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XX
The establishment of local governments in 1990 was accompanied by a separation of taxes for municipalities from public revenues. Local taxes are fiscally inefficient due to their specific construction, which triggers a question whether state tax policy does not marginalise them. The article refers to the introduced changes, as well as to the conse-quences of a chosen tax structure. In order to answer the aforementioned question, an analysis of regulations devoted to reforms in the system of local taxation, and of the extensive data of figures for years 1991–2016 has been conducted. The research does not unambiguously confirm the thesis that the state policy marginalises local taxes.
EN
The article introduces the theoretical approach to analysing return migration policy and discusses the main dilemmas of the state related to political reaction to returns of its nationals. The concept of reactive and active policy is presented, the first aiming at minimising the negative effects of returns, while the second focused on stimulating the return processes. The main drivers and determinants of the return policy effectiveness as well as the types, scope and scale of state activities addressed to returnees are also discussed in the article. The practice of state policy implementation is illustrated with the example of the particular case of Poland as a country which faced mass emigration after accession to the European Union and return migration in the recent years. The review of conceptual documents, the rationale for the state policy and the variety of activities implemented by the Polish government and other institutions are presented.
EN
Civilian management and democratic control over the army do not only consist in establishing organs and mechanisms of control and optimising their activity. It is significant to determine and respect the role of the armed forces in the society, which would allow making the army a politically neutral instrument of legally functioning forces as well as appropriate organisational structures with strictly defined protection measures allocated to carry out the undertakings of the state and the nation. The position and function of the army in society should be based on the fact that it reflects the features of the society it comes from. In order to facilitate the effective progression of the process, the following aspects should be taken into account: in what manner the army reacts to the decisions and actions of civilian society; whether there are intermediary bodies between these spheres; to what extent the armed forces represent the interests of the society; and whether a soldier-citizen exists or if the two notions should be treated separately
EN
Financing investments is one the most important issues in the policy of local governments. One of the ways of supporting local governments are targeted grants for investments from the state budget. Recent years have been characterized by a change in the policy of financing local governments in this area, which was mainly related to the change of priorities from investment to social policy support. The aim of the article is to present the legal possibilities and actual use of available sources of financing local and regional development by local governments units coming from targeted grants from the state budget of an investment character in the period of 2014-2018.
PL
Finansowanie inwestycji jest jednym z najważniejszych zagadnień w polityce samorządów. Sposobem wsparcia dla samorządów są dotacje celowe z budżetu państwa, mające charakter inwestycyjny. Ostatnie lata charakteryzuje zmiana polityki finansowania samorządów w tym obszarze, co związane było głównie ze zmianą priorytetów z inwestycyjnych na wsparcie polityki socjalnej. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie prawnych możliwości oraz faktycznego wykorzystania w okresie 2014-2018 dostępnych źródeł finansowania rozwoju lokalnego i regionalnego przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego, pochodzących z dotacji z budżetu państwa, mających charakter inwestycyjny.
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego tekstu jest analiza prawnych i instytucjonalnych m echanizmów współpracy między Ukrainą a Unią Europejską na etapie tworzenia ukraińskiej polityki w kontekście przyszłej integracji państwa z UE.
EN
The peculiarities of the legał and institutional mechanisms of cooperation between Ukrainę and the EU in the stage of the formation of the State of Ukraine’s Euro integration policy are analyzed in this paper. The conclusion is made about the naturę o f cooperation between Ukrainę and the EU before the end of the period of formation of Ukraine’s state policy towards European integration.
EN
The author notes the importance of planning, policy measures and development strategies for the development of physical culture and sports. A large number of current regulatory documents, which reflect the attentive attitude of public authorities to the development and improvement of this area, is indicated. The structural components of the legal administration system in the field of physical culture and sports are characterized. The interpretation of sports legal relations is presented. Specific features of sports legal relations are noted. The main forms of state support for physical culture and sports are also identified. The contribution of local authorities of Ukraine in the implementation of state policy in the field of physical culture and sports is considered. The ambiguity of the legal regulation of the development of physical culture and sports is noted. The need to understand and distinguish between the field of physical culture and professional sports is emphasized. The state regulation of standardization in the researched sphere is considered. The absence of the term “standard” in relation to service quality management in organizations is indicated. The normative-legal acts, which partially determine the evaluation criteria in the field of physical culture and sports, are distinguished. The advantages of implementing a quality management system are indicated. The adopted Standards, the effect of which extends to the field of physical culture and sports, are considered. The principles of quality management system activity are presented and characterized: customer orientation, leadership, employee involvement, process approach, system approach to management, continuous improvement, decision-making based on facts, mutually beneficial relations with suppliers. The main problems and risks in the process of system implementation are noted. Emphasis is placed on the peculiarities of the implementation of the quality management system at the level of local self-government. The requirements for the preparation of mandatory documentation are listed and described. The content of the implementation plan is noted. Emphasis is placed on the expediency of determining senior management and officials on specific examples. The need for local government administration to systematically confirm its compliance with the quality management system has been identified. Requirements to representatives of higher governing bodies are defined. The impossibility of the self-government body to satisfy the requirements of all clients within the framework of the legislation and the approved budget is emphasized. The key task of senior management is described. The components of an important triple task of senior management in the context of implementation, operation and continuous improvement of the quality management system are listed. The importance of emphasizing the consolidation at the state level of tests and standards for assessing the physical fitness of the people of Ukraine was emphasized.
EN
Over the past nine years, the Ukrainian economy has been developing in the context of partial occupation of its territories, violation of human and civil rights and freedoms, and seizure of state property. On February 24, 2022, a neighboring state invaded Ukraine, which led to the introduction of the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine. In the article, the author identifies the main approaches to regulating the economic situation in the temporarily occupied territories and determines what the State’s policy should be after their de-occupation. The author also examines the content and features of the concepts of occupation and de-occupation. The concept of Ukraine’s state policy on the temporarily occupied territories requires a detailed analysis, primarily of its legal framework, institutional mechanism, identification of problems and outlining of ways to solve them. This requires scientifically balanced and well-founded approaches, timely, coordinated and predictable actions by the public authorities of Ukraine, and consideration of positive international and national experience. The impact of the martial law regime on almost all spheres of public life, all areas of state policy, the legal framework and institutional structures for the implementation of state policy, and the forms and methods of work of state and local government bodies is obvious. There is a natural need to improve a significant number of existing legal acts of Ukraine and adopt new ones in this area. It is important to expand the range of entities responsible for ensuring the de-occupation of the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine. The author emphasizes the need to define a system of legal means which can form the basis of a special economic regime both in the temporarily occupied territories and in the de-occupied territories. It is also important to eliminate the imbalances in the development of different regions of Ukraine, as well as to determine the priorities for restoring the economic system in the de-occupied territories.
EN
German experience of development and modernization of the field of adult education has been outlined in the paper. Historical development of the field and its recognition as an independent level in education have been considered. The aim of the field has been defined. It has been emphasized that the names of the field in Ukraine and Germany differ. It has been found out that Germany is a federal state with decentralized system of regulation for adult education where federation, states and municipal authorities cooperate. Based on studying literary and documentary sources the competences of states for legislation and initiatives in the field of adult education have been revealed. It has been stated that there is no legal support regulating the field of adult education in Germany. Based on the data of the conducted analysis it has become possible to find out that the state policy in the field of adult education is, first of all, is aimed at providing every citizen with the right to personality development and freedom to choose education institutions. The content of federal acts related to the field of adult education in Germany has been delivered. Theoretical generalization of main aspects of the field regulation due to states adult education / continuing education acts and educational leave acts has been performed.
EN
Zakarpattia is perhaps the only region of contemporary Ukraine which during the twentieth century has experienced complex political processes of regionalization and adaptation to different states and their political systems. A characteristic feature of the changes in the region was a frequent transition of political conditions from authoritarian to democratic styles of state governing of the title nations which had implanted in Zakarpattia their political rules trying to change the political culture and political consciousness of local elites and citizens.
PL
Procesy globalizacji i integracja europejska Ukrainy wymagają uwzględnienia złożonego zestawu norm międzynarodowych w rozwoju polityki państwa. Priorytetowym kierunkiem działalności organizacji międzynarodowych w sferze gospodarki jest rozwój zrównoważony. W celu zapewnienia takiego rozwoju konieczne jest wprowadzenie gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym („circular economy”). Polityka państwa w takim modelu gospodarki służy rozwiązywaniu problemów o charakterze gospodarczym i ekologicznym oraz ma na celu zapewnienie reorientacji systemu gospodarczego na warunki rozwoju zrównoważonego, a także wykorzystanie odpadów jako zasobów przyczyniających się do wzrostu gospodarczego. Zreformowanie systemu gospodarczego w kierunku zasad takiej gospodarki jest zadaniem administracji publicznej. Stworzenie skutecznej polityki państwa w tym zakresie oraz mechanizmów jej wdrażania pozwoli zwiększyć konkurencyjność gospodarki, zapewni rozwój zrównoważony i osiągnienie konsensusu społecznego. W artykule uzasadniono potrzebę wprowadzenia zasad takiego typu gospodarki na Ukrainie oraz przedstawiono model ilustrujący zadania stojące w tym zakresie przed polityką państwa i jego organami oraz sposoby i metody ich realizacji.
EN
Globalization processes and European integration of Ukraine require the consideration of a complex system of international norms in the state policy development. The priority direction of international organizations’ activity in the sphere of economy is sustainable development, in order to ensure the implementation of the goals of which there is a need for the introduction of a circular economy. State policy in such an economic model is an instrument for solving economic and environmental problems; it is intended to ensure the reorientation of economic systems to the conditions of sustainable development, as well as the use of waste as resources that promote economic growth. Reforming the economic system towards the provisions of such an economy is the duty of public administration. Formation of an effective state policy of the circular economy and mechanisms for its implementation will increase the competitiveness of the economy, provide environmental sustainability and help to achieve social consensus. The article substantiates the need for the introduction of the provisions of the circular economy in Ukraine. It also presents a conceptual model which specifies the tasks of the state policy aimed at the propmotion of such an economic model as well as the way and methods of their implementation.
RU
Процессы глобализации и европейская интеграция Украины требуют от политиков учета сложного набора международных норм. Приоритетным направлением деятельности международных организаций в сфере экономики является уравновешенное развитие. Для обеспечения такого развития необходимо внедрить модель экономики с замкнутым циклом («circular economy»). Политика государства в такой модели экономики служит решению проблем хозяйственного и экологического характера, а также преследует цель обеспечить переориентацию экономической системы в направлении уравновешенного развития и использования отходов в качестве ресурсов, способствующих экономическому росту. Задачей публичной администрации является осуществление реформы экономической системы и преобразование экономики страны в экономику замкнутого цикла. Создание эффективной политики государства в этой области и механизмов ее внедрения позволит повысить конкурентоспособность экономики, обеспечит уравновешенное развитие и достижение социального консенсуса. В статье обоснована необходимость введения принципов такой экономики в Украине, представлена модель, отображающая задачи, стоящие в этой области перед политикой государства и его органами, а также способы и методы их реализации.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zakresu realizacji polityki wspierania innowacyjności polskich przedsiębiorstw w okresie 2007-2013. Główną hipotezą badawczą jest założenie, że działalność innowacyjna stanowi jeden ze sposobów na wyjście z kryzysu gospodarczego, zatem polityka państwa powinna być silnie ukierunkowana na wspieranie innowacyjności polskich przedsiębiorstw. Niniejszy artykuł składa się z dwóch części, teoretycznej i empirycznej. W części pierwszej dokonano opisu polityki innowacyjnej rządu wobec polskich przedsiębiorstw oraz zaprezentowano wybrane narzędzia państwa wspierające ich innowacyjność. W części empirycznej dokonując oceny wpływu działalności państwa na innowacyjność polskich przedsiębiorstw przedstawiono rezultaty polityki rządu w badanym zakresie.
EN
The aim of this article is to present a range of policy innovation support Polish companies. The main hypothesis of the research is the assumption that innovative activity is one way out of the economic crisis, government policy should therefore be strongly focused on promoting innovation of Polish enterprises. This article consists of two parts, theoretical and empirical. In the first part as the description of the innovation policy of the government to Polish companies and presents some of the tools the state to promote their innovation. In the empirical part in assessing the impact of the state on the innovativeness of Polish enterprises presents the results of the government's policy in the tested range.
EN
The key aspects of the state policy of Ukraine are considered in the context of the development of the civilizational challenges of the present day and the requirements of ensuring national safety. Separate attention applies on determination of role of national political class in realization of public policy in area of modernisation transformations. After all, the readiness of the national political class to implement the reform program of the systemic transformation of the state and society is one of the determining factors of the success of the state policy. The author argues that the emergence of a consolidated political class, which clearly recognizes national priorities and is able to defend and defend national interests, is an urgent need for the present and future for Ukraine. In the context of the coverage of the studied issues, the peculiarities of the institutional design of the Ukrainian state and its influence on state policy were determined. It is stressed that despite the tangible democratic progress of recent decades, the threat of an increase in autocratic and authoritarian tendencies in state policy, on the one hand, and the weakening of those already shaky germs of forms of direct democracy (for example, participation democracy, self-governing forms of organization citizens), without the development of which it makes no sense to speak about the modernization potential of the state policy of modern Ukraine. For example, the real political state of the basic state and social institutions, the domination of informal rules of the game on the political field, allows us to characterize the state of the political system of Ukraine today and its separate political institutions as hybrid. One of the examples of successful implementation of the state policy of modernization of the Ukrainian state can be considered a gradual transition to the e-governance system. E-Governance refers to innovative state policy and government technologies that are designed to ensure the effective implementation of the three functions of public policy - information, communication and participation. Therefore, the active introduction of e-governance is not just time requirements; it is the approximation of state policy to modern standards of democratic, modernized state-political control. However, it should be noted that the proliferation of e-governance entails tangible threats to the national state and national security. Let’s say the threat of violation of sovereignty. In a geopolitical situation in which Ukraine emerged after 2014, such a threat is not only virtual, but quite tangible, which puts forward special requirements to the system of state policy both at the personalized and institutionalized levels of functioning. Under such conditions, one of the main tasks of state policy is to create a reliable system of cybernetic protection of state sovereignty and national security of the country, which would maximally protect the Ukrainian state and Ukrainian citizens on the institutional and personal levels, respectively. On the other hand, an e-governance system that would be able to organically integrate into the system of global e-communication should be developed, pushing the Ukrainian state into a group of countries - pioneers of the total internetisation of the state and society. Further research on this issue should be concentrated, among other things, as the author believes, in the development of models for reviewing the principles of state policy in Ukraine in the context of the deployment of the integration of the national state into a globalized world political process.
EN
This article describes the Polish social insurance system for farmers, taking into account its distinct nature. The article presents characteristics of the system in comparison to the general insurance system. The author underlines privileges given to farmers and their families over the rest of the society. The aspect of ensuring social security for the beneficiaries of the system is raised in the context of benefits which are much lower than in the general insurance system.
PL
W artykule opisano polski system ubezpieczeń społecznych rolników, z uwzględnieniem jego odrębności. Przedstawiono charakterystykę systemu w ujęciu porównawczym do powszechnego systemu ubezpieczeń. Podkreślono elementy wskazujące na uprzywilejowanie rolników i członków ich rodzin wobec pozostałej części społeczeństwa. Podniesiono również aspekt zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa socjalnego beneficjentom systemu rolniczego w kontekście wysokości przysługujących świadczeń, które kształtują się na poziomie znacznie niższym, niż w systemie ubezpieczeń powszechnych.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i ocena miejsca rynku i mechanizmów rynkowych w tworzeniu polityki zrównoważonego rozwoju. Idea zrównoważonego rozwoju była reakcją na błędy rynku. Dokumenty i deklaracje międzynarodowe nie wskazują na rolę rynku w zrównoważonym rozwoju. Rynek jest środowiskiem wszystkich działań kształtujących rozwój. Odpowiednio ukształtowany rynek oraz mechanizmy i instrumenty rynkowe mogą sprzyjać wdrażaniu zrównoważonego rozwoju. Tworzona przez państwo ogólna polityka zrównoważonego rozwoju nie wykorzystuje rynku i mechanizmów rynkowych. Właściwym dla nich miejscem są trzy polityki o charakterze horyzontalnym: gospodarcza, społeczna i ekologiczna. W artykule wskazano działania i ograniczenia dla ich rynkowej orientacji na rozwój zrównoważony. Wyznacznikiem urynkowienia polityki jest też zakres zastosowania w niej instrumentów rynkowych.
EN
The aim of the article is to present and assess the role of the market and market mechanisms in devising a sustainable development policy. The idea of sustainable development was a reaction to market errors. International documents and declarations do not indicate the role of the market in sustainable development. The market is the environment of all activities shaping development. An appropriately shaped market and market mechanisms and instruments can foster the implementation of sustainable development. The general policy of sustainable development created by the state does not use market and its mechanisms. The appropriate place for them are three horizontal policies: economic, social and environmental. The article indicates actions for and limitations to their market orientation towards sustainable development. The application scope of market-based instruments under the policy is also a determinant of policy marketisation.
EN
The essential aim of the article is the theoretical analysis of the normative basis of the Polish state policy in the field of energy security. The analysis begins with the presen-tation of the state policy and energy policy concepts. The author argues that in the Polish legal order the concept of energy policy is concentrated around the premise of energy security. The next part of the analysis deals with the issues of categories of the norms shaping and implementing of the energy security policy in the Polish legal order. This part of the considerations shows that the normative basis for the determination, implementation and verification of political actions taken by the public authorities in the field of energy security requires the use of specific normative structures. The analysis refers to the conception of ‘goal-oriented norms’. The norms of this kind set binding goals, directions and conditions for the actions of state authorities as well in the field of energy policy. The types of the acts which concretize the goal-oriented norms (e.g. task-oriented norms; directional and determinative norms; planning norms) in the discussed field of state policy are also discussed.
PL
Celowe działania państwa nakierowane na aktywność zawodową osób w wieku starszym zmieniały się w Polsce w ujęciu historycznym, a współcześnie wpisują się w trendy zmian inspirowane przez europejską politykę zatrudnienia. Z uwagi na istotne zmiany demogra-ficzne powinna wzrastać waga polityki państwa ukierunkowanej na aktywność zawodową osób w wieku dojrzałym i starszym, przybierającej formę wyodrębnionego segmentu polityki senioralnej państwa w powiązaniu z uwarunkowaniami demograficznymi, polityką zdrowotną, emerytalną, dochodową i innymi rodzajowymi politykami społecznymi. W artykule przedstawiono zależności pojęciowe między różnymi ujęciami polityki dotyczącej starzenia się oraz ukazano zmiany w ujęciu historycznym w podejściu państwa do aktywności zawodowej osób starszych w Polsce.
EN
The Polish state's measures addressing the economic activity of older people have been changing over time. Today, they follow trends inspired by the European employment policy. Substantial demographic changes call for more weight being given to a policy sup- porting economic activity of mature and older age groups constituting a separate compo- nent of the state's policy towards senior citizens linked with demographic circumstances, health, retirement and income policies, and other types of social policies. The article discusses the notional relations between different views on ageing policy and presents a historical review of the changes in the Polish state's approach to economic activity of older people.
PL
Autor analizuje mechanizmy powstawania szczęśliwego społeczeństwa i podkreśla znaczenie szczęścia społecznego w polityce państwa.
EN
The author analyzes the mechanisms of happy society and stresses the importance of luck in the policy of state.
PL
Najważniejszymi czynnikami sprawczymi rozwoju gospodarczego są: mobilizacja społeczna, wykształcenie oraz import kulturowy. Poziom rozwoju gospodarczego gmin wykazuje wyraźne zróżnicowanie w przekroju regionalnym i znacznie silniejsze w przekroju miasto-wieś. Obserwacja procesów długiego trwania dowodzi, że w Polsce zawsze lepiej rozwinięte były terytoria zachodnie, współcześnie biegun rozwoju gospodarczego przesuwa się z Wielkopolski w kierunku granicy zachodniej. Do najważniejszych czynników sprawczych regresu gospodarczego wsi należą: relatywnie niższy poziom mobilizacji społecznej i mniej innowacyjny sposób zarządzania. W gminach relatywnie słabiej rozwiniętych gospodarczo głosuje się na partie lewicowe, a w bardziej rozwiniętych – na centroprawicowe. Wyraźną barierą rozwojową wydaje się niski poziom przystosowania do instytucji demokratycznych i umiejętności współdziałania zbiorowego kadr kierowniczych.
PL
W związku z rosnącym wpływem finansjalizacji na społeczeństwo większa świadomość ubezpieczeniowa, która jest integralną częścią wiedzy finansowej, staje się coraz bardziej istotna. Przeprowadzone w Polsce badanie dowodzi, że Polacy, a wśród nich zwłaszcza kobiety, osoby słabiej wykształcone oraz mieszkające na wsi, mają bardzo niski poziom wiedzy o ubezpieczeniach społecznych. W celu jej poprawy, a tym samym zwiększenia świadomości finansowej, państwo powinno nie tylko wpływać na wzrost poziomu wykształcenia, lecz także działać w kierunku poszerzenia obecnej wiedzy członków społeczeństwa, aby podejmowali bardziej świadome decyzje finansowe.
EN
As the increasing impact of financialization on our lives, an extensive awareness of insurance – an integral part of financial knowledge, proves ever more important. A conducted in Poland survey shows that Poles, especially women, the less educated and those living in rural areas, have very limited knowledge about insurance. In order to increase this knowledge and financial awareness, the state should not only strive to provide a proper education, but also take actions to broaden the actual level of this knowledge and foster informed financial behaviour on the part of individuals.
EN
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is to identify, discuss and evaluate the ways and scope of the state’s influence on agriculture in Poland in order to support farms in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The main research problem is the identification of aid undertaken by the state in relation to agriculture in connection with the pandemic and the indication of the size and directions of support for Polish farms. The research methodology is based on the analysis of the literature on the subject, the use of descriptive and comparative methods, verbal logic and methods of descriptive statistics. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The process of researchers consists of: analysis of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on agriculture in the literature, presentation of research results on the level of state support for the agricultural sector in Poland, presentation of the income situation of farms in the first year of the pandemic and discussion. RESEARCH RESULTS: Farms in Poland generally coped well in the unfavorable conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The biggest problems occurred in the first phase of the crisis. Polish agricultural producers could use many programs and instruments offered by the state. ARMA implemented aid from a program co-financed from EU funds and programs under national aid. Due to the COVID-19 crisis in 2020–2021, the Agency’s total support for farms amounted to PLN 1.8 billion, i.e. 3.4% of its total expenditure. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The level of expenditure for agriculture in Poland related to the COVID-19 shock was significant. Overall, the implemented support should be assessed positively. The effects of the crisis have been softened. However, support should be linked more to the economic and financial situation of farmers. It should also be remembered that state aid is costly to society through increased taxes, public debt and/or inflation.
PL
CEL NAUKOWY: Celem artykułu jest rozpoznanie, omówienie i ocena sposobów oraz zakresu oddziaływania państwa na rolnictwo w Polsce, aby wspomóc gospodarstwa rolne w związku z pandemią COVID-19. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Głównym problemem badawczym jest identyfikacja pomocy podejmowanej przez państwo w stosunku do rolnictwa w związku z kryzysem pandemicznym oraz wskazanie wielkości i kierunków wsparcia polskich producentów rolnych. Metodyka badawcza opiera się na analizie literatury przedmiotu, zastosowaniu metody opisowej, porównawczej, logiki werbalnej oraz metod statystyki opisowej. PROCES WYWODU: Proces badawczy składa się z następujących części: analiza skutków pandemii COVID-19 dla rolnictwa w literaturze przedmiotu, przedstawienie wyników badań dotyczących poziomu państwowego wsparcia sektora rolnego w Polsce, prezentacja sytuacji dochodowej gospodarstw rolnych w pierwszym roku pandemii oraz dyskusja. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Gospodarstwa rolne w Polsce generalnie dobrze poradziły sobie w niekorzystnych warunkach wywołanych pandemią COVID-19. Największe problemy wystąpiły w pierwszej fazie kryzysu. Polscy producenci rolni mogli korzystać z wielu programów i instrumentów oferowanych przez państwo. ARiMR realizowała pomoc z programu współfinansowanego ze środków UE oraz programów w ramach pomocy krajowej. W związku z kryzysem COVID-19 w latach 2020–2021 łączne wsparcie Agencji dla gospodarstw rolnych wyniosło 1,8 mld zł, tj. 3,4% całych jej wydatków. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Poziom wydatków dla rolnictwa w Polsce, związanych z szokiem wywołanym przez SARS-CoV-2, był znaczący. Zrealizowane wsparcie generalnie należy ocenić pozytywnie. Zostały złagodzone skutki kryzysu. Natomiast należy bardziej wiązać wsparcie z sytuacją ekonomiczno-finansową rolników. Trzeba też pamiętać, że pomoc państwa, poprzez wzrost podatków, długu publicznego i/lub inflacji, jest kosztowna dla społeczeństwa.
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