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EN
This text is the effort of having a look at the system transformation and inequalities in health cused by it from the perspective of Eliot Freidson’s theory. The author wants to show the makrosocial process and their costs from the ordinary people’s point of view. The empirical material will be the fragments of letters sent to TVP program II by the viewers systematically watching the programs of non conventional therapist A.M. Kaszpirowski. This kind of personal documents among others gives the possibility of subjective experiencing the financial difficulties in the first phase of transformation, registration of impressions connected with the trauma of the “big change”, finally allowes to follow the examples of new thinking about the social and economic problems: increase of civil activity, autocreative and innovative attitudes.
EN
The article looks at the lack of socio-economic cohesion in the post-World War Two Polish economy from both a regional and European point of view. The author traces the sources of this lack to the defective mechanisms of economic, social and regional policies based on a centrally coordinated strategy until system transformation occurred, and then on autonomous processes until the country’s entrance to the EU. Transition to mixed policy based on economic competition, in which cohesion in the economic, social and territorial spheres is supported by open methods of coordination cultivated on the EU, national, regional, and sub-regional levels, has numerous weaknesses. It is not enough to treat socio-economic cohesion as a process of eliminating disproportions in regional development. It becomes possible only as a result of the harmonisation of development of all spheres of human existence and demands the specifics of local material resources, human and social capital all be respected.
EN
The rapid economic transformation in Central and Eastern Europe, modelled on Western economies and based, in some aspects, on neoliberal principles, has found the region's countries to a bigger (Eastern European countries) or lesser (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary) degree unprepared. The resulting economic recession, especially in Russia, has had an adverse effect on mutual trade between Poland and Russia. In order to improve economic relations with Russia and increase the trade volume, Poland, remaining within the bounds of EU standards and regulations, needs to adapt the commodity structure of Polish exports to the needs of the Russian market.
EN
The monograph is the fi rst attempt to comprehensively show the activity of the Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) — one of the most enduring and also the longest present on the Polish political scene (in the Third Republic) — center-right coalition. Although — ideologically — AWS was an eclectic group, it ruled for four years (initially in a coalition), constituting a political base for the Cabinet of Jerzy Buzek. By specifying the limits of the research fi eld, the author takes into account the whole range of political activities of political groups that created AWS, its program, strategy and political thought, and placed the analysis in the wider context of political reality, as well as party and political system. The author runs his deliberations from the beginning of the systemic transformation, sensibly and objectively examining the origins of AWS, until 2002, when the group actually ceased to exist. AWS created foundations for new political structures, including two leading parties: Civic Platform of the Republic of Poland and the Law and Justice.
PL
The paper analyses Irina Mamayeva’s short stories and tales that show the life in Russian rural areas during a dozen or so years following perestroika, and point out its influence on both individual life and that of a village community as a group. The picture of the rural areas in the 1990s and at the beginning of the 21st century is pessimistic, filled with images of dilapidating houses, companies being shut down, lack of transport connections. This material destruction is accompanied by the spiritual degradation of the inhabitants: poverty, unemployment, mutual aggression and the feeling of being abandoned by the previous system.
EN
The article describes changes in social awareness concerning social system, in particular the sphere of work. In theoretical dimension, the article refers to concept of social system and the perception of normative models: social, political, and economic. The empirical part presents the results of research into the field of social awareness, especially the awareness of members of a generation functioning in a liberal-democratic social system. The respondents were young residents of Warsaw with higher education. The research was carried out with a few-year time interval. The sphere of work is treated here as a key element of the wider social reality and included empirically through the individual orientation of the respondents in the normative models of society. In the light of research the sphere of work is clearly specific. In particular, the labour market regulations differs significantly from the reception of the remaining components of the social system.
PL
Od czasu wprowadzenia stanu wojennego w Polsce Biuro Studiów Służby Bezpieczeństwa Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych miało za zadanie nie tylko prowadzić działania operacyjne skierowane wobec najważniejszych organizacji podziemia solidarnościowego, lecz także tworzyć i gromadzić materiały analityczne na jego temat. Cyklicznie opracowywano raporty zawierające liczbę osób zaangażowanych w podziemną opozycję i charakterystykę organizacji działających w jej ramach. W tego typu analizach oceniano również skalę penetracji przez różne jednostki SB (nie tylko Biuro Studiów) konspiracyjnych środowisk, starano się przewidzieć dynamikę rozwoju sytuacji w podziemiu, a także kreślono scenariusze możliwych działań, które mogłyby je osłabić. Publikowany dokument jest ostatnią taką analizą sporządzoną przed rozpoczęciem rozmów Okrągłego Stołu. Rzuca światło na ocenę podziemia, jaka obowiązywała w Biurze Studiów SB i kierownictwie MSW w tym czasie. Dokument pokazuje, że chociaż SB odnosiła sukcesy w rozbijaniu podziemnych struktur i plasowaniu w niej agentury, to jednak nie była w stanie zapanować nad nimi i wpłynąć na ich rozwój.
EN
U pon the introduction of martial law in Poland, the Study Office of the Security Service of the Ministry of the Interior was ordered not only to carry out operational activities against the most important organizations of the “Solidarity” Underground but also to create and gather analytical materials thereon. Reports were regularly prepared on the number of people engaged in the underground opposition and on the specifics of the organizations operating within its framework. Such analyses were also used to assess the extent to which underground communities had been infiltrated by different units of the Security Service (excluding the Study Office), as well as to forecast developments in the underground and to work out scenarios for potential actions that might weaken it. The published document is the last analysis of this kind prepared before the Round Table talks. It sheds light on the assessment of the Underground which was accepted by the Study Office of the Security Service and by the management of the Ministry of the Interior at that time. The document reveals that, despite of the Security Service’s successes in breaking up the /underground structures and placing its agents therein, it was not able to control them and influence their development.
EN
This article describes the specific of lustration in Ukraine in 2014‒2016, which was the third successful attempt. This time it was held the institutionalization of the process of lustration of an advanced content: limited opportunities to hold public office for the period of 5- 10 years for the employees of Yanukovych regime, corrupt government officials and former members of the communist nomenclature and KGB agents. Lustration, including in Ukraine, is regarded as one of the institutions of transitional justice model that promotes democracy, although it can be painless and without any mistakes.
EN
The article presents the history of shaping of the political system and constitutional bodies in Republic of South Africa.  This country has undergone a political transformation.  Long lasting ruling of the white population and discrimination of black people during the apartheid period caused many law acts being issued against the indigenous population.  The author presents the history and stages of in building a democratic state.  It needs to be pointed out that the reforms were carried out in a peaceful and compromise manner.  The article also discusses the presentation of constitutional organs of the state system and  their most important characteristics and the way they function in Republic of South Africa were made.
PL
The article presents the history of shaping the political system and constitutional bodies in the Republic of South Africa. This country has undergone a political transformation. Extending ruling by the white population and discrimination of black people during the apartheid period led to increased persecution of the indigenous people. The author presents the history and stages involved in building a democratic state. Reform was carried out peacefully and through compromise. The article also discusses the development of constitutional rights, their most essential characteristics, and how they function in the Republic of South Africa.
EN
This paper analyses trends in social mobility in Poland in the process of system transformation to market capitalism. Using data from the Polish Panel Survey POLPAN, it compares social origin effects on educational attainment and on occupational status of the first job as well as the impact of formal education on the latter. The analysis is performed over four cohorts that have entered the labor market: (1) between 1983 and 1989, (2) between 1990 and 1998, (3) between 1999 and 2006, and (4) between 2007 and 2013. With regard to the impact of social origin on attainment of tertiary education upon entry to the labor market and on the status of the first job the analyses show stable social origin effects across time. Furthermore, there is evidence of a rising polarization of the effect of educational level on occupational position in the first employment.
PL
R ola Kościoła katolickiego w trzech ostatnich latach istnienia PRL była znacząca. Po trzeciej pielgrzymce Jana Pawła II wspomniana instytucja wystąpiła jako pośrednik i moderator dialogu między władzami a opozycją. Episkopat konsekwentnie odrzucał kolejne propozycje strony rządowej zmierzające do reformy systemu bez udziału dzia- łaczy zdelegalizowanej „Solidarności”. Zaangażowanie hierarchii kościelnej było nie- zwykle ważne dla doprowadzenia do rozmów „okrągłego stołu” oraz w czasie wyborów parlamentarnych w czerwcu 1989 r., gdy jej wsparcie okazało się kluczowe dla zwycięstwa Komitetu Obywatelskiego i klęski listy rządowej. W tym okresie Episkopat odniósł także bezprecedensowe sukcesy w zakresie relacji państwo–Kościół: uregulowanie swojego statusu prawnego i nawiązanie stosunków dyplomatycznych między Stolicą Apostolską i PRL. Oba osiągnął na własnych warunkach, wykorzystując swoją silniejszą pozycję negocjacyjną. Artykuł przedstawia podejście struktur centralnych Kościoła w Polsce do sytuacji politycznej w ostatnich trzech latach PRL, gdy Episkopat był swego rodzaju akuszerem porozumienia między władzą a opozycją.
EN
T he Roman Catholic Church played a significant role during the last three years of the People’s Republic of Poland. Following the third pilgrimage of John Paul II, the institution acted as a mediator and moderator of dialogue between the authorities and the opposition. The episcopacy kept rejecting subsequent proposals of the government party to reform the system without involving activists of the delegalized “Solidarity” Movement. The involvement of the Roman Catholic hierarchy was hugely important for initiating the “Round Table” talks and during the parliamentary elections of June 1989 when its support turned out to be of key significance for the victory of the Civic Committee and for the defeat of the government party. At that time, the episcopacy also recorded unprecedented successes in the relations between the state and the Church, the regulation of its legal status as well as the Holy See and the People’s Republic of Poland entering into diplomatic relations. It achieved both on its own terms by leveraging its superior negotiation power. The article discusses the approach of the highest hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland toward the political situation during the last three years of the People’s Republic of Poland when the episcopacy served as a kind of “midwife” for the agreement between those in power and the opposition.
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EN
The article is devoted to the problem of transforming the political system of the Republic of Belarus in the context of legal changes and political life of Belarus between 1990-1996. The author concludes that after gaining sovereignty the process of transformation was aimed to establish non-alternative presidential power. The political changes in Belarus in that period were supposed to ensure the post-soviet elites their privileged position in the state. The direction of the transformation was in accordance with the social ambiance.
EN
The article looks at the meaning of “transformation unemployment” and evaluates the issue with reference to Poland. The trajectory of transformation unemployment is described, as are other important labour market issues including the structure of the country’s sectors and hiring in the Polish economy after 1990. Theoretical perspectives from the literature on the subject are also presented. The study makes use of data from the Central Statistical Office database on unemployment and hiring in Poland from 1990 to 2007. On the basis of the analysis it may be concluded that in comparison with more developed countries Poland’s level of unemployment remains too high, which in part can be attributed to the continued maintenance of structural transformation unemployment. This form of unemployment has become a lasting element in the theoretical discussion on the processes of system transformation in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, including in Poland. In spite of numerous studies it remains difficult to point to a set of homogenous factors that account for the intensifying of this phenomenon. It would seem more appropriate to discuss specific characteristics from each country of the analysed region.
EN
The article deals with the issue of the Zabużanie people’s claims. The Zabużanie people were persons who lost their assets as a result of relocation from the Eastern Borderlands (also known as Kresy) of the Second Republic of Poland caused by a revision of territorial borders after the Second World War. The Author describes the genesis and legal nature of the so-called Republican Accords regulating the principles of assistance for displaced persons and forms of realisation of the Zabużanie people’s claims in the statutory law of the Third Republic of Poland. Then, the author discusses the case law of the Constitution Tribunal and the European Court of Human Rights related to that legislation. He indicates a shift in the case law with reference to the scope of discretion accorded to the legislator in respect of adopting compensatory mechanisms. The author underlines the special role that was played by the principle of trust of citizens towards the state and the law enacted thereby in the Tribunal’s assessment of the adopted legislative solutions. At the same time, the author indicates that the potential of the constitutional idea of solidarity was not fully used when solving the issue of the Zabużanie people’s claims. In the opinion of the author, the idea of solidarity could be an axiological foundation for a policy of transitional justice.
PL
Światowy kryzys ekonomiczny zintensyfikował socjologiczną i publiczną debatę na temat granic wolnego rynku, stawiając na nowo problem alternatyw wobec neoliberalnego modelu STRESZCZENIA / ABSTRACTS 3 kapitalizmu. W przypadku Polski dyskusja taka była jednak dużo słabsza i koncentrowała się bardziej na wymiarze kulturowym niż społeczno-ekonomicznym. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest diagnoza konsekwencji globalnego kryzysu ekonomicznego dla wybranych przemian społeczno- -ekonomicznych w Polsce. Empirycznym punktem odniesienia są prowadzone przez autora badania nad środowiskiem robotników przemysłowych w latach 2002–2004 oraz badania nad stosunkami pracy i strategiami związków zawodowych w latach 2009–2012. Stawiam tezę, że intensyfikowane przez kryzys przemiany w sferze pracy, w tym między innymi ekspansja niestandardowych form zatrudnienia, stwarzają potencjał mobilizacyjny wokół idei i dyskursów podważających wizję samoregulującego się rynku. Zarazem jednak twierdzę, że deregulacja stosunków pracy w Polsce sprawia, że „odczarowanie rynku” nie prowadzi do mobilizacji w sferze pracy, lecz poza nią, w sferze publicznej, z wykorzystaniem lokalnych zasobów kulturowej kontestacji.
EN
The global economic crisis has contributed to the intensification of sociological and public debates on the limits of the free market, which poses anew the problem of alternatives to the neoliberal model of capitalism. However, in the case of Poland, these discussions have been much weaker and focused more on the cultural than the socio-economic dimension. This article examines the consequences of the global economic crisis through the lens of selected socio-economic changes in Poland. Its empirical basis is the author’s research on working-class milieus in Poland during the period 2002–2004, and his research on employment relations and trade union strategies during the period 2009–2012. It is argued that transformations in the sphere of work, such as the expansion of non-standard forms of employment, have mobilized potential debates on the ideas and discourses that question the ideas of self-regulating markets. Simultaneously, however, it is suggested that the deregulation of employment relations in Poland contributes to a situation whereby a “disenchantment of the market” does not lead to a collective mobilization in the workplace, but rather beyond it in the public sphere, using local resources of cultural resistance.
EN
The Author has demonstrated that Samoan youth is not indifferent to cultural universals, despite attempting to co-create them in the course of a multi-cultural dialogue and globalization processes. The study was founded on research results conducted through local observations and a questionnaire distributed among students of the Faculty of Education at the National University of Samoa in Apia. The research aimed to learn about the opinions, aspirations, attitudes, and value systems of Samoan students as they represent the educated elite of the 21st-century generation. The interviewed approve of contemporary civilizational novelties, as long as those do not harm the traditional culture. The socialization process in the Samoan youth has been occurring on a borderland between upbringing, traditional family-tribal, and the modern state-citizen education in schools and social life. Family and traditional customs are still vivid despite being more open to contemporary civilization and state developments. Although cautious towards novelties that might threaten the Samoan culture, these attitudes may be assessed as a reformatory. Based on the results obtained in Samoa, it is justifiable to state that the process of cultural transformation universalization has been occurring there in many areas of reality.
EN
The author analyzes the most important processes of economic policy in Poland in the period of system transformation.
PL
Intencją poniższego studium jest zaprezentowanie ogólnego charakteru przemian zaistniałych w polskich uzdrowiskach po 1989 r. W 2014 r. 44 miejscowości, bądź ich części, oraz Kopalnia Soli w Wieliczce miały status uzdrowiska, a największą koncentracją zdrojowisk charakteryzowało się województwo dolnośląskie. Odwołując się do danych statystycznych, raportów GUS i Ministerstwa Zdrowia oraz literatury przedmiotu i własnych obserwacji, zilustrowano stan infrastrukturalny wybranych zdrojowisk wraz z jego wykorzystaniem. Przez termin infrastruktura turystyczna autorzy rozumieją bazę noclegową z elementami lecznictwa uzdrowiskowego, zdefiniowanymi we właściwym ustawodawstwie. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono zagadnieniu działalności sanatoryjnej, badając zmianę liczby sanatoriów(najpowszechniejszego rodzaju placówek lecznictwa zdrojowiskowego) i szpitali uzdrowiskowych, począwszy od połowy lat 90. ubiegłego wieku. W dalszej kolejności zobrazowano zmiany w liczebności kuracjuszy poszczególnych kurortów. Czy w związku z przemianami politycznymi, gospodarczymi i społecznymi, które dokonały się w okresie ostatniego ćwierćwiecza, w polskich uzdrowiskach nastąpiły zauważalne zmiany ilościowe i jakościowe? Które z nich najlepiej wykorzystały okres transformacji systemowej, stając się krajowymi liderami na rynku usług lecznictwa uzdrowiskowego?
EN
The intention behind this study is to present the general character of the changes affecting Polish spa resorts after 1989. In 2014, 44 localities (or parts thereof), and the Wieliczka salt mine, held the status of spa resorts while the Lower Silesian Voivodeship was characterised with the greatest concentration of spa facilities. Referring to the statistical data, reports published by GUS — the National Statistical Office and Ministry of Health, as well as the subject-related bibliography and their own in-situ observations, the authors illustrated the infrastructural condition of the selected spa resorts, and the use of the same. By the term "infrastructure" the authors understand an accommodation base combined with elements of spa treatment as defined in related legislation. Special attention was paid to sanatorium activities through analysing the changing number of sanatoriums (the most common type of spa treatment facility) and spa hospitals starting from the mid-1990s. Secondly, the changing number of patients visiting particular spa resorts was presented. Have any noticeable quantitive and qualitative changes occurred in Polish spa resorts in connection with the political, economic and social transformations taking place during the last quarter-century? Which of these spas benefitted best from the system transformation period, becoming leaders on the domestic spa market?
PL
Artykuł podejmuje kwestie dotyczące przedsiębiorczości i urealnienia tej kategorii w praktyce gospodarowania na gruncie Polski od momentu rozpoczęcia przeobrażeń własnościowych, jakie miały miejsce po 1989 roku. W szczególności uwaga autorki zwrócona jest na jej kluczowy czynnik w postaci innowacyjności wyrażonej poprzez realizację innowacyjnych postaw i zachowań. W dobie narastających niekorzystnych zjawisk wynikających z intensyfikacji procesów internacjonalizacji oraz globalizacji niezmiernie istotne jest wzmacnianie potencjału innowacyjnego współczesnych przedsiębiorstw w oparciu zarówno o kapitał ludzki, jak i społeczny. Ponadto, w opracowaniu prezentowane są podstawowe założenia badawcze zawarte w projekcie dotyczącym roli niematerialnych zasobów w kształtowaniu przewagi konkurencyjnej małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw high-tech z Wielkopolski oraz wstępne ustalenia dotyczące realizacji przez nie koncepcji przedsiębiorczości intelektualnej.
EN
The article presents the issues concerning the entrepreneurship category and its implementation in economic practice in Poland since deploying the changes in ownership rights which took place after 1989. In particular, the author’s attention is drawn to the key factor in the form of innovation expressed through the implementation of innovative attitudes and behavior. In an era of increasing adverse effects resulting from the intensification of the processes of internationalization and globalization, it is crucial to strengthen the innovative potential of modern enterprise based on both human capital and social as well. In addition, the study presents the basic research assumptions included in the project on the role of intangible resources in the development of a competitive advantage for small and medium-sized high-tech companies from Great Poland and preliminary findings regarding the implementation by them the concept of intellectual entrepreneurship.
EN
The article is an attempt to discuss the character of the ethnic policy of the Polish state after 1989, i.e during the system transformation. The author’s analysis on the specifics and ethnic policy as a specific policy of the state begins with the scientific proper paradigm proper for political science research. The analyses concern both theoretical and practical problems including the institutions/entities that restrain them, stages, main concepts, the scope of implementation and the balance. The author concludes that ethnic policy of the Polish state which was implemented during the transformation period deserves a positive evaluation because of both its character and effectiveness. He states that Poland worked out and conducted the policy which was, on the one side, directed to form frames of the democratic state and on the other on positive solution of prob-lems that arose in the ethnic sphere. These conclusions are based on the author’s own long-term studies, numerous documents and the literature on the subject.
PL
Istotą artykułu jest próba pogłębionej refleksji na temat charakteru polityki etnicznej państwa polskiego po roku 1989, a więc w okresie transformacji ustrojowej. Punktem wyjścia rozważań są autorskie odniesienia do specyfiki i istoty polityki etnicznej jako polityki szczegółowej państwa, przede wszystkim w świetle paradygmatu badawczego właściwego badaniom politologicznym. Analizy dotyczą tak zagadnień teoretycznych, jak i praktycznych, w tym determinantów badanej polityki, instytucji/podmiotów ją kreujących, etapów, głównych koncepcji, zakresu realizacji oraz bilansu. Autor konkluduje, że realizowana w okresie transformacji polityka etniczna państwa polskiego zasługuje na pozytywną ocenę, tak w kontekście jej charakteru, jak i skuteczności. Stwierdza, że Polska wypracowała i prowadziła wtedy politykę nastawioną z jednej strony na tworzenie ram państwa demokratycznego, z drugiej pozytywne rozwiązywanie ujawniających się problemów w sferze etnicznej. Zaprezentowane rozważania bazują na wieloletnich badaniach własnych autora, licznych dokumentach oraz literaturze przedmiotu.
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