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PL
Pojęcie stereotypu wroga, które na stałe zagościło w dyskursie publicznym zarówno w języku potocznym, publicystycznym, jak i naukowym, nie zostało dotychczas poddane gruntownej naukowej analizie. W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę sformułowania definicji „stereotypu wroga” jako samodzielnego bytu językowego oraz przedstawiono etapy jego kształtowania się w rzeczywistości politycznej. Artykuł ma charakter ściśle teoretyczny bazujący na dokonaniach naukowych prowadzonych w ramach obszarów badawczych związanych ze stereotypem oraz wrogością. W opinii autorki konieczna dla realizacji postawionego celu jest analiza zjawiska stereotypizacji dokonana z następujących perspektyw naukowych: socjologicznej, psychologicznej, językoznawczej. Niezbędna wydaje się również refleksja nad problematyką wrogości w ogóle, a w szczególności uwzględniająca figurę wroga w działaniach politycznych.
EN
The concept of the enemy stereotype, which is permanently present in colloquial, journalistic, and academic discussions, has not been scientifically analysed so far. In this article, an attempt to provide a definition of “the enemy stereotype” as an independent linguistic being has been made. The stages of this term taking shape in the political reality have also been presented. The article has strictly theoretical nature, and is based on scientific achievements in the fields of research related to stereotypes and hostility. In the author’s opinion, the analysis of the phenomenon of stereotyping carried out from a sociological, psychological, and linguistic point of view is necessary. A reflection on the issue of hostility in general, and on the image of the enemy in political activities in particular is also fundamental.
EN
Anthropocentric principle and cognitive and discursive paradigm, which today are leading in the linguistics, condition the study of complex cognitive processes, in which ethnocultural perceptive stereotypes play special role as important components of linguocultural space, which are able to act as the translator of somatic cultural code of Ukrainians and to reveal the depths of sacral essence of archaic thinking of the ethnos through the system of natural ethnically deep-rooted codes. Against the background of significant variety of anthropological types of Ukrainian population modern Ukrainian language reproduces the sign of pigmentation (the thing is about the colour of eyes, hair coat and skin), which is exclusively significant as the test for the belonging to an ethnic group, and aspect in the generalization of popular ideal of physical beauty of the representatives of Ukrainian ethnos. Anthropological approach permits to determine intuitively realized originality of the appearance of the representative of ethnic group, as well as to substantiate ethnically relevant test for the sense of the beautiful.
EN
The report presents theoretical framework of relationships between terrorist organisations and media, and it describes them as an interactive modelling of a message. It introduces the concept of mediatisation of terrorism, and it offers a definition of this process. Moreover, the report develops it with six theoretical hypotheses related to: influence of media on selection of terrorists’ targets, adaptation of an act of terror to the ‘logic of media communication’, personalisation of terrorism and celebritisation of terrorists, creation of biased and oversimplified stereotypes, transformation of terrorist objectives into catch-phrases, as well as a role of political violence in agenda-setting of main news broadcasts. The presented concept will be verified in the ongoing comprehensive, quantitative-and-qualitative study on mediatisation of terrorism in American television, that will investigate the process between September 11, 2001 and the Boston Marathon Bombing in 2013.
EN
Episodic online games are a free, audiovisual dynamic format played on the Internet. Although claimed to be nothing but entertainment, because of the multimodal micromedia and its structure, they are actually an example of modern persuasive technology with huge media potential. Under some conditions, the format of the game becomes the medium of the game. During the creation process, and by the manipulation of the audiovisual elements and the game mechanics, even the simplest free online game can influence people’s minds and attitudes. This paper analyses this effect, particularly in the context in which global society approaches the war on terrorism. Games, thanks to their players, also play a part in this war. By jamming the jihad dogma and by showing the cruelty of fundamentalist leaders, Internet users counteract the portrayal of Islamic fighters as heroic defenders of their religion. But the new virtual arena needs new weapons. This study assesses the structure and content analysis of online games in which terrorism and terrorists were represented.
EN
In Western discourses, the terms state and nation embrace very different concepts, which have undergone much change throughout the last millennium. The term nation was mostly connected with political participation. The stronger visibility of state-building processes was always the consequence of a necessity to create concrete legal institutions. In the general perspective, international systems differentiated between empires and (smaller) nation states. Stereotypes are produced by emotionalizing the perception of nations and states. A closer analysis shows that Western discourses about Eastern Europe and East Central Europe express a colonial attitude, because they present quite similar images and functions about Asia and Africa.
EN
This study analyses STEM identities in STEM fields represented in popular films. The authors argue that the recently produced big-budget popular films directly or indirectly affirm STEM characters with their portrayal of STEM fields. This analysis focuses on how popular narratives can be an essential tool to communicate the idea that women can be scientists and how they can inspire young women to enter science. These narratives reflect a significant problem in the interactions between the audience and science. The audience thinks the scientists are heroes and the public expect that scientists will automatically accept scientific solutions to problems. Nevertheless, scientists find a solution in these films, and everything gets better. Thus, recent popular STEMthemed big-budget films provide identification with the audience and STEM characters. These narratives construct an alternative STEM discourse by breaking down gender stereotypes and dominant ideology. These films can be coded as films that produce ideology against the dominant ideology and patriarchy, especially regarding STEM, character and gender representation. There is a positive change in the hierarchical order in the STEM field and the representation of women and Others. And these representations do not have any marginalisation.
8
71%
Tematy i Konteksty
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2017
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vol. 12
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issue 7
185-194
EN
The author’s attention is focused on the analysis of Zdzisław Grodecki’s novel entitled “Wyprawa Wołodyjowskiego na kresy” (“Wołodyjowski’s expedition to the Eastern Borderlands”) published in 1929 in Lviv. The novel is set in the context of various discourses, among which the discourse on the Eastern Borderlines appears to be the most significant one, as it regards interwar Polish Eastern Territories as a strongold preserving the Polish identity. Crucial to Grodecki’s work are references to a cult classic “The Trilogy” by Henryk Sienkiewicz, including the notion of characters on “loan” which is enhanced by a strategy which might be described as a follow-up. The author of the paper analyzes the presence of literary symbols within national community, stereotyping, as well as coaxing strategies.
EN
In my paper I have concentrated on the negative aspects of globalization and have examined them in the films created in English-speaking countries, The United States of America and the United Kingdom. Based on the analysis of the following films, (Gury Burns, Waydowntown 2000), TV series (The Apprentice, 2003–6, TV documentary series), Wall Street (Oliver Stone, 1987) Bigger than Enron (Marc Shaffer, 2002), Darwin’s Nightmare (Hubert Sauper: 2004) and The Future of Food (Deborah Koons Garcia, 2005), I have concluded that although globalization is considered one of the most awe-inspiring phenomena both in economy and culture, it has also created negative indices, such as victimization of human subjects as unsuspecting targets of globalization.
PL
W moim eseju koncentruje się na negatywnych aspektach globalizacji wyraźnie pokazanych w filmach pochodzących z krajów anglosaskich: Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki oraz Wielkiej Brytanii. W oparciu o analizę następujących filmów, (Gury Burns, Waydowntown 2000), TV series (The Apprentice, 2003–6), TV documentary series, Wall Street (Oliver Stone, 1987) Bigger than Enron (Marc Shaffer, 2002), Darwin's Nightmare (Hubert Sauper: 2004) and The Future of Food (Deborah Koons Garcia, 2005). Wyciągam wniosek, że globalizacja stworzyła negatywne zjawiska szczególnie w zakresie traktowania jednostek ludzkich. Mimo że globalizacja uważana jest za zjawisko pozytywne w ekonomii oraz w kulturze (szczególnie jeśli chodzi o rozpowszechnianie zjawisk kulturowych na całym globie ziemskim), traktuje ona jednostki ludzkie w sposób stereotypowy i bezduszny. Bohaterzy wyżej wymienionych filmów nie są pokazani jako indywidualne charaktery ale raczej jako przedstawiciele bezosobowej i stereotypowo traktowanej masy ludzkiej.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł służy przybliżeniu mechanizmów procesu współczesnej stereotypizacji na przykładzie stereotypu madki i szerzej traktowanego – madkizmu, których geneza ma charakter internetowy. Ich źródłem są internetowe grupy/ społeczności określane jako „antymadkowe”, które reprodukują treści (komunikaty) nawiązujące do uproszczonych i jednostronnych umysłowych reprezentacji dotyczących tej kategorii społecznej. Materiał badawczy pochodzi z empirycznego rekonesansu przeprowadzonego wśród członków grup zamkniętych oraz na publicznych stronach facebookowych wskazanych zagadnień. W celach analitycznych złożono podkorpus z 500 screenshotami, wskazano kluczowe obszary leksykalno-semantyczne, stworzono w ich obrębie listy frekwencyjne oraz dokonano interpretacji znaczeń w ramach głównych profili (biologicznego, społecznego, psycho-emocjonalnego, bytowego, religijnego). Rekonesans badawczy ujawnił powtarzalność i schematyzację treści określanych jako madkowe, których upowszechnieniu przez społeczności antymadkowe towarzyszyły motywacje ludyczne. Niniejszy artykuł omawia wskazane zjawisko w aspekcie językowym i społeczno-kulturowym.
EN
This article aims to introduce the mechanisms of a modern stereotyping process as illustrated by the case of the madka (welfare mother) stereotype and more broadly understood madkizm (being a welfare mother), the origins of which are internet-based. The source of both relate to internet groups/communities referred to as ‘anti-madka’, which reproduce the content (messages) referring to simplified and one-sided mental representations of this social category. The research material comes from empirical reconnaissance conducted among members of closed groups and on public Facebook pages devoted to the issues in question. For analytical purposes, a sub-corpus including 500 screenshots was developed, key lexical and semantic areas were indicated, frequency lists were created within them and meanings were interpreted within main profiles (biological, social, psycho-emotional, living-related, religious). Research has revealed the repetition and schematisation of the content referred to as madkowy (madka-related), whose dissemination by anti-madka communities was accompanied by ludic motivations. The present article discusses the indicated phenomenon in linguistic and socio-cultural terms.
EN
This detailed report concerns a conference on language and prejudice, held at the Örebro University in No vember 2019. Summaries of the keynote lectures and talks given by participants from Europe and beyond have been complemented by excerpts from their works to provide a better understanding of some recent accomplishments in the field.
PL
Sprawozdanie dotyczy konferencji o języku i uprzedzeniach, zorganizowanej przez Uniwersytet w Örebro w listopadzie 2019 roku. Streszczenia wykładów przewodnich oraz referatów wygłoszonych przez uczestniczki i uczestników z Europy i świata dopełnione zostały omówieniami ich prac, by lepiej uchwycić charakter najnowszych osiągnięć w subdyscyplinie.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono perspektywę stygmatyzacji społecznej, po pierwsze jako kategorię teoretyczną, po wtóre jako kierunek badań. Artykuł stanowi głos w dyskusji nad zastosowaniem i definiowaniem koncepcji stygmatyzacji społecznej oraz jej związków z bliskoznacznymi pojęciami: etykietowania, dewiacji, stereotypizacji, dyskryminacji i wykluczenia społecznego. Dyskutowane są zarówno zalety, jak i ograniczenia koncepcji stygmatyzacji. W dalszej części, autorka analizuje zastosowanie teorii na przykładzie badań nad stygmatyzacją ludzi biednych (w tym nurt „welfare stigma”). Artykuł prezentuje wyniki pogłębionych badań przeprowadzonych z klientkami pomocy społecznej nad doświadczaniem przez nie stygmatyzacji w związku z byciem klientem pomocy społecznej, w szczególności odczuwaniem wstydu, upokorzenia oraz radzeniem sobie ze stygmatyzacją. Badania nad stygmatyzacją społeczną nie mają jak dotąd tradycji w polskiej socjologii, dlatego włączanie perspektywy stygmatyzacji do badań i refleksji socjologicznej nad ubóstwem wzbogaca, pogłębia wiedzę na temat funkcjonowania ludzi zmarginalizowanych.
EN
The article examines concept of social stigma, firstly as a theoretical framework, secondly as a direction for studies. The article discusses defining stigma and its components: labeling, deviance, stereotyping, discrimination and social exclusion. The paper examines both advantages and limitations of stigma concept. In further part the author analyzes use of the stigma concept on the example of poverty studies. According to stigma of welfare recipients, the paper focuses on the construction of welfare stigma in female welfare recipients’ daily lives. In – depth interviews with Polish women on welfare were analyzed, particularly in terms of how poor women feel about being on welfare and how they manage with the shame of welfare. Because of lack of such research, it is important to apply stigma concept, particularly to understand social exclusion and discrimination of the disadvantaged.
PL
Współczesne organizacje gospodarcze za jedno ze źródeł swego sukcesu uznają zarządzanie przez wartości „niematerialne”. Wśród nich coraz większe znaczenie przypisywane jest sprawiedliwości, której różne postaci – zgodnie z koncepcją J. Colquitta – korelują z efektami wymiernymi finansowo (przychód, wydajność, cash flow, obrót, marża, zysk, jakość produktu, jakość obsługi klienta), a także wpływają na zaangażowanie pracowników i ich zadowolenie z pracy, absencje oraz rotację personelu. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie jak stosowanie lub niestosowanie reguł sprawiedliwości wpływa na efektywność organizacji i w organizacji, a także jak zachowania patronizujące zaburzają sprawiedliwość organizacyjną. Artykuł pokazuje na możliwe źródła zachowań patronizujących w organizacji oraz zależność między nimi a sprawiedliwością organizacyjną.
EN
Contemporary business organizations will recognize managing by “intangible” assets as one of sources of their success. Among them the more and more significance is being assigned to the justice, of which different forms – according to the J. Colquitt concept – correlates with measurable finance effects (income, productivity, cash flow, turnover, profit, product quality, quality of the customer service), and also influence the commitment of employees and their job satisfaction, absences and the staff turnover. The purpose of the paper is showing if applying or notapplying of rules justices influence the effectiveness of organizations and in organizations, as well as how patronizing behaviours can disturb the organizational justice. The paper presents some possible sources of patronizing behaviours in the organization and a relation between them and the organizational justice.
EN
The article examines concept of social stigma, firstly as a theoretical framework, secondly as a direction for studies. The article discusses defining stigma and its components: labeling, deviance, stereotyping, discrimination and social exclusion. The paper examines both advantages and limitations of stigma concept. In further part the author analyzes use of the stigma concept on the example of poverty studies. According to stigma of welfare recipients, the paper focuses on the construction of welfare stigma in female welfare recipients’ daily lives. In – depth interviews with Polish women on welfare were analyzed, particularly in terms of how poor women feel about being on welfare and how they manage with the shame of welfare. Because of lack of such research, it is important to apply stigma concept, particularly to understand social exclusion and discrimination of the disadvantaged.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono perspektywę stygmatyzacji społecznej, po pierwsze jako kategorię teoretyczną, po wtóre jako kierunek badań. Artykuł stanowi głos w dyskusji nad zastosowaniem i definiowaniem koncepcji stygmatyzacji społecznej oraz jej związków z bliskoznacznymi pojęciami: etykietowania, dewiacji, stereotypizacji, dyskryminacji i wykluczenia społecznego. Dyskutowane są zarówno zalety, jak i ograniczenia koncepcji stygmatyzacji. W dalszej części, autorka analizuje zastosowanie teorii na przykładzie badań nad stygmatyzacją ludzi biednych (w tym nurt „welfare stigma”). Artykuł prezentuje wyniki pogłębionych badań przeprowadzonych z klientkami pomocy społecznej nad doświadczaniem przez nie stygmatyzacji w związku z byciem klientem pomocy społecznej, w szczególności odczuwaniem wstydu, upokorzenia oraz radzeniem sobie ze stygmatyzacją. Badania nad stygmatyzacją społeczną nie mają jak dotąd tradycji w polskiej socjologii, dlatego włączanie perspektywy stygmatyzacji do badań i refleksji socjologicznej nad ubóstwem wzbogaca, pogłębia wiedzę na temat funkcjonowania ludzi zmarginalizowanych.
EN
The main objective of this article is to reconstruct and compare images of different types of people with disabilities. One of them is an image postulated in the public discourse of symbolic elites. The second is a real image, i.e. one that is really presented in the media space. As a result of qualitative research involving the analysis of the texts of articles published during the period of one year (years 2017/2018) of three opinionforming weekly, has been explored and recreated the real image of people with disabilities. Comparing the two images have shown that there is a discrepancy between the postulates and the real state, which is based on the image of a stigma, exclusion and impoverishment, aid dependency, lower social position.
PL
Celem artykułu jest rekonstrukcja i porównanie odmiennych typów wizerunków osób niepełnosprawnych. Jeden to obraz postulowany w dyskursie publicznym elit symbolicznych. Drugi to obraz rzeczywisty naprawdę przedstawiany w przestrzeni medialnej. Po analizie tekstów artykułów opublikowanych w latach 2017/2018 w trzech tygodnikach opiniotwórczych, zbadano i odtworzono rzeczywisty obraz osób z niepełnosprawnościami. Zestawienie obu wizerunków wykazuje istnienie rozdźwięku pomiędzy postulatami a stanem rzeczywistym, opartego na obrazie stygmatu, wykluczenia, zubożenia, uzależnienia od pomocy, niższej pozycji społecznej.
PL
Współczesne organizacje gospodarcze za jedno ze źródeł swego sukcesu uznają zarządzanie przez wartości „niematerialne”. Wśród nich coraz większe znaczenie przypisywane jest sprawiedliwości, której różne postaci – zgodnie z koncepcją J. Colquitta – korelują z efektami wymiernymi finansowo (przychód, wydajność, cash flow, obrót, marża, zysk, jakość produktu, jakość obsługi klienta), a także wpływają na zaangażowanie pracowników i ich zadowolenie z pracy, absencje oraz rotację personelu. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie jak stosowanie lub niestosowanie reguł sprawiedliwości wpływa na efektywność organizacji i w organizacji, a także jak zachowania patronizujące zaburzają sprawiedliwość organizacyjną. Artykuł pokazuje na możliwe źródła zachowań patronizujących w organizacji oraz zależność między nimi a sprawiedliwością organizacyjną.
EN
Contemporary business organizations will recognize managing by “intangible” assets as one of sources of their success. Among them the more and more significance is being assigned to the justice, of which different forms – according to the J. Colquitt concept – correlates with measurable finance effects (income, productivity, cash flow, turnover, profit, product quality, quality of the customer service), and also influence the commitment of employees and their job satisfaction, absences and the staff turnover. The purpose of the paper is showing if applying or notapplying of rules justices influence the effectiveness of organizations and in organizations, as well as how patronizing behaviours can disturb the organizational justice. The paper presents some possible sources of patronizing behaviours in the organization and a relation between them and the organizational justice.
EN
The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the image of the role of the city and bourgeoisie in the seventeenth century, settled in the Trilogy of Henryk Sienkiewicz. The lexemes naming the city appear in the definitions of the various terms of space, they serve its scratching. The reader, however, must complement a spatial arrangement drawn up by the storyteller. Imaging the city is followed by the exploitation of key words, which name the elements of the architecture of the city. The lexemes specifying the residents of the city, their activities and competitions appear sporadically. Quite often H. Sienkiewicz exploits anthropomorphisation efforts and metonymy, applied to the conceptual category of the city, which allows to talk about the features and social functions of the middle class. The lexicon associated with the city shows that, seen from the perspective of a noble, is a symbol of a self-sufficient residence that fills many needs of a noble: it provides money, soldiers, goods, serves as a refuge in times of war or bad weather, can resist the invaders. A noble point of view of the narrator is also expressed in attention to a defensive function of the city and the brave or cowardly attitudes of townspeople. A full overview of the lexical resource serving the definition of the city and the bourgeoisie reveals, in addition to standard and repetitive efforts also non-standard ones, breaking stereotypes, heterogeneous and difficult to classify. It is manifested in the exis by a large group of colocations, which occur at a time. Language creation of the middle class is on the one hand firmly schematic, and surprisingly unique on the other hand.
PL
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18
51%
EN
The issues of old age, once neglected in terms of reflection and research on this period of life, in recent years took on another dimension. With the growth of the elderly population in the world, gradually more attention is paid to issues related to improving the quality of life of seniors. Of particular interest are those aspects of life that have a direct impact on the sense of well-being of the elderly, namely: family, health, finances. The aspect of health is however considered mostly in the context of an overall psychophysical fitness, access to health care, adequate pensions enabling the purchase of medicines, rehabilitation, etc. In contrast, they less frequently deal with issues related to sexual attractiveness of the seniors and their erotic needs. Old age still does not go hand in hand with the sexual appeal. Elderly women are seen as unnecessary, invisible. They are not perceived as being able to evoke sexual desire. This social reception affects the senior women’s perception of themselves. In the eyes of a community an elderly woman may still be attractive intellectually, but not physically. Stereotypes built around the old age also assume that people in late adulthood have no sexual needs
HR
Članak pokušava predstaviti psihološke mehanizme atribucije, koja se pojavljuje u sekundarnom primanju teksta i evaluaciju uloge prevoditelja. Mehanizmi opisani u članku odnose se na razlike u perspektivi — glumac (prevoditelj) i promatrač (čitatelj) te opisane su u kontekstu stereotipa koji se pojavljuju u izvornom i sekundarnom tekstu. Autor priznaje da proces stereotipizaci je neizbježan, a čitatelj može stalno stavljati pitanje za (ne)prevođenje, što čini da je opterećen prekomjernom „psihologizacjijom“.
EN
This paper attempts to provide for the psychological mechanisms of attribution, which appear in secondary text reception and evaluation of the role of the interpreter. The mechanisms described in the article relate to the difference in the perspective of the actor (the translator) and the observer (reader) and are described in the context of the stereotypes that appear in the source text and secondary text. The author acknowledges that the process of stereotyping is inevitable and at each step the reader asks the question about the (non) translatability is well founded, but is doomed to impose excessive “psychologization”.
20
51%
EN
Attempts at distinguishing the category of “stranger” from other research categories have been made from a variety of points of view characterising different disciplines of knowledge. The approach suggested in the article tries to set in order the existing considerations conducted in sociology. Its aim is not to reconstruct and compare all the possible explanations but rather to establish limits in which the suggested solutions may be placed. The analysis of chosen items from the literature of the subject made in the present article points to a peculiar dualism – existence of two basic ways of understanding the “stranger” and, in consequence, two criteria of “strangeness”. One of them results as it were from the essence of the “stranger” as the subject of the analysis, who is stigmatised irrespective of himself or the external perspective – the perspective of the appraising subject. One is a “stranger” by virtue of objective, unchanging factors, like e.g. race, sex, nationality or age. Most often these categories consider not so much people's very traits, as consequences of their belonging to cognitively distinguished social classes or groups. This type of explanation may be labelled as absolute or unqualified. The other criterion of “strangeness” is liquid, as it is established in a subjective appraisal by the observer in a dynamically changing context. Here it is called relative or contextual, because of the subjective perspective of appraisal dependent on a socially defined situation. As it will be shown, this type of interpretation shakes the conceptions that from social categorisation made a tool of a “necessary” division into “better” and “worse”, “one's own” and “strange” people.
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