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EN
According to Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST), language is a complex dynamic system consisting of subsystems which show a lot of variability, especially during intensive development. Second language development is generally connected with an increase in complexity, accuracy and fluency but there are trade-offs within and between these language subcomponents. What is more, intra-individual variability, defined as differences in the level of developmental variables within individuals and between repeated measurements, is said to be an important developmental phenomenon. The aim of this article is to analyze the relationships between different measures of syntactic complexity, lexical complexity, accuracy and fluency, and to examine intra-individual variability with respect to the rate of development in longitudinal oral data provided by a good, average and poor language learner at the level of secondary school. Generally, the results of the study show some statistically significant differences between the learners in the development of these language subsystems but no such differences in intra-individual variability. Nevertheless, the study indicates a strong, positive correlation between the learners’ level of intra-individual variability and the rate of development of the language subsystems in speech at this level.
Linguistica Pragensia
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2022
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vol. 32
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issue 1
5-15
EN
Not just diachronic change or synchronic variability in linguistic structure, but also the shape of speakers’ expressive strategies for navigating natural verbal interaction can be seen as reflections of the fundamental human capacity for adapting to novel communicative circumstances. The adjustments are observable at all layers of language — sounds, prosody, lexical changes, shifts in grammatical organization — and also pose questions concerning adaptation at both the individual and community levels. In this introductory framing of the present volume, the conceptual underpinnings of the quest for adequate explanations of adaptive processes are consistent with a set of assumptions that are associated with, broadly speaking, ‘socio-cognitive’ approaches to language: (i) socio-pragmatic and cultural grounding of verbal interaction, (ii) reference to domain-general cognitive capacities, and (iii) emergence of linguistic categories and their organization from recurring patterns of use. Linguistic analysis focused on the adaptive aspects of language and language use thus aims at capturing the speakers’ interactional competence; this includes both narrowly linguistic aspects and non-linguistic patterns of behavior, which, taken together, help us understand better all the factors involved in successful communication.
EN
This article presents the results of studies conducted on the variability of thermal and precipitation conditions in Poland in the second half of the 20th century, especially taking into consideration periods which were unfavorable for agricultural production. Averaged spatial temperatures and precipitation totals from consecutive years 1951 to 2000 were used. A significant increase in spring temperatures was noted, while the winters also became warmer. This had a significant effect upon the change of the thermal vegetation period's duration. No changing trends were noted with regard to the amount of precipitation.The analysis of the seasonal structure during the anomalous years, with regard to temperature and the amount of precipitation, made it possible to pinpoint years particularly unfavorable for agricultural production. There was a certain repeatability of unfavorable conditions, tied to the existence of a relatively stable 8-year cycle of temperature change, which was especially noticeable during the wintertime. During the last two decades of the 20th century, high temperature values, occurring also in the summertime, in combination with insufficient precipitation, contributed to the occurrence of dry spells and even periods of drought. The occurrence of dry spells during the vegetation period and the extreme shortening of the vegetation period have a significant effect upon the amount of grain crop production.
EN
Fundamental to complex dynamic systems theory is the assumption that the recursive behavior of complex systems results in the generation of physical forms and dynamic processes that are self-similar and scale-invariant. Such fractal-like structures and the organismic benefit that they engender has been widely noted in physiology, biology, and medicine, yet discussions of the fractal-like nature of language have remained at the level of metaphor in applied linguistics. Motivated by the lack of empirical evidence supporting this assumption, the present study examines the extent to which the use and development of complex syntax in a learner of English as a second language demonstrate the characteristics of self-similarity and scale invariance at nested timescales. Findings suggest that the use and development of syntactic complexity are governed by fractal scaling as the dynamic relationship among the subconstructs of syntax maintain their complexity and variability across multiple temporal scales. Overall, fractal analysis appears to be a fruitful analytic tool when attempting to discern the dynamic relationships among the multiple component parts of complex systems as they interact over time.
EN
The work determines the range of variability in the price of turkey livestock and its relation to prices of chickens, pork and beef in 2006-2015. In 2006-2011, the variability coefficient for turkey livestock was 5 to 10%, whereas in 2012-2015 it dropped below 5%. The prices were most stable out of prices of chickens, pork or beef. The biggest influence on the variability of the turkey livestock price was the long-term trend and cyclic fluctuations (82% of the total variability on average). Seasonal fluctuations had lower amplitude (between 7 and 4%) than in the case of prices of pork and chickens, and their input in the total variability amounted to 14% on average. The price of turkey livestock presented the strongest correlation with the price of beef (r=0,851) and chickens (0,837), and was the least correlated with pork (0,681). In 2006-2015 the price of turkey livestock increased by 68%, beef by 57%, chickens by 29% and pork by 13%.
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The paper concerns two interlocking phenomena of linguistic history – the stability of elements of language, which ensures a long-term communicative continuity, and the variability of the system and of the vocabulary, which is an inherent quality of every natural language. It has always been the variability that was seen as the primary indicator of a diachronic outlook on language, and the main research problem has been to describe and to date linguistic changes and their mutual relation in the historical linguistic process. It seems to be an interesting research task to invert the perspective and to concentrate on what is stable in the language and its usage, i.e. on the level of the grammatical system, vocabulary, and communication habits. It ought to be recognized that it is not just variability, but also the constant struggle of these two opposing tendencies, that causes language to be viewed as a dynamical system.
PL
Autor rozważa w artykule niecodzienny typ wariantywności w języku staroruskim: singularis vs pluralis. Jego uwagę zwracają przede wszystkim takie sytuacje we współczesnym języku rosyjskim, gdy zamiast dawnej wariantywności form liczby występują formy singularia tantum i pluralia tantum. Zdaniem autora przypadki wariantywności form w zakresie liczby można wyjaśnić podwójną naturą znaków językowych – sygnifikatywnych i denotatywnych. Forma gramatyczna liczby pojedynczej jest wyrażeniem significatum i w żadnym wypadku nie koreluje z potencjalnym gramatycznym znaczeniem jednostkowości. Wręcz przeciwnie, zastąpienie wyjściowych, oryginalnych form wyrazu w liczbie pojedynczej liczbą mnogą jest właśnie spowodowane semantycznym nasyceniem form pluralnych, odzwierciedlających złożoność obiektów lub ich substancjonalną (rzeczową) intensywność. Oznaczony, pozytywny człon opozycji – pluralis – sygnalizuje realność, konkretność, bytowość określanych obiektów, podczas gdy nieoznaczony, negatywny człon okazuje się być związanym z ideą (konceptem) nazwanych obiektów. W intensywnej interakcji członów opozycji rozwija się wtórna, odzwierciedlona kategorialność, w wyniku której prywatywna, jednostronna opozycja może funkcjonować jako ekwipolentna, dwukierunkowa.
EN
The article considers an unusual type of variability in the Old Russian – singularis vs pluralis. Attention is drawn first of all to cases where in the modern Russian language, instead of the ancient variability of numerical forms, the words singularia tantum and pluralia tantum are found. We believe that cases of numerical variability have an explanation in the dual nature of verbal signs – significative and denotative. The grammatical form of the singular appears as an expression of significatum and does not correlate with the potential grammatical meaning of singularity. On the contrary, the replacement of the original word forms of the singular by the plural is due precisely to the semantic saturation of the plural forms reflecting the complexity of the objects or the substantial intensity. The marked member of the opposition – pluralis – signals the reality, concreteness, the beingness of the designated objects, while the unmarked term results in the idea (signification, concept) of the designated objects. In tense interaction of opposition members, a secondary, reflected categoriality develops, as a result of which the private opposition can function as an equipollent one.
EN
Analysis of time series was performed of cloudiness, air temperature and precipitation for the years 1951-2000, the data used representing lowland Poland. The properties of the temporal course of these elements of climate and the interrelations between their variability in time have been determined. The strength of dependence of precipitation and temperature upon the magnitude of cloudiness in the annual cycle has been assessed with the linear correlation coefficient. The essential climate-forming role of cloudiness has been confirmed. The magnitude of cloudiness over Poland explains up to 70% of variability of temperature and precipitation. These interrelations are the strongest in the warmer half of the year. Atmospheric circulation and cloudiness explain up to 85% of variability of the climate elements studied.
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EN
The text concerns liquidity understood as an extremely extensive category containing the aspect of changeability and blurring boundaries. It covers an extremely wide spectrum of phenomena. Liquidity is a physical category that refers to the element of water and the senses of touch and taste. It became extremely popular in sociology as an epistemological category thanks to Zygmunt Bauman. This category should be applied much more widely in analyzing phenomena in the field of literature, art, theater, performance, but also going beyond practical analytical use and transferring this concept to the level of theory. The term „liquid” refers to many associations, which in turn allow us to recall different orders and perspectives, at the same time incorporating the current argument into a broader discourse on the moving, fluid nature of the concepts of „wandering” between disciplines. These considerations are also part of the author’s concept of amorphous aesthetic categories, which include liquidity.
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Konstrukce s velkým K

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EN
The Construction ‘x… with a Capital X’
PL
Wstęp. Pozytywnym miernikiem stanu zdrowia jest stopień i rodzaj otłuszczenia ciała. Cel badań. Ocena rozwoju otłuszczenia dzieci i młodzieży, obojga płci, z Rzeszowa, w wieku od 4 do 18 lat oraz jego zmiany w przeciągu ostatnich 35 lat. Materiał i metody. W latach 2013/2014 przebadano łącznie 1563 dzieci z Rzeszowa. Zmierzono grubość trzech fałdów tłuszczowych: nad mięśniem trójgłowym ramienia, w okolicy pępka, pod łopatką, obliczono całkowite otłuszczenie ciała. Dane poddano analizie statystycznej. Porównano do danych zgromadzonych w poprzednich latach: 1978/79, 1993/1994, 2003/2004. Wyniki. Do wieku wczesnoszkolnego przyrosty fałdów skórno-tłuszczowych są stabilne. W wieku od 11–12 lat u obojga płci stwierdzono, statystycznie znamienny, większy przyrost fałdów skórno-tłuszczowych nad mięśniem trójgłowym ramienia oraz globalnego otłuszczenia ciała. U chłopców w tym przedziale wiekowym zjawisko to dotyczy fałdu w okolicy pępka, a u dziewcząt podłopatkowego. Od 14 do 15 roku życia u chłopców obserwuje się przyspieszony rozwój fałdu podłopatkowego, a u dziewcząt w okolicy pępka. Obok przyrostów otłuszczenia stwierdzono jego spadki. W okresie pokwitania wartości odchylenia standardowego są najwyższe. Analiza porównawcza wykazała, że w przedziale czasowym 1978/79-2013/14 u chłopców i dziewcząt tendencja wzrostowa otłuszczenia utrzymuje się w przypadku wszystkich zmierzonych fałdów skórno-tłuszczowych. U obu płci w okresie analizowanego 35-lecia utrzymuje się wzrost całkowitego otłuszczenia ciała, natomiast w okresie ostatniego 10-lecia ulega wyhamowaniu. Wnioski. 1. Rozwój otłuszczenia u dzieci i młodzieży z Rzeszowa charakteryzuje się zróżnicowaniem międzypłciowym, dużą zmiennością w okresie pokwitania. 2. W rozwoju otłuszczenia do wieku wczesnoszkolnego obserwowane są stopniowe jego przyrosty, a następnie, nie tylko znamiennie statystycznie przyrosty, ale również spadki (wahania otłuszczenia). 3. Można stwierdzić, że u obu płci w okresie analizowanego 35-lecia utrzymuje się akceleracja otłuszczenia ciała, chociaż w okresie ostatniego 10-lecia ulega ona wyhamowaniu.
EN
Introduction. Level and type of body adiposity is a positive measure of health condition. Purpose of the study. Assessment of development of adiposity in children and adolescents of both sexes, aged 4–18, and its changes in the period of 35 years. Material and methods. The total of 1563 children from Rzeszów were examined in 2013/2014. Measurements were carried out to examine thickness of three skinfolds: above triceps brachii muscle, in the umbilical area, and below the scapula; based on that whole body adiposity was calculated. The findings were subjected to statistical analyses. The results were compared with the data collected previously, in: 1978/79, 1993/1994, 2003/2004. Results. Up until early school age there is stable increase in the skinfold thickness. Starting with the age of 11–12 years subjects of both sexes are found with significantly higher growth in triceps skinfold thickness and greater total body adiposity. In the boys of this age group the phenomenon is observed in the umbilical skinfold, and in the girls in the subscapular skinfold. At the age from 14 to 15, the boys are found with higher rate of growth in subscapular skinfold and the girls in umbilical skinfold. Besides the growth, adiposity has also been found to decrease. During puberty standard deviations assume the highest values. Longitudinal analysis of the data for the period from 1978/79 to 2013/14 shows increasing adiposity in boys and girls and the trend is observed in all the examined skinfolds. Subjects of both genders in the relevant period of 35 years are found with continued increase in whole body adiposity, yet during the most recent decade the trend has been inhibited. Conclusions. 1. Development of adiposity in children and adolescents from Rzeszow differs between the sexes, and is highly variable during puberty. 2. Up until early school age development of adiposity tends to be gradual, and then it is found not only to significantly increase but also to decrease (adiposity fluctuation). 3. It can be concluded that during the relevant period of 35 years body adiposity in both sexes tends to accelerate, yet during the most recent decade the trend has been inhibited.
EN
One of the most important issues to be settled in the analysis of time series is determining their variability and identifying the process of shaping their values. In the classical approach, volatility is most often identified with the variance of growth rates. However, risk can be characterised not only by the variability, but also by the predictability of the changes which can be evaluated using the fractal dimension. The aim of this paper is to present the applicability of the fractal dimension estimated by the surface division method to the assessment of the properties of time series. The paper presents a method for determining the fractal dimension, its interpretation, significance tables and an example of its application. Fractal dimension has been used here to describe the properties of the time series of the WIG stock exchange index in 2014–2018 and the time series of the growth rates of the largest listed Polish companies in 2015–2018. The applied method makes it possible to classify a time series into one of three classes of series: persistent, random or antipersistent. Specific cases show the differences between the use of standard deviation and fractal dimension for risk assessment. Fractal dimension appears here to be a method for assessing the degree of stability of variations.
PL
Jedną z ważniejszych kwestii do rozstrzygnięcia w analizie szeregów czasowych jest określenie ich zmienności oraz identyfikacja procesu kształtowania ich wartości. W ujęciu klasycznym zmienność najczęściej utożsamiana jest z wariancją stóp wzrostu. Tymczasem natura ryzyka to nie tylko zmienność, lecz także przewidywalność zmian, którą można ocenić przy użyciu wymiaru fraktalnego. Celem artykułu jest prezentacja zastosowania wymiaru fraktalnego szacowanego metodą podziału pola do oceny właściwości szeregów czasowych. W opracowaniu przedstawiono sposób wyznaczenia wymiaru fraktalnego, jego interpretację, tablice istotności oraz przykład zastosowania. Za pomocą wymiaru fraktalnego opisano właściwości szeregu czasowego wartości indeksu giełdowego WIG w latach 2014–2018 oraz szeregów czasowych stóp wzrostu największych polskich spółek giełdowych w latach 2015–2018. Zastosowana metoda umożliwia zakwalifikowanie szeregu czasowego do jednej z trzech klas, jako szereg: persystentny, błądzenia losowego bądź antypersystentny. Na szczególnych przypadkach pokazano różnice pomiędzy zastosowaniem odchylenia standardowego i wymiaru fraktalnego do oceny ryzyka. Wymiar fraktalny jawi się tu jako metoda pozwalająca na ocenę stopnia stabilności wahań.
EN
The article analyzes the main trends in the development of language education in the USA from the mid 20th to the beginning of the 21st century. It examines the influence of globalization and internationalization on the US education development, including language learning at schools, colleges and universities. These trends have contributed to reforming of bilingual and foreign language learning at the beginning of the 21st century. Nowadays learning at least one foreign language is compulsory for every US student to obtain a bachelor’s degree, regardless of his main specialization. The number of languages taught at universities has risen. There is also a significant increase in the number of university programs in foreign languages. An important trend in language education at US universities is students’ academic mobility. Students can receive a bachelor’s degree at one university and a master’s at a more prestigious one. Recently, «study abroad» university programs have been gaining popularity with students of different specialties that’s why foreign language learning is an essential element of modern higher education. In the article the author also focuses on the trend of multiculturalism in higher education, which is realized by means of implementing multicultural component to the curricula of the humanities and many other ethical and pedagogical subjects, and by means of teaching and learning foreign languages on the basis of linguo-socio-cultural method. Language education at US universities is also characterized by constant use of specialized educational technologies and means, such as special software for developing courses, and the use of computers, multimedia technology and network facilities to educate students and test their knowledge. Recent technologizing and informatization of educational process has also had a significant positive impact on the development of distant foreign language learning. The article also analyses such trends as specialty diversification and variability of language department university programs. It points out such features of modern educational process as flexibility and modularity and overviews current methods of intensive language learning. The author also considers the role of a teacher and a student in US modern higher education system and outlines promising areas for further research in the field of language learning in US universities.
EN
The essential purpose of this contribution is to highlight the values of the copula of the Spanish verbs ser and estar opposit to the French être, and at the same time, to propose some didactic solutions to solve errors made by French speaking students who study the Spanish as L2. Following this concern attached to the teaching / learning of foreign languages, the study raises the problem of the versatility of the verbs ser and estar opposit to être whose ambivalent character also entails a process of linguistic interference that hinders the assimilation of the values of these copula of the Spanish verbs and their correct use by foreigners learners. At the methodological level, the study is based on several exercises of translation, the direct consultation of some native informants whose mother tongue is the Spanish, together with several grammar manual of reference on this topic. Thus, taking advantage of a broad corpus compiled through these resources, the values and the fonctions of these verbal elements are explained to boost their learning and correct use following some didactic guidelines based on notional, aspectual and comparative analysis.
ES
El propósito esencial de esta contribución es destacar los valores de los copulativos ser y estar del español frente a être del francés, y proponer, a la vez, unas soluciones didácticas ante los errores cometidos por alumnos francófonos que estudian el español como L2. Mediante esta preocupación adscrita a la lingüística aplicada a la enseñanza/aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras, se plantea la problemática de la versatilidad de los verbos ser y estar frente a être cuyo carácter ambivalente acarrea también todo un proceso de interferencias lingüísticas que dificultan la asimilación de los valores de estos copulativos del español y el uso correcto de los mismos por algunos aprendientes extranjeros. Al nivel metodológico, el estudio se basó en varios ejercicios de traducción, la consulta directa de algunos informantes nativos cuya lengua materna es el español, junto con varios manuales gramaticales de referencia sobre esta temática. Así, aprovechando un extenso corpus recopilado mediante estos recursos, se explican los valores y el funcionamiento de estos elementos verbales con el fin de impulsar su aprendizaje y su uso correcto siguiendo unas pautas didácticas fundamentadas en los análisis: nocional, aspectual y comparativo.
PL
W artykule przedstawiam stworzoną przez Herberta Blumera w jego programie metodologicznym interakcjonizmu symbolicznego procedurę rozumowania teoretycznego. Polemizuję z odczytaniami, które interpretują tę perspektywę jako skrajnie nominalistyczną i hermeneutyczną. Argumentuję za takim odczytaniem, w którym program Blumerowskiego interakcjonizmu przedstawia się jako ściśle przestrzegająca wymogów adekwatności wobec świata empirycznego nauka empiryczna. Jako nauka teoretyczna ma ona respektować obiektywny charakter powstających w interpretatywnych interakcjach zdarzeń. Przedmiotem teorii interakcjonistyczno-symbolicznej są obiektywne fakty powstające wtedy, gdy ludzie wzajemnie przystosowują do siebie swoje działania. Teoria formalna ludzkiego życia zbiorowego jest możliwa, choć nie będzie ustalona raz na zawsze ze względu na permanentną zmienność cechującą sam jej przedmiot.
EN
The paper presents Blumer’s procedure of theoretical reasoning formulated in his symbolic-interactionist program. I discuss with those who read this perspective as a radically nominalistic and hermeneutic one. In my interpretation, Blummer’s program claims for empirical social science which is to seek for adequacy of its thesis and the empirical world. As a theoretical social science, it has to respect objective character of facts that are created in human interactions. They are created when people negotiate mutually their lines of action; the last ones become the real object for symbolic-interactionism science. A formal, abstract theory of human social life is possible, but such a theory will remain permanently unstable and variable because of lability and variability of its objects themselves.
EN
The paper presents an analysis of the wheat yields variability in voivodeships of Poland. The main aim of the study is to present several possible indicators for the crop variability in the context of production risk. It is found that ignoring the long-term yield trends leads to a serious overestimation of production risk.
PL
Celem rozważań jest wskazanie na ryzyka związane z nieuzasadnionym rozszerzeniem stosowalności różnych modeli. Nadmierne stosowanie metod ilościowych sprawia wrażenie, że wszystko można policzyć, zmierzyć, zaprognozować. Liczyć trzeba, ale trzeba również pamiętać, że nie wszystko co ważne da się policzyć i nie wszystko co da się policzyć jest ważne. W artykule wykorzystano wyniki własnych badań dotyczące zmienności i korelacji indeksów giełdowych, cen wybranych surowców i kursów walutowych. Głównym wnioskiem wynikającym z badań jest konstatacja, że często dokonujemy nadinterpretacji wyników badań i stosowanych metod badawczych. Przypisujemy im właściwości, których często nie posiadają. Jest to bardzo istotne dla praktyki, bo coraz bardziej skomplikowane modele sprawiają wrażenie, iż jesteśmy w stanie, przy ich wykorzystaniu, prognozować przyszłą zmienność zjawisk, określać prawdopodobieństwo ich wystąpienia i ryzyko z tym związane. To jednak nie jest prawda.
EN
An aim of considerations is to indicate the risks connected with the unjustified extension of applicability of various models. The excessive application of quantitative methods makes an impression that everything can be counted, measures, forecast. One should count but one should also remember that not everything what is important is countable, and not everything what is countable is important. In the article, the author used results of his own surveys concerning variability and correlations of stock exchange indices, prices for the selected commodities, and exchange rates. The main conclusion issuing from the surveys is ascertainment that we often misinterpret results of research and the applied research methods. We attribute to them the properties they often lack. This is very important for the practice as more and more complicated models make an impression that we are able, while using them, to forecast the future variability of phenomena, to determine the probability of their occurrence and the risk related thereto. But this is not true.
EN
This article discusses lexical borrowings from German into Czech. It is a continuation of our previous paper dealing with German-Czech language contact in Central Europe (Zeman, 2021). Due to the longstanding coexistence of the Czech and German/Austrian ethnic identities, many German/ Austrian loan-words became domesticated in Czech. A significant language contact area in Central Europe is that based on the former centre of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. From this contact area, a notable territory emerged in Vienna, particularly affected by the influence of Czech on German. Although there has been a high degree of ethnic mixing at various stages in history, there was never any real harm done to the essence of either of the two languages. A fascinating aspect is the parallel changes in pronunciation in both languages, for example, in vowel sounds and diphthongs. Today it is generally accepted that, to make these sound changes, both languages had to develop similar internal expectations and that these developed in parallel. The objective is to offer a brief description of morphological adaptation of German loan words in the south Moravian variety. The paper concludes that the morphological structures of diminution in the east Moravian variety are more differentiated than those of German.
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2015
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vol. 62
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issue 13. Muzykologia
47-68
EN
This article is dedicated to research on the religious folk songs of the district of Postavy. The territory chosen for this research has the same borders as the district of Postavy, defined by the Catholic Church authorities. The main sources of the research are primarily catholic communities. The main aim of the given research was to preserve and to document the oral versions of catholic folk religious songs. This article is an empirical observation based on conducting interviews with the local people of these areas. The information received in this way together with the recorded phonic material constitutes the source of material for analysis, the material mentioned in this article is taken from some of the parishes. Most interesting examples of songs have been chosen to analyze. It was also interesting to find songs that can be called contrafactum or disambiguation. Differences have been noticed between the records made during the interviews in the district of Postavy and the hymn book versions by means of comparing melody, metro-rhythmics and form. The research on the religious folk songs of the district of Postavy helps to get the idea of the present state of the catholic music culture in the given region and contributes to the study of one of the features of folk music in the Catholic Church tradition which is called variability.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest poświęcony badaniom nad ludowym śpiewem religijnym na Postawszczyźnie. Badany obszar pokrywa się z granicami samodzielnej jednostki administracyjno-terytorialnego podziału Kościoła katolickiego – dekanatem postawskim. Główny nurt badań obejmuje przede wszystkim społeczności katolickie. Celem tych badań było utrwalenie i udokumentowanie ludowych przekazów katolickich śpiewów religijnych, które przetrwały w tradycji ustnej. Niniejsze opracowanie ma głównie charakter empiryczny. Uzyskane w trakcie badań terenowych informacje wraz z zarejestrowanym materiałem muzycznym stanowią źródłowy materiał badawczy, a przedstawione w artykule informacje dotyczą jedynie wybranych parafii. Z ogółu zebranego materiału do analizy zostały wybrane najbardziej interesujące przykłady, które można zweryfikować z istniejącą już wersją. Za interesujące uznano również śpiewy będące kontrafakturami lub kontaminacjami. Zwrócono uwagę na różnice między wariantami śpiewów nagranych podczas badań terenowych na Postawszczyźnie a ich wersjami śpiewnikowymi – poprzez wyodrębnienie melodyki, metrorytmiki oraz formy. Uzyskane w taki sposób dane pozwalają uchwycić ogólny stan katolickiej kultury muzycznej badanego regionu oraz przyczyniają się do zgłębienia wiedzy na temat jednej z cech muzyki ludowej w tradycji kościelnej, jaką jest wariabilność.
EN
This article is devoted to the analysis of the suffixes variability of the Russian verb on the example of prefixed imperfective verbs. The empirical material was based on the Russian National Corpus. The use of the corpus analysis method made it possible to distinguish all prefixed verbs with variable suffixes: -ыва-/-ива- and а-/-я- (e.g. замеривать – замерять, заготавливать – заготовлять). The results of the study showed that the formation of verbs with suffixes variability determine many problems of the modern Russian language – from phonetics (e.g. взре́зать – взреза́ть – взре́зывать), and lexical semantics, to stylistic and aspectual semantics.
RU
Настоящая статья посвящена анализу суффиксальной вариатив- ности русского глагола на примере приставочных глаголов несовершенного вида. Эмпирическим материалом послужили данные Национального корпуса русского языка (сегодня наиболее представительного текстового источника). Использование метода корпусного анализа позволило выделить все приставоч- ные глаголы с вариативными суффиксами: -ыва-/-ива- и а-/-я- (напр. замеривать – замерять, заготавливать – заготовлять). Результаты исследования показали, что образование глаголов, обладающих суффиксальной вариативностью, затра- гивает многие проблемы современного русского языка – от фонетики (напр. взре́зать – взреза́ть – взре́зывать), лексической семантики, до стилистической окраски слова и аспектуальной семантики.
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