of mostly young people make this decision and sit the exams, most often on the upper secondary school level. The aim of this article is an attempt to create a collective portrait of all these people who left the regular school system, for different reasons, and try to obtain their education. Since 2008 the author of the article has been doing extensive research on this population, not only concentrating on the statistics index but also carrying out a detailed qualitative study.
PL
For many years the national extramural exams were placed on the margins of the Polish educational system. In 2007 the Central Examination Board was entrust with the assessment of skills of adult applicants who wanted to have their comprehensive knowledge officially confirmed on the primary, lower secondary or upper secondary school level. Since 2012 the applicants have also been able to take the extramural exams in general and practical knowledge on the level of a basic vocational school. This resolution is consistent with the guidelines of the European Parliament from the year 2008 about European Qualification Framework for Lifelong Learning and, accepted in 2012, the OECD strategy: Better Skills, Better Jobs, Better Lives. In the Polish educational system, the applicants for extramural exams are adults who do not attend any school but learn by themselves and decide individually when they are ready to take the exams. Every year a few thousand of mostly young people make this decision and sit the exams, most often on the upper secondary school level. The aim of this article is an attempt to create a collective portrait of all these people who left the regular school system, for different reasons, and try to obtain their education. Since 2008 the author of the article has been doing extensive research on this population, not only concentrating on the statistics index but also carrying out a detailed qualitative study.
EN
The article proposes to study the concept of autonomous learning and, more specifically, self-directed learning. The author bases his analysis on the ethnographic research concerning the functioning of the Language Resource Center (LRC), parts of the University of Lille in France. This multimedia space created for different languages learners offers them many opportunities to develop their language skills: computer laboratories, workrooms, many support documents available on site (CD-ROMs, DVDs, original and live TV channels, dictionaries, magazines, journals, reference works). Others, classified according to levels, objectives and skills, can be found on a digital platform and remain available online at any time through a search engine. The LRC gives also the possibilities to meet the language tutors (face-to-face or at a distance) and to participate in different activities offered by them. These various modalities of learning a foreign language are targeted at supporting autonomy, independent learning adapted to the needs, interests and the pace of each learner. The interviews conducted with tutors working in the center allow us to notice numerous positive aspects of LRC activities, but also to detect a few problems resulting largely from the lack of a coherent strategy of action within language studies.
EN
English language tutoring and/or self-access centers are services commonly offered as curricular support to English language program students in educational environments worldwide. This paper argues that the theory of self-directed learning (SDL) from the field of adult education should be considered alongside the equally-important areas of language learning strategies, learner autonomy, and self-regulated learning in the setup of these types of tutoring/self-access academic support centers. The proposition is examined by applying it to a particular case in an English language program of a major research university in the southeastern United States. The paper explicates the commonly-known theory of SDL (Grow, 1991) and relates it to models by put forward by Nakata (2010) and Oxford (2011, 2107). Empirical evidence from studies on encouraging SDL for English language study is summarized from a range of research projects conducted worldwide, and the author concludes by offering implications for educators in any institution-based, adult English language program.  
EN
This paper explores pedagogical practices which can support the role of imagination in foreign language learning. Over the past decade, work on self and identity in motivation research-most notably Norton’s (2001) imagined communities and Dörnyei’s (2009) L2 motivational self system-has suggested that teachers might foster students’ motivation by helping them imagine themselves as L2 speakers and envisage contexts or communities in which they might use the target language. If teachers are to help students create and sustain visions of L2 identities, they need to employ a pedagogy which incorporates and facilitates the work of the imagination. In order to provide guidelines for pedagogical practice, this paper examines the experiences of Japanese university students studying English as a foreign language in a selfdirected learning course. Prior analysis of the data revealed several affordances which supported the participants’ metacognitive development and the role of imagination in their learning. Using these affordances as a conceptual framework, this paper builds on previous work by identifying elements in the learning environment which appear to support the role of imagination in the students’ language learning. The paper concludes by suggesting guidelines for pedagogical practice and considering the implications for further inquiry.
EN
The intent of the present study is to investigate the relationship between language learning strategies and learned helplessness. For this purpose, a questionnaire was administered to 371 secondary school students (first, second and third-graders) learning English in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. The results of this study showed there was a moderate, negative significant relationship between indirect strategies and learned helplessness and a slightly weaker, but still moderate, significant relationship between direct strategies and learned helplessness.
EN
This paper explores pedagogical practices which can support the role of imagination in foreign language learning. Over the past decade, work on self and identity in motivation research-most notably Norton’s (2001) imagined communities and Dörnyei’s (2009) L2 motivational self system-has suggested that teachers might foster students’ motivation by helping them imagine themselves as L2 speakers and envisage contexts or communities in which they might use the target language. If teachers are to help students create and sustain visions of L2 identities, they need to employ a pedagogy which incorporates and facilitates the work of the imagination. In order to provide guidelines for pedagogical practice, this paper examines the experiences of Japanese university students studying English as a foreign language in a selfdirected learning course. Prior analysis of the data revealed several affordances which supported the participants’ metacognitive development and the role of imagination in their learning. Using these affordances as a conceptual framework, this paper builds on previous work by identifying elements in the learning environment which appear to support the role of imagination in the students’ language learning. The paper concludes by suggesting guidelines for pedagogical practice and considering the implications for further inquiry.
EN
The following text presents Jadwiga Nowak’s publications in “The Pedagogical Quarterly” in the 1970s and 1980s. The content of individual articles is presented, with special emphasis on Jadwiga Nowak’s innovative way of thinking about adult education, the role the workplace has in adapting recent graduates to work, as well as the state of andragogical theories and empirical research. The article highlights Jadwiga Nowak’s innovation and critical thinking, as well as the originality of the solutions she proposed.
EN
The article presents the modern concept of self-directed learning “heutagogy” which exists within the life-long learning concept. Heutagogy is a concept of self-determined learning rooted in andragogy. The paper outlines key issues for research in heutagogy as a concept for guiding the use of new technologies in distance education. Heutagogical approach to teaching and learning implies autonomy and self-determination. The emphasis is to train adult students for complexities of today’s work. The concept “heutagogy” arose due to the development of distance education new technologies, informatization of society and mobility of workforce. This concept suggests supporting development of learner-generated content and defining the learning outcomes. The author offers a literature review of current research where demonstrates a discussion of the concept meaning and its main principles. In the process of analyzing the scientific inquiry of the article, the author defines the main differences between the teacher – and student-oriented learning. The observation proves that in heutagogy there is no need the presence of a teacher, as students want to see a facilitator rather than a school teacher; the focus is on the process of information acquiring, not the content; supportive character of the concept in relation to adult students’ wish to learn, which disappears during the formal learning. Key principles of the concept are outlined; the comparison of traditional learning concept and conditions with heutagogical is suggested; active learning methods are described. Examples of active methods learning elements are included into the article. Since the key issue of heutagogy is student-oriented content, where student is supposed to manage his educational process himself and to assume responsibility for results, active learning methods are considered to be providers of the issue realization. Active learning instructional strategies are developed and applied to undertake students in critical thinking process, development of communicative skills in a small group, or with the entire class, considering personal outlook and merits, giving and receiving feedback, and reflecting upon the learning process. There are a lot of ways to implement active learning instructional strategies: they can be fulfilled either in-class or out-of-class, be done by students working either as individuals or in group, and be done either with or without the use of technology tools. It should be noted that active learning demands clearly defined objectives and outcomes; on such conditions we will guide students towards their learning goals.
PL
Uczenie się podejmowane przez osoby dorosłe w ramach realizowanych przez nie pasji to w naukach społecznych wciąż słabo rozpoznany problem. Niniejszy artykuł jest efektem próby uzupełnienia tej luki. Celem badań była rekonstrukcja procesu uczenia się inspirowanego pasją oraz rozpoznanie cech właś- ciwych temu rodzajowi uczenia się. Rozważania osadzono w paradygmacie interpretatywnym. Wykorzystano metodę biografii edukacyjnej, dane zgromadzono przy użyciu wywiadu swobodnego, pogłębionego. W narracji badanego pasjonata sportu wyróżniono dwie linie edukacyjne wyznaczone przez uczenie się pozaformalne i nieformalne. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że uczenie się inspirowane własną pasją jest wysoko wartościowane przez jednostkę (znaczące), planowane, autonomiczne, ciągłe i prowadzące do mistrzostwa. Jest to uczenie się refleksyjne, dobrowolne i unikatowe, nastawione na samorealizację oraz rozwój osobowy jednostki, a u jego podłoża leży silna wewnętrzna motywacja oraz duże zaangażowanie emocjonalne i intelektualne pasjonata.
EN
In social sciences, learning undertaken by adults as part of their passions is still a poorly recognised problem. This article is the result of an attempt to fill this gap. The aim of the study was to reconstruct the process of adult learning inspired by passion and to identify the features specific to this type of learning. The presented considerations were placed in the interpretative paradigm. The educational biography method was used and the data was collected using unstructured, in-depth interview. Two educational lines were identified in sports enthusiast narration: non-formal and informal learning. The study conducted leads to the conclusion that learning inspired by one’s passion is highly valued by the individual (meaningful), planned, autonomous, continuous and leading to mastery. It is also reflective, voluntary and unique, focused on self-fulfilment and personal development of the individual, and it is based on strong internal motivation and a large emotional and intellectual commitment of the enthusiast.
EN
This article offers a descriptive analysis of the Olive Green course for innovative self-directed vocabulary learning in a foreign language. It can be considered as an innovative tool since it integrates an interactive film, a game and an e-learning platform. These elements have not previously been available so broadly in other interactive language courses. In the introduction, the phenomenon of technological development and its impact on education is described. Next, the importance of learning vocabulary is discussed. The main part of the article presents an analysis of the Olive Green course. The SuperMemo programme, which is one of its components, is briefly described. In the following section, functionality, interactivity and gamification of the Olive Green course are discussed. Subsequently, ways of self-directed vocabulary learning with the use of various course features are analysed. The discussion of how the course enables the verification and processing of vocabulary is also included. The summary presents the advantages of using the Olive Green course to foster vocabulary learning in a foreign language.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest wykorzystanie kursu Olive Green do samodzielnej nauki słownictwa w języku obcym. Można go uznać za innowacyjne narzędzie, ponieważ jednocześnie jest filmem interaktywnym, grą oraz platformą e-learningową. Wspomniane elementy nie były dostępne wcześniej dostępne na taką skalę w innych interaktywnych kursach językowych. We wstępie odniesiono się do zjawiska rozwoju technologicznego i jego wpływu na dziedzinę edukacji. Następnie omówiono powody istotności uczenia się słownictwa. W głównej części artykułu została przedstawiona analiza kursu Olive Green. Omówiono pokrótce program SuperMemo, który jest jednym z komponentów wspominanego narzędzia. W dalszej części dokonano analizy takich aspektów, jak funkcjonalność, interaktywności i gamifikacja w kursie. Kolejno omówiono sposoby samodzielnej nauki słownictwa przy wykorzystaniu różnych elementów kursu. Dokonano analizy przydatności list ze słownictwem, MemoKart, napisów w filmie interaktywnym oraz pozostałych ćwiczeń leksykalnych. Uwzględniono również sposoby, w jaki kurs umożliwia weryfikację i przetwarzanie nowo poznanego słownictwa. W podsumowaniu przedstawiono zalety wykorzystania kursu Olive Green do nauki słownictwa w języku obcym.
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