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EN
The aim of the article is to gather and systematize the synonyms of the lexeme mąciwoda (also the ones that are not used in contemporary Polish language). Each synonym is placed in a more or less capacious semantic field. The semantic differences between synonyms are also analysed in the article. Moreover, the traces of forgotten lexemes in contemporary naming and culture are revealed by the author of the paper.
EN
The article is an attempt to present the linguistic explication of the feeling of fear in the Russian language. As it was proved by the linguistic data, the lexeme ‘fear’ (‘страх’) has several synonyms with different semantic value, such as ‘тревога’, ‘ужас’, ‘паника’. The feeling itself can be caused by real or irrational circumstances treated or estimated by the subject as threat. The paper analyses the expressions, phraseologisms and proverbs related to the feeling of fear. They present how the word ‘fear’ (‘страх’) is used in the language and on its semantic level. What is more, the phraseologisms prove that the majority of physical symptoms of the feeling ‘fear’ obtain their linguistic explication. Proverbs complete the received picture with the colloquial judgments about the importance of courage and the disapproval of fear.
EN
The article presents the specificity of the image of joy in the discourse of Catholic devotion of the so-called Way of the Cross (Stations of the Cross) and changes of conceptualization of this emotion that occurred in the twentieth century. The study uses elements of methodology of the lexical-semantic field. The analysis is based on about 100 Polish texts used in the Way of the Cross published during the first half of the twentieth century and 100 contemporary texts of devotional practice (after the II Vatican Council). The study is an attempt to explain why some words are replaced by others, for example what are the reasons for a frequent use of the word przyjemność (pleasure) instead of the word rozkosz (delight). It highlights the emergence of new lexemes in the discourse, such as optymizm (optimism), satysfakcja (satisfaction). It also shows changes in the frequency of occurrence of different subcategories of joy, for example disappearance of the model of sacrificial joy and appearance of the joy of the Resurrection.
EN
This article discusses the themes of memory and retribution in documentary and literary texts (different genres) of two Kolyma inmates. The memory theme of the people tortured in “Kolyma planet” unites texts written by Shalamov and Portugalov. Both authors express similar thoughts in different ways, employing different genres and styles. Shalamov and Portugalov are convinced that these crimes, i.e., deaths of a great number of innocent people in Kolyma forced labour camps can never be forgotten, unpunished and treated as if the “facts never happened”.
EN
This paper presents the phraseological realisation of the concept “POWER” in modern Polish and Russian. On the basis of the denotative and connotative analysis of the examples of phraseologisms representing the concept “POWER” in both languages, the author concludes that power is a multi-layered entity in both linguacultural spaces. It encompasses the presence of the subject and object of power, as well as the distinct ability of the subject to control the way in which another subject or a nobject functions. The chosen phraseological units confirm that they represent facts and judgements that can be interpreted as mostly negative and rarely positive with a varying degree of connotative saturation, being usually negative.
EN
This article uses the material of anonymous Internet forums to analyse the semantic field of deception by the instrumentality of artificial neural networks. Two major imageboards were investigated: 2ch.hk and 4chan.org, being the most popular Russian and American imageboards. For the experiment an algorithm called Word2vec was used to examine 30 million word usages for either of the languages. This analysis revealed 10 words with the greatest semantic proximity to terms from semantic fields of «deception» for Russian and American English. The results showed the tendency among native Russian imageboard users to link the concept of deception with religion and spiritual sphere, while American forum users associate deception with politics and related concepts.
EN
The paper provides a study of religious lexis excerpted from the Russian translation of the encyclical letter Laudato si’. The Russian version of the encyclical was translated and published by Russian Franciscan Publishing House. The analyzed material consisting of single words, as well as compound multi-word expressions, related to the Catholic denomination (264 lexical items – 1000 uses, which accounts for 14% of the entire encyclical), was grouped into semantic fields. The vocabulary was described in terms of the semantics and its functioning and codification, both in the contemporary Russian religious language and in general Russian language. It was assumed that the encyclical is addressed not only to the representatives of the Church hierarchy but also to all the faithful. Hence, there was the need to draw attention to the pragmatic aspects of the religious language, including the balance between comprehensibility and the use of specialist theological terminology in the translated text. It was demonstrated that the majority of the lexical items of religious terminology is coded by the explanatory dictionary of the contemporary Russian language, except for 14 lexical items related to the Catholic denomination that enhance the lexis of the contemporary Russian language.
XX
How we perceive a certain concept is grounded in the ‘language game’: the values, prejudices, dispositions, and cultural baggage among its interpretive communities. In other words, there is no ‘true meaning’ inherent in a word per se; rather the meaning is derived out of what Derrida (1993) calls the ‘chain’ of signifi cation: the context, history, contingency, and often semantic contradictions that render a word polysemic. Taking off from here, this paper seeks to unpack the social ‘constructivism’ immanent in the a priori assumptions that cloak the idea of the ‘vagabond’. While invoking the contingency in the genesis and semantic history of ‘vagabond’ as a case study, this paper illustrates how meanings of certain heuristic concepts – in this case, ‘vagabond’, without a fixed referent – are often (re)configured, not because of reasons entirely linguistic, but rather due to changes in the prevailing epistemic paradigms.
EN
The article is devoted to the main directions of studying emotions in linguistics. The subject of the study are the works of Polish, Russian and Ukrainian linguists, devoted to the description of the verbalisation of emotions. The analysis of works shows that the main linguistic directions in the study of the concepts of emotions are linguocognitivistics and linguoculturology. The main approaches to the semantic description of the verbalisation of emotions can be called semantic, metaphorical and combined. Despite the diversity of vectors of linguistic analysis, each study reconstructs a separate fragment of the general linguistic picture of the world of emotions.
EN
The article represents the author’s attempt to systematize the selection principles of the linguistic terms for optimizing the learning process of translation for the Germanic Philology Faculty. The author analyzes in detail the criteria of systematicity of the linguistic terminology on the material of the English and German language scientific dictionaries and monographs; highlights the basic construction principles of the linguistic terms system and the concepts they denote.
EN
Anthropolinguistic analysis of the semantic field of the verb cook is an attempt at presenting the evolution of the domain of cooking in English as reflected in the vocabulary pertaining to cooking terms adopted in different historical epochs. The examination of the whole network of related cooking terms (i.e. the semantic field of to cook) proves that its development is inextricably linked with the cultural and social changes, new inventions, foreign influences and many other factors.
EN
The paper examines verbs and verbal expressions for ‘die’ employed in Middle English chronicles. As one of the aims is to find out to what extent the distribution of euphemistic and non-euphemistic verbs and verbal expressions denoting this sense was determined stylistically, both prose and verse works are analyzed, i.e. The Peterborough chronicle 1070–1154, The Brut, or the chronicles of England, Layamon’s Brut, and The anonymous short English metrical chronicle. The textual distribution of the verbs is presented, including both numerical data and a synopsized contextual analysis of particular verbs and expressions
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony analizie semantycznej związków frazeologicznych wyrażających okres starości w życiu człowieka. Lokowanie badanych frazeologizmów w obrębie odpowiedniego pola znaczeniowego przeprowadza się z uwzględnieniem trzech aspektów ich znaczenia: sygnifikacyjnego, desygnacyjnego, konotacyjnego. Ze względu na przyjęte kryteria w polu „starość człowieka” wyodrębniono dwusegmentowe jądro (strefę centralną i strefę jądrową, bardziej odległą od centrum: 41% zbadanych związków frazeologicznych) oraz siedmiosegmentowe peryferie (59% zbadanych związków frazeologicznych). Szczególną uwagę zwraca się na znaczeniowe cechy desygnacyjne (pozytywne bądź negatywne) frazeologizmów temporalnych. Na podstawie badań korpusowych wykazano, że jądrowym związkom frazeologicznym oznaczającym starość człowieka w ogromnej większości przysługują pozytywne cechy desygnacyjne.
EN
The article is devoted to the analysis of phraseological units expressing old age in human life. The location of the studied idioms within the relevant semantic field is done taking into account three aspects of phraseological meaning (significative, denotative and connotative). A two-part kernel (the central part and the part more distant from the kernel: 41% of studied idioms) and a seven part periphery (59% of studied idioms) have been allocated due to the criteria adopted by us in the field “human old age”. Special attention is paid to denotative features (positive or negative) of these temporal idioms. Corpusbased research has shown that the positive denotative features are dominant in the meaning of kernel idioms expressing human old age.
EN
The linguistic image of the soul in the ekphrases of the late-19th and early-20th century as exemplified by selected poems by Zofia GordziałkowskaThe main objective of the paper is to describe the linguistic image of the soul in ekphrases of the Young Poland period. In this period, literary works were often inspired by the art of painting. The focus is on the poetry of Zofia Gordziałkowska, which was largely motivated by her fascination with the then popular Swedish painter Arnold Böcklin, whose works are populated mainly by characters from the Bible and classical mythology.The reconstruction of the concept of the soul based on the texts is juxtaposed with general language data. For the analysis of the material I use the methodology of structuralism (e.g. tracing the position of the object in the lexical field) and cognitivism (examining the conceptualization of the category and its proliferation). The conclusions of the interdisciplinary examination are connected with symbolism as both an artistic movement within modernism and a philosophy of the turn of the 20th century. Językowy obraz duszy w ekfrazach z przełomu XIX i XX wieku na podstawie wybranych wierszy Zofii GordziałkowskiejCelem rozważań jest ukazanie językowego obrazu duszy zawartego w młodopolskich ekfrazach Zofii Gordziałkowskiej, zafascynowanej popularnym wówczas w Europie malarstwem Szwajcara Arnolda Böcklina. Jego dzieła zaludniają głównie postaci z mitologii antycznej i Biblii.Zrekonstruowanie pojęcia duszy na podstawie tekstów artystycznych i przedstawienie na tle danych zawartych w języku ogólnym doprowadziło do ustalenia różnicy między jego rozumieniem w tych odmianach języka. Analiza materiału z wykorzystaniem głównie metodologii kognitywizmu, dążącej do zbadania konceptualizacji pojęcia, jego profilowania i kategoryzacji, pozwoliła na nietradycyjne odczytanie poezji i wzbogacenie istniejących badań z zakresu lingwistyki kognitywnej. Wnioski z interpretacji wierszy zostały powiązane z symbolizmem jako nurtem artystycznym modernizmu i filozofią przełomu wieku XIX i XX.
Adeptus
|
2016
|
issue 7
102-120
EN
The main objective of the paper is to describe the linguistic image of the soul in ekphrases of the Young Poland period. In this period, literary works were often inspired by the art of painting. The focus is on the poetry of Zofia Gordziałkowska, which was largely motivated by her fascination with the then popular Swedish painter Arnold Böcklin, whose works are populated mainly by characters from the Bible and classical mythology. The reconstruction of the concept of the soul based on the texts is juxtaposed with general language data. For the analysis of the material I use the methodology of structuralism (e.g. tracing the position of the object in the lexical field) and cognitivism (examining the conceptualization of the category and its proliferation). The conclusions of the interdisciplinary examination are connected with symbolism as both an artistic movement within modernism and a philosophy of the turn of the 20th century.
PL
Celem rozważań jest ukazanie językowego obrazu duszy zawartego w młodopolskich ekfrazach Zofii Gordziałkowskiej, zafascynowanej popularnym wówczas w Europie malarstwem Szwajcara Arnolda Böcklina. Jego dzieła zaludniają głównie postaci z mitologii antycznej i Biblii. Zrekonstruowanie pojęcia duszy na podstawie tekstów artystycznych i przedstawienie na tle danych zawartych w języku ogólnym doprowadziło do ustalenia różnicy między jego rozumieniem w tych odmianach języka. Analiza materiału z wykorzystaniem głównie metodologii kognitywizmu, dążącej do zbadania konceptualizacji pojęcia, jego profilowania i kategoryzacji, pozwoliła na nietradycyjne odczytanie poezji i wzbogacenie istniejących badań z zakresu lingwistyki kognitywnej. Wnioski z interpretacji wierszy zostały powiązane z symbolizmem jako nurtem artystycznym modernizmu i filozofią przełomu wieku XIX i XX.
EN
The article analyzes Serbian words that denote a manifestation of one’s own will. They form a semantic field with the central and unifying element of upornost (persistence). The manifestation of one's own will is considered a behaviour/characteristic of a person that can be evaluated by others. The article defines the types and causes of these assessments and clarifies the relationship between ways of behaviour. Special attention is paid to the characteristics prkos (stubborn pertinacity) and inat (contrariness), as idiosyncratic and typical of Serbian culture, and their place in the value system of Serbs.
PL
W artykule dokonano analizy słów, które w serbskim oznaczają przejaw własnej woli. Dane słowa tworzą pole semantyczne, w którym centralnym i jednoczącym jest komponent „upornost” ‘upór’. Przejaw własnej woli postrzegany jest jako zachowanie/właściwość człowieka, którą oceniają inni. W artykule zdefiniowane zostały typy i przyczyny tych ocen, jak również relacje między sposobami zachowania. Szczególną uwagę zwraca się na charakterystyki znaczeniowe prkos ‘zaciekłość’ i inat ‘przekora’ i ich miejsce w aksjologicznym systemie Serbów.
RU
The article analyzes the words that in Serbian denote manifestation of one's own will. These words form a semantic field in which the component ʽupоrnostʼ (persistence) is the central and unifying element. The manifestation of one's own will is considered a behaviour / characteristic of a person that can be evaluated by others. The article defines the types and causes of these assessments and clarifies the relationship between the ways of behaviour. Special attention is paid to the characteristics prkos and inat, as idiosyncratic and typical for Serbian culture, and their place in the value system of Serbs.
EN
In the article, the subject of description included continuous and discontinuous auto‑semantic lexical units used in the medieval language (until the end of the 15th century) which are a lexical representation of the concept of SILENCE in the Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish online] based on Słownik staropolski [Old Polish Dictionary]. The result of semantic works on the vocabulary gathered within the concept of SILENCE is the categorization on this lexis within semantic field and descrption of its components. The semantic field created on the basis of the analyzed lexical units consists of five complementary zones: no speech; lack of speech and related sounds; permanent or temporary loss of the ability to speak or express oneself; inexpressibility; tabooing.
Język Polski
|
2012
|
vol. 92
|
issue 2
81–91
PL
W artykule opisano zasady opracowania Słownika pojęciowego języka staropolskiego, powstającego obecnie w Instytucie Języka Polskiego PAN. Została w nim przedstawiona zawartość hasłowa tego słownika oraz plan jego semantycznego układu. Zaprezentowano również przegląd najważniejszych prac dotyczących opisu słownictwa języka staropolskiego.
EN
The main purpose of the article is to present principles of creating The Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish Language, a lexicographic study currently conducted at the Institute of Polish Language of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The article includes a description of dictionary contents and a designed layout of semantic schemas. The article also presents an overview of the most important works concerning the description of the Old Polish vocabulary.
Język Polski
|
2020
|
vol. 100
|
issue 4
102-117
PL
Tematyka artykułu koncentruje się wokół anglicyzmu koronawirus. Zasadniczym celem było przedstawienie złożeń z członem korona-, omówienie ich statusu formalnego i pogrupowanie w pola semantyczne. Wśród tego typu neologizmów wyodrębniono liczne formacje hybrydalne, jak również pseudoanglicyzmy oraz zapożyczenie właściwe. Należą one do co najmniej 11 pól semantycznych, odnoszących się do realiów życia społecznego, gospodarczego, politycznego i kulturalnego w dobie epidemii COVID-19. Ponadto odniesiono się do przymiotnika koronawirusowy, który często przybiera anglojęzyczny wariant pozycyjny w zdaniu, jak również do polskich zestawień determinatywnych, cechujących się obcym wzorcem strukturalnym. W części końcowej przedstawiono wyniki krótkiego studium porównawczego nad frekwencją członu korona– oraz jego obcojęzycznych odpowiedników w językach polskim, angielskim i niemieckim.
EN
The article focuses on the Anglicism koronawirus in the Polish language. Its principal aim was to excerpt the compound nouns with the productive stem korona-, to discuss their status, and to group them into semantic fields. Among such neologisms, numerous hybrid creations, a few pseudoanglicisms, as well as one loanword were found. They can be grouped into at least 11 semantic fields referring to socioeconomic, political and cultural reality in the time of COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the Polish adjective koronawirusowy is discussed. As a constituent of a Polish noun phrase, it usually complies with the English sentence structure. Also, basic comparative research on the productivity of the stem korona-, and its foreign language counterparts in Polish, English and German was conducted.
EN
The present article aims to demonstrate a transboundary approach to a linguistic modality analysis. The transboundary approach is perceived as such in which a researcher needs to cross certain boundaries in their studies on modal verbs. These include: notional boundaries, word boundaries, as well as the domains of the semantic field of modal expressions. The author attempts to illustrate this with a study of modality-(grammatical) aspect interaction and modality-negation-(grammatical)aspect interaction, which are exemplified with the English modal auxiliary must. The analysis was carried out on 147 language samples excerpted from The Corpus of Contemporary American English.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu zaprezentowanie transgranicznego podejścia do analiz modalności językowej. Transgraniczność jest tutaj rozumiana jako przekraczanie granic w badaniu czasowników modalnych. Znajdują się wśród nich granice pojęciowe, granice wyrazu, a także granice stref tworzących pole semantyczne badanego wyrażenia. Na przykładzie angielskiego czasownika modalnego must autor podejmuje próbę zanalizowania zjawiska interakcji modalności z aspektem gramatycznym oraz modalności z negacją i aspektem gramatycznym, ukazując w ten sposób podejście transgraniczne. Badanie przeprowadzono na 147 próbkach materiału językowego z korpusu współczesnej amerykańskiej odmiany języka angielskiego (The Corpus of Contemporary American English).Contemporary American English.
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