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EN
The article presents problems that arise in the Polish legal system in relation to transposition of the consumer rights directive and re-transposition of the consumer sales directive. It discusses the aims that the national legislator sets for itself, when transposing EU directives and poses questions relating to the methods that can and should be used to achieve these aims. Further, the article points out the biggest challenges the national legislator must face during the process of transposition, and reveals the tensions that exist on the border between the national and EU law that should be taken into account when transposing EU directives into the national law. The article does not discuss concrete solutions enshrined in in the proposal of Consumer Rights Act, but presents an overall concept of gradual integration of private law rules created on national and EU levels.
EN
The opinion discusses the compatibility of the government bill with the Directive 2011/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, pointing out in particular the need to remove from the project and clarify the vague concepts of questionable issues. The author shows that the bill imposes numerous restrictions on patients, related both to the need to obtain prior authorization of healthcare and spending limits for a given year, as well as the constraints of a formal nature that may hinder the patients from using cross‑border healthcare serivces. In conclusion, it she notes that the objective to reduce the proportion of patients who wait for treatment would not be achieved.
EN
The translation of poetry has caused many debates because the translator is seen as a re-creator of the text and his work becomes « poetry en abyme ». Poetry is difficult to translate because of its conciseness and intertextual dynamics. The translator’s work supposes a comparative perspective and an analysis of the text’s peculiarities. Among the translation methods employed, one can identify duplication, i.e., strict and faithful reproduction in the target language, transposition, the creation of an effect similar to the original one, and dialogic analysis. The poetics of translation will be adapted to the features of each poem.
FR
La traduction de la poésie a suscité des débats parce que le traducteur est vu comme re-créateur du texte, comme poète en abyme. La poésie est difficile à traduire à cause de sa concision et de sa dynamique intertextuelle. La démarche traductologique suppose une perspective comparative et une analyse des particularités du texte. En tant que procédés de traduction, on identifie la duplication, qui est la reproduction rigoureuse et fidèle dans la langue cible, la transposition, la création d’un effet comparable à celui original et l’analyse dialogique. La poétique du traduire sera adaptée aux particularités de chaque poème.
EN
This article sets out to present a situation which is unconventional, yet frequent in the real act of translation, namely, resorting to clarification, as Saint Jerome chooses to do in the case of certain Hebrew terms impossible to translate in accordance with the Jeromian translational method and not only; the phrase “translaticia translation” is contrived so as to synthesize a situation and implicitly a solution, with specific references and examples from the Jeromian epistolary text, the latter becoming a possible guide for non-translation as a sensible choice.
FR
Cet article se propose de présenter une situation non conventionnelle et pourtant fréquente dans le processus réel de la traduction : le recours à l’explicitation. C’est ce que choisit de faire Saint Jérôme dans le cas de certains termes hébreux impossibles à traduire par sa propre méthode ou par d’autres méthodes. Le syntagme « translaticia translation » est conçu de manière à synthétiser une situation et, implicitement, une solution et elle est accompagnée de références et d’exemples du texte épistolaire de Saint Jérôme, devenu un possible argument en faveur de la non traduction comme option justifiable
Human Affairs
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2013
|
vol. 23
|
issue 1
75-80
EN
The author takes the contemporary theatre performance of Mátohy [The Spooks] and maps out the use of original folk theatre masks in a new theatrical context. He describes and characterizes the changes that occur as a consequence of transposing folk masks from their traditional environment to the contemporary stage.
EN
The following article deals with the transformation of the myth of Jason and the Argonauts in the novel Een vreemde stam heeft mij geroofd (1992) written by Willem Brakman. The legend of the Argonauts tells about a mythical journey in quest of the Golden Fleece. Working on his own version, Brakman relied on the epic poem The Argonautica written in the 3rd century BC by Apollonius of Rhodes. Brakman rewrote the myth of the Argonauts by placing the action in 20th-century Netherlands. The research aim is to discover in what way Brakman transforms the original story as set in The Argonautica and to compare these two versions. Brakman’s novel differs from the original in the changes to the plot or characters. Moreover, he combines the legend of the Argonauts with other mythical stories such as that of Oedipus, Odysseus, Theseus. Gérard Genette’s theory of intertextuality serves as the theoretical background of the article.
EN
Using the example of parallel Polish-Ukrainian texts of intergovernmental agreements, characteristic transformations on lexical and grammatical levels are shown, which help to achieve adequacy of translation and — at the same time — maintain the general pragmatic orientation of text, and also its conceptual structure.
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EN
The papers aims at answering the question: “What is an ekphrasis?” by enumerating a series of definitions that have been given to the concept. The article begins with some general remarks on the relation between a literary and a visual work of art, followed by an etymological and chronological frame of the concept / term ekphrasis. Special emphasis is laid upon ekphrasis theorists like Murray Krieger, Linda Hutcheon, A. W. Hefferman, Dan Grigorescu, Erwin Panofsky. Ekphrasis is not the only way by which one may associate literature and painting, the alternative being represented by picturality and iconicity. On a narratological / meta-narratological / meta-narrative level, it equally involves a complementarity between trans-textuality, transposition, intertextuality, commutability (Kristeva, Genette, Baudrillard). The three techniques do not exclude each other; on the contrary, they interact and cooperate in the act of reading and interpretation. Ekphrasis is the art of describing works of art, a verbal representation of a visual representation.
EN
The article briefly presents the history of the absorption of foreign proper names by the Polish language. The introduction outlines the key properties that differentiate proper names from common names. Then the three chief periods in the history of Polish are presented, along with their typical, dominant ways of absorbing proper names. These periods coincide with the periodization proposed by Z. Klemensiewicz (Old-Polish, Middle-Polish, New-Polish periods). The author discusses finally the main modes of absorbing proper names: phonetic-morphologic adaptation (e.g. Piotr, Agnieszka, Szymbark), adideation and reinterpretation (e.g. Bakchus – Beczkoś), translation (e.g. Felix – Szczęsny, Parva – Mała), transposition (e.g. Milano,Trier, Inez). 
PL
The article briefly presents the history of the absorption of foreign proper names by the Polish language. The introduction outlines the key properties that differentiate proper names from common names. Then the three chief periods in the history of Polish are presented, along with their typical, dominant ways of absorbing proper names. These periods coincide with the periodization proposed by Z. Klemensiewicz (Old-Polish, Middle-Polish, New-Polish periods). The author discusses finally the main modes of absorbing proper names: phonetic-morphologic adaptation (e.g. Piotr, Agnieszka, Szymbark), adideation and reinterpretation (e.g. Bakchus – Beczkoś), translation (e.g. Felix – Szczęsny, Parva – Mała), transposition (e.g. Milano, Trier, Inez). 
PL
Artykuł ma na celu analizę formalnej możliwości transpozycji prawa Unii Europejskiej do systemu prawnego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej za pomocą rozporządzeń krajowych. Zasadą jest transpozycja prawa Unii Europejskiej za pomocą ustaw. Nie mniej jednak istnieje potrzeba rozważenia możliwości dokonywania procesu transpozycji za pomocą innych aktów prawa krajowego. W obowiązującym w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej syste-mie źródeł prawa jedynie rozporządzenie jako akt wykonawczy w stosunku do ustawy wydaje się posiadać odpowiednie cechy. Podkreślenia wymaga, iż ten sposób transpo-zycji należy postrzegać jako potencjalnie pomocniczy w stosunku do transpozycji do-konywanej w drodze ustawy.
EN
The aim of article is to analyze the possibility of a formal transposition of EU law into the legal system of the Republic of Polish by national regulations. The principle is the transposition of EU law by means of laws. Nevertheless, there is a need to consider the possibility of making the transposition process by other national laws. The only regulation as the executive act remains within the framework of the Poland’s current system, appropriate features. However, the transposition by the regulation remains subsidiary to the transposition by the law.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza procesu implementacji dyrektywy Wypłacalność II, przedstawienie problematyki wejścia w życie dyrektywy oraz upływu czasu na jej transpozycję do porządku prawa krajowego. Każde z tych wydarzeń niesie bowiem odmienne konsekwencje, z najważniejszą w postaci możliwego skutku pośredniego i bezpośredniego nieimplementowanej na czas dyrektywy.
EN
This paper aims to review the Solvency II Directive implementation process, present the issues related to the Directive’s entry into force and the time needed to transpose it into domestic law. …ach of these processes has different implications, the most important of which is the possible direct and indirect consequences of a failure to timely implement the Directive.
PL
Problematyka ponadgranicznych świadczeń opieki pozaszpitalnej (ambulatoryjnej) stanowi istotną część prawa pacjenta do uzyskania opieki medycznej w innym państwie członkowskim Unii Europejskiej. Co do zasady, tzw. rozporządzenia koordynacyjne UE, wydawane w związku z przepływem pracowników w ramach Unii, oraz orzecznictwo Trybunału Sprawiedliwości UE (TSUE) przewidują swobodę w ich otrzymywaniu przez pacjentów. Dyrektywa 2011/24/UE w sprawie stosowania praw pacjentów w transgranicznej opiece zdrowotnej miała „skodyfikować" przedmiotową judykaturę TSUE oraz ustanowić zasady ułatwiające dostęp do bezpiecznej transgranicznej opieki zdrowotnej o wysokiej jakości w Unii. Założeniem artykułu było zbadanie, czy swoboda pacjentów w ponadgranicznym korzystaniu z przedmiotowej kategorii usług medycznych w wyniku przyjęcia powyższej dyrektywy nie doznaje ograniczeń, które byłyby nie do pogodzenia z istniejącymi przepisami unijnego prawa. Analizie poddano zarówno proces prac nad dyrektywą, jak i jej ostateczny kształt. Prowadzi ona do wniosku, iż ten ostatni odbiega, ze szkodą dla praw pacjentów, od początkowych założeń, opartych na korzystnym dla nich orzecznictwie TSUE. W artykule zbadano również założenia polskich przepisów, które mają wdrożyć dyrektywę 2011/24/UE do prawa polskiego. Przeprowadzona analiza prowadzi do wniosku, że projektowana transpozycja tego unijnego aktu do polskiego systemu prawnego zmierza w podobnym do dyrektywy, niekorzystnym dla polskich pacjentów, kierunku.
EN
The issue of cross-border non-hospital (outpatient) healthcare services constitutes an essential part of the patient's right to receive medical care in another EU Member State. In principle, the so-called EU coordination regulations, issued in connection with the movement of workers within the Union, as well as the case law of the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) provide for patients' freedom of its reception. The 2011/24/EU directive on the application of patients' rights in cross-border healthcare was to "codify" the above-mentioned jurisprudence of the CJEU. It was also to establish rules for facilitating access to safe and high-quality cross-border healthcare in the Union. The article investigates whether freedom of patients in cross-border use of the very category of medical services does not experience limitations that would not be compatible with the existing EU law as a result of the adoption of the directive. For this purpose, both the process concerning work undertaken to adopt the directive as well as its final shape were examined. It leads to the conclusion that the latter diverges from the initial assumptions, based on the CJEU's case law which was favourable to patients. The assumptions of the Polish provisions, which are to implement the 2011/24/EU directive into the Polish law, were thoroughly examined in the article as well. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the proposed transposition of this Union's act to the Polish legal system is moving in the direction which is similar to the one of the directive that is in a detrimental one to Polish patients.
Linguaculture
|
2015
|
vol. 2015
|
issue 1
24-44
EN
Drama texts are characterized by the transient nature of their stage reception and their malleability. This implies a close relationship with the context of performance while it also explains why they are frequently subject to varying degrees of adaptation. This article will study variations on Shakespeare’s comedy Much Ado About Nothing, first revising different approaches to its performance in the original language, and then analysing two adaptations which involve translation: a Spanish play, Jacinto Benavente’s Los favoritos, and a French opera, Hector Berlioz’s Béatrice et Bénédict, both inspired by the two most attractive and witty characters in the bard’s text, Beatrice and Benedick, who have been the object of a number of versions and adaptations and therefore encourage exploration in different contexts. Slightly different ways of dealing with the main elements in the play will be observed in these two target texts, for instance regarding the general tone, or issues such as the concepts of marriage and love; ultimately, these aspects also highlight the suppleness of drama texts, particularly of classic works, which tend to move easily between languages and cultures, historic periods or artistic genres.
EN
Death and the Maiden by Roman Polański is an example of an experimental transposition of Ariel Dorman’s drama into the visual language of film. The merging of words and pictures in the film is compared to Bachtin’s dialogisation which permeates the element of the European novel. The meaning and motivation of the words in the characters’ dialogues influences the development of the action, form and rhythm of the takes as well as their juxtaposition with the characters and props. Polański does not limit himself only to a single-track effect. As dialogisation influences the forms of visualization, so images broaden the meanings of the dialogues, creating new contexts. The film is not only an attempt to prove that the alleged or real rapist was guilty, but also a study of the dishonoured woman’s fight for a right to live without traumatic reminiscences.  
PL
Film and Drama. Roman Polanski’s “Death and the Maiden” Death and the Maiden by Roman Polański is an example of an experimental transposition of Ariel Dorman’s drama into the visual language of film. The merging of words and pictures in the film is compared to Bachtin’s dialogisation which permeates the element of the European novel. The meaning and motivation of the words in the characters’ dialogues influences the development of the action, form and rhythm of the takes as well as their juxtaposition with the characters and props. Polański does not limit himself only to a single-track effect. As dialogisation influences the forms of visualization, so images broaden the meanings of the dialogues, creating new contexts. The film is not only an attempt to prove that the alleged or real rapist was guilty, but also a study of the dishonoured woman’s fight for a right to live without traumatic reminiscences.  
EN
The main goal of the prepared analysis in terms of constructive neorealism is a thorough and multi-variant analysis of the possibilities of implementing the provisions of Directive 2019/1937 of the European Parliament and of the Council of October 23, 2019 on the protection of persons reporting violations of Union law. This directive should have been transposed into Polish law (in the form of statutory, regulatory and administrative provisions) by December 17, 2021. Further drafts of the act on the protection of persons reporting violations of law prepared by the government have still not been considered by either the Council of Ministers or the Polish parliament.
PL
Głównym celem przygotowanej analizy w ujęciu konstruktywnego neorealizmu jest wnikliwa i wielowariantowa analiza możliwości wprowadzenia w życie postanowień Dyrektywy Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady UE 2019/1937 z 23 października 2019 r. w sprawie ochrony osób zgłaszających naruszenia prawa Unii. Dyrektywa ta powinna była zostać poddana transpozycji do prawa polskiego (w postaci przepisów ustawowych, wykonawczych i administracyjnych) do dnia 17 grudnia 2021 r. Kolejne projekty ustawy o ochronie osób zgłaszających naruszenia prawa przygotowany przez rząd nadal nie zostały rozpatrzone ani przez Radę Ministrów ani przez polski parlament.
PL
Artykuł przybliża wstępne badania nad przeniesieniem prawnej koncepcji ludobójstwa na 113 jurysdykcji. W pierwszej części uwzględnia się uwarunkowania tego przeniesienia w systemach karnych jak i powiązań z międzynarodową definicją prawną ludobójstwa. Przeanalizowano sytuacje komunikacyjne, w których uwypuklił się koncept ludobójstwa by ukazać ich zakres i rozległość jak i określić, w jakim stopniu przyczyniły się one do przeformułowania koncepcji ludobójstwa. Ustalenia wskazują na sytuację, w której pomimo ludobójstwa na szczeblu międzynarodowym koncepcja ludobójstwa została przekształcona przez wachlarz krajowych języków prawnych i systemów prawnych, do których została transponowana, a tym samym wzmocniła relację między konfiguracją języka i prawa a trudnością tłumaczenia.
EN
This article discusses preliminary findings of a study on the transposition of the legal concept of genocide into 131 national jurisdictions. The specificities of this transposition into national criminal systems, as well as those related to the international legal definition of genocide, are described in the first part. The communicative situations in which the concept of genocide has been transposed are then examined in order to show their scope and breadth, and to which extent they contribute to the transformation of the concept of genocide. Trends related to the object of transformation in the definition and their effect on meaning are subsequently outlined. The findings point to a situation where, despite having been the object of multiple consensus at the international level, the concept of genocide has been transformed by the vast array of domestic legal languages and legal systems into which it has been transposed and thereby reinforce the relation between the configuration of the language and law, and the difficulty of translation.
EN
This submission deals with adaptation as an intertextual and communicational phenomenon. The introductory section of the study presents an outline of relations between adaptations, pre‑texts and communication subjects. Adaptation comes across as a transposition and representation of the pre‑text, or sometimes as its substitute or an independent creation. The analytical section of this study focuses on one of the specific types of adaptation, i.e. transpositions of a pre‑text that make use of its secondary characters, motifs and plotlines (described in working terms as peripheral adaptations). The analysis focuses on films made of two novels by Jan Otčenášek. Relations are shown between the novel Občan Brych (Citizen Brych — 1955) and its two adaptations, a film of the same name based on the novel as a whole (1958), and a film entitled Jarní povětří (Spring Breeze — 1961), which only selects some motifs from the novel and sets them in a new structure. An examination follows of the film Svatba bez prstýnku (Wedding without Rings — 1972), which is based on one of the many plotlines in the novel Kulhavý Orfeus (Limping Orpheus — 1964). The form of these adaptations turns out to have been substantially influenced by their cultural and political contexts; the films include ideological messages reflecting the times in which they appeared.
CS
Příspěvek pojednává o adaptaci jako intertextovém a komunikačním fenoménu. Úvodní část studie podává náčrt vztahů mezi adaptací, pretextem a subjekty komunikace. Adaptace vystupuje jako transpozice a reprezentace pretextu, někdy ale také jako jeho substituce či jako samostatná kreace. Analytická část studie se zaměřuje na jeden ze specifických typů adaptace, a to na takové transpozice pretextu, které využívají jeho vedlejší postavy, motivy a dějové linie (pracovně jsou označeny jako periferické adaptace). Předmětem analýzy jsou filmy natočené na základě dvou románů Jana Otčenáška. Jsou sledovány relace mezi románem Občan Brych (1955) a jeho dvěma adaptacemi, stejnojmenným filmem, který se opírá o román jako celek (1958), a filmem Jarní povětří (1961), jenž vybírá jen některé motivy románu a zasazuje je do nové struktury. Poté je probírán film Svatba bez prstýnku (1972), jehož východiskem je jedna z mnoha dějových linií románu Kulhavý Orfeus (1964). Ukazuje se, že podoba adaptací byla podstatně ovlivněna kulturními a politickými kontexty; filmy zahrnují ideologické poselství odpovídající době jejich vzniku.
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