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EN
An insult is one of the cases of verbal aggression and undoubtedly it is an everyday life phenomenon. Insulting is a display of direct aggression which arises from anger and aims at the effect on the recipient’s mind. The act of abuse on the other hand, is conditioned by multiple factors. Its success depends, for example, on the knowledge of culture to which the recipient of an insult belongs. Despite the fact that an insult is a cultural phenomenon, i.e. dependent on a particular culture, the mechanism of abuse itself is identical in the entire world. Generally, it is possible to determine a list of universal human disabilities which are subject to insults as well as a universal list of topic areas of insulting expressions.
EN
This paper provides a review of selected research on verbal aggression and aggressive forms of humor that can be observed in educational settings. These include acts of verbal aggression committed in school and college classrooms by both students and teachers. This review focuses on the interpersonal model of verbal aggressiveness (Infante, Wigley, 1986), which is rarely used in psychology, as well as the typology of humor styles, with emphasis on the aggressive style of humor (Martin, Puhlik-Doris, Larsen, Gray, Weir, 2003). Another aim of this paper is to show that disparaging, hostile, and aggressive forms of humor can be considered a significant subtype of verbally aggressive behaviors and should be recognized as such in future studies concerning these behaviors (especially bullying). The final part of this paper provides several practical implications of the review, as well as suggestions for future research.
EN
The paper discusses verbal aggressiveness and (im)politeness in media and online communication. The analysis focuses on transcriptions of communicative acts by participants of the TV reality Spread! ("Prostřeno!", a Czech version of the programme Come Dine with me) and viewers' comments in related online discussions. The analysis indicated that the use of face-threatening acts was determined by a type of communicative interaction and interlocutors' social roles. Striving to construct a positive self-image, the participants in the show did not take the risk of losing their face due to usage of derogatory or vulgar expressions in face-to-face inter- actions. The anonymous online discussions, on the contrary, did not pose any risk for the positive faces of the speakers; therefore, the interlocutors showed clear tendency to either appreciate and support, or attack the contestants as well as other speakers. 
EN
The study represents a contribution to the current debate on linguistic expressivity and expressive meaning in the light of emotion studies and verbal aggression research. The emotions closely related to verbal aggression (anger, fear, frustration, lust and desire) and their social display rules are discussed on the basis of current emotions theories. The connection between linguistic expressiveness and emotions is shown by means of exemplary positions: Bühler’s and (post)Bühler’s view of the functions of language, speech act theory and new formal semantic approaches.
EN
Verbal aggression and insults constitute an increasingly important topic of contemporary linguistic analysis. The aim of this article is to present a simple analysis of linguistic insults in the framework of the force dynamics theory as presented by Talmy [1988]. The force-dynamic theory describes different relations of physical, psychological, social, intertextual causation by means of interaction between two entities of force (Agonist and Antagonist). Selected categories of insults are analyzed by means of force-dynamic models. These categories include successful insults, unsuccessful insults, redirected insults, intensifying insults, and insults chains. I intend to demonstrate that the theory of force dynamics is a viable candidate for providing a convincing framework for the analysis of linguistic insults. The article concludes with some suggestions concerning the future research into the field of verbal aggression in connection with the theory of force dynamics.
EN
The article analyzes the reasons for the occurrence of verbal aggression in preschool-age children. The causes of origin and the main mechanisms of its manifestation are revealed. It is established that children easily pass from verbal aggression to physical aggression. It was found out that most children most often manifest direct and indirect verbal aggression, which can arise both as a mechanism of self-defense and as a manifestation of fear or anxiety in cases when the child sees a real or imagined danger. Being aggressive, the child seeks to protect himself.
PL
W artykule przeprowadzono analizę przyczyn agresji werbalnej u dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym, wskazano także mechanizmy jej głównych przejawów. Ustalono, że dzieci łatwo przechodzą od agresji słownej do fizycznej. Stwierdzono, że większość dzieci najczęściej manifestuje bezpośrednią i pośrednią agresję słowną, która z jednej strony może występować jako mechanizm samoobrony, a z drugiej jako przejaw strachu lub niepokoju w tych przypadkach, gdy dziecko widzi prawdziwe lub wyimaginowane niebezpieczeństwo. Będąc agresywnym, dziecko stara się chronić siebie.
RU
В статье анализируется природа вербальной агрессии у детей дошкольного возраста, выявлены причины и механизмы ее основных проявлений. Установлено, что дети могут легко перейти от агрессии вербальной к физической агрессии. Было обнаружено, что у большинства детей чаще всего наблюдается прямая и косвенная вербальная агрессия, которая может выступать в качестве механизма самозащиты и как проявление страха или тревоги в тех случаях, когда ребенок видит реальную или мнимую опасность. Будучи агрессивным, ребенок пытается защитить себя.
Bohemistyka
|
2020
|
issue 4
503-530
EN
The author analyses two specific communicative events within the political discourse in the current work. The analysis involves a dialogue between two politicians who meet face to face in a TV studio and the subsequent communication taking place on the Internet after the dialogue was made public. The utilization of offensive communicative strategies is a typical feature in political media communication where a communicating party attacks the communication counterpart with the intention of challenging his/her positive face and emphasizing his/her negative character traits in front of potential voters, while at the same time emphasizing his/her own positive values. For this reason, the author analyses the individual strategies employed by politicians with this intention in a particular communicative event. The work provides an entire chapter dealing with strategies used by participants in an Internet discussion. In this case, the communication takes place among speakers who do not know each other, so the aim of the work is to investigate whether attacks against one’s face take place even in this kind of communication, and if so, what personality traits of the communicants are attacked.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań na temat występowania dyrektywnych aktów mowy w hejcie internetowym. Podstawę materiałową stanowią komentarze znajdujące się pod artykułami zamieszczanymi w jednym z serwisów plotkarskich, w którym publikowane są treści dotyczące życia celebrytów i ludzi ze sfery show biznesu. Przeprowadzona analiza pokazuje, że zachowaniem hejterów nie kieruje jedynie potrzeba wyładowania agresji poprzez deprecjonowanie i obrażanie, ale także chęć wpłynięcia na postawy i zachowania innych ludzi. W tym celu stosują oni strategie, które odpowiadają dyrektywnym aktom żądania, rady, zalecenia, pouczenia, instruowania i grożenia.
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyse the directive speech acts appearing in the phenomenon of hate on the Internet. The research was based on the texts of comments that have been added to the articles published on the webpage dedicated to the stories about celebrities and businessmen. The analysis has shown that it is not only the aggression that makes haters behave in such way but their desire to change other people’s opinions as well. In order to do that various directive speech acts are used among which the advice, the instruction, the admonishment and the threat can be recognized.
EN
The article is based on the science communication project “Verbal Aggression in the Action Field School: Causes, Forms, Violence Prevention” (FWF), which the author realized at 12 schools in Vienna with several classes (a total of 27 classes, pupils 11-17 years old) from 14.3.2018 to 13.9.2019 and on the experience she has gained as a «science ambassador» from the Austrian institution for the cooperation between science and school «Young Science» during the past five years as a result of meetings with Viennese schoolchildren. The activities mentioned provided impulses for this contribution, in which aspects of verbal aggression and verbal violence are presented that can be included in the Language-/German lessons.
11
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Sprache und Corona

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EN
This article is devoted to the socially relevant and highly current topic of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on language, as exemplified by German. The empirical basis is provided by news reports in German, especially from Austrian mass media. We explore the new vocabulary (including pejoratives) as well as the role of language in the crisis period, especially with regard to its expressive and emotive functions. In this context, we propose that verbal aggression, alongside its destructive functions (insulting, offending, humiliating), also fulfills a spectrum of positive functions. We present functions that the use of aggressive speech increasingly fulfills in this time of crisis, as well as new conflict situations and new target groups. The presence of emotive-expressive lexis became visible in COVID-19 discourse from the first days of the COVID-19 pandemic, because beyond the need to identify a new state of affairs, language activates its expressive and creative potential in times of crisis. This paper surveys the role of emotive-expressive lexis and verbal aggression in the new everyday life under Covid. The empirical material has been analyzed using the following methodological approaches: lexical- semantic, descriptive, and contextual analyses. The main goal of the paper is to explore the role of language in dealing with the pandemic and in shaping the new corona-related reality. Other goals and research tasks accompany this main objective: – Recording of corona neologisms, their functions and word formation models; – Exploring the role and functions of verbal aggression and emotive-expressive lexis in the pandemic period; – Exploring creative linguistic potentials (occasionalisms (nonce words), phraseologisms, parallel formations, puns) and verbalization of uncertainty or anxiety using humor.
Język Polski
|
2017
|
vol. 97
|
issue 1
118-126
PL
W tytule artykułu umieszczono dwa wyrazy z zakresu agresji werbalnej: unikatowy (w świetle zachowanych materiałów) datowany na XV wiek czasownik „hejstać” oraz cieszące się dużą popularnością współczesne „hejtować” zapożyczone z języka angielskiego. Autorki doprecyzowują ich znaczenie, docierają do ich wspólnego praindoeuropejskiego rdzenia i sytuują je pod kątem motywacji semantycznej na tle innych wyrazów z tego zakresu.
EN
The title of the article contains two words in the field of verbal aggression: the Old Polish verb “hejstać” – unique in the light of preserved materials, dating back to the fifteenth century – and the contemporary Polish verb “hejtować” – a very popular borrowing from English. The authors clarify their meanings, refer to their etymology and identify their common origin from *hatjan. Finally, authors compare them with other words in this field, based on their semantic motivation.
EN
The study presents results of research conducted by means of the BPAQ and Cyber-Bullying Tolerance questionnaires on a sample of 788 elementary school pupils of the 8th and 9th grades. It shows an increase in verbal aggression, hostility and anger in the pupils. In terms of gender, the increase was confirmed in verbal aggression in boys and physical aggression in girls. Tolerance to cyber-bullying as a form of aggressive behaviour increases with the development of science and technology and the increase in pupils´ aggressive behaviour. Knowledge of manifestations and causes of pupils´ aggressive behaviour is the basis for the educational work of teachers and other professionals.
EN
This paper provides a review of selected research on verbal aggression and aggressive forms of humor that can be observed in educational settings. These include acts of verbal aggression committed in school and college classrooms by both students and teachers. This review focuses on the interpersonal model of verbal aggressiveness (Infante, Wigley, 1986), which is rarely used in psychology, as well as the typology of humor styles, with emphasis on the aggressive style of humor (Martin, Puhlik-Doris, Larsen, Gray, Weir, 2003). Another aim of this paper is to show that disparaging, hostile, and aggressive forms of humor can be considered a significant subtype of verbally aggressive behaviors and should be recognized as such in future studies concerning these behaviors (especially bullying). The final part of this paper provides several practical implications of the review, as well as suggestions for future research.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano przegląd wybranych badań nad agresją werbalną i agresywnymi formami humoru obserwowanymi w środowiskach wychowawczych i edukacyjnych. Badania te uwzględniają akty agresji słownej dokonywane w klasie szkolnej i na uniwersytecie, zarówno przez uczniów, jak i nauczycieli. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono rzadko wykorzystywanemu w psychologii interpersonalnemu modelowi agresywności werbalnej (Infante, Wigley, 1986), a także typologii stylów humoru, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem agresywnego poczucia humoru (Martin, Puhlik-Doris, Larsen, Gray, Weir, 2003). Artykuł ma także na celu wykazanie, że zjawiska humoru dyskredytującego, wrogiego oraz agresywnego stylu poczucia humoru stanowią uzupełnienie szerokiego repertuaru zachowań uznawanych za werbalnie agresywne i powinny być uwzględniane w badaniach nad agresją o charakterze werbalnym, zwłaszcza w kontekście takich zjawisk jak bullying. W zakończeniu podjęto próbę określenia praktycznych implikacji wynikających z zaprezentowanego przeglądu, jak również wskazania możliwych kierunków dalszych badań w tym zakresie.
Onomastica
|
2021
|
vol. 65
|
issue 2
165-177
EN
Names in official circulation appear in an officially approved form and may not be freely changed. In informal communication they sometimes undergo certain transformations, which affects their communicative value. The paper analyses one type of name transformations in Internet communication, namely the creation of unofficial forms of women’s surnames using selected dialect maritonymic suffixes. The analysis was limited to the names of women participating in political life. The names of women politicians formed according to dialect patterns of maritonymic formation in Internet communication function as expressivisms that can perform various functions, the most important of which are the evaluative, persuasive, ludic and identifying ones.
PL
Nazwiska w oficjalnym obiegu występują w urzędowo zatwierdzonej formie i nie mogą być dowolnie zmieniane. W komunikacji potocznej niekiedy podlegają pewnym przeobrażeniom, co ma wpływ na ich wartość komunikacyjną. W artykule zanalizowano jeden typ przekształceń nazwisk w komunikacji internetowej, a mianowicie tworzenie nieoficjalnych form nazwisk kobiet z wykorzystaniem wybranych gwarowych sufiksów marytonimicznych. Rozważania zostały ograniczone do grupy nazwisk kobiet uczestniczących w życiu politycznym. Nazwiska kobiet polityków ukształtowane według gwarowych schematów tworzenia formacji marytonimicznych w komunikacji internetowej funkcjonują jako ekspresywizmy, które mogą pełnić różne funkcje, z których najważniejsze to funkcja wartościująca, perswazyjna, ludyczna i identyfikująca.
EN
In Ukrainian society football fans environment is usually perceived in a negative way — first of all due to its characteristic verbal aggression and rude behavior at the stadiums and beyond them. In Ukraine, like in all the other European countries, movements of football fans have never been aside events in the country, declared aggressive attitude towards fan movements which professed left views. Change of verbal aggression and traditionally hostile attitude towards rival fan groups happened in fans environment in 2013–2014, when in Ukraine Revolution of Dignity took place and fans were the first to defend its values. February 13, 2014 Manifesto of football fans was publicized which bears witness to transformation of traditional rhetoric of fans. Provisions of the Manifesto under the name of “A fan to another fan is like a brother and a friend from Luhansk to the Carpathians” which say about establishing of an open-ended truce among Ukrainian football ultras still hold. The aim of the article is to present change of verbal and non-verbal behaviour of Ukrainian football fans during social and political events in Ukraine in 2013–2016 and to give the examples of texts from the discourse of football fans which have become commonly recognized mottos and songs during Maidan and Russian aggression in Ukraine during 2014–2016.
EN
In Ukrainian society football fans environment is usually perceived in a negative way — first of all due to its characteristic verbal aggression and rude behavior at the stadiums and beyond them. In Ukraine, like in all the other European countries, movements of football fans have never been aside from politics: they always emphasized their national identity, actively reacted to social and political events in the country, declared aggressive attitude towards fan movements which professed left views. Change of verbal aggression and traditionally hostile attitude towards rival fan groups happened in fans environment in 2013–2014, when in Ukraine Revolution of Dignity took place and fans were the first to defend its values. February 13, 2014 Manifesto of football fans was publicized which bears witness to transformation of traditional rhetoric of fans. Provisions of the Manifesto under the name of “A fan to another fan is like a brother and a friend from Luhansk to the Carpathians” which say about establishing of an open-ended truce among Ukrainian football ultras still hold. The aim of the article is to present change of verbal and non-verbal behaviour of Ukrainian football fans during social and political events in Ukraine in 2013–2016 and to give the examples of texts from the discourse of football fans which have become commonly recognized mottos and songs during Maidan and Russian aggression in Ukraine during 2014–2016.
UK
В українському суспільстві середовище футбольних фанатів сприймають здебільшого негативно — як соціальну спільноту, якій притаманна словесна агресія та брутальна поведінка на стадіонах і поза ними. В Україні, як і в інших європейських країнах, рух футбольних фанатів ніколи не дистанціювався від політики: фанати завжди підкреслювали свою національну належність, активно відгукувалися на суспільно-політичні події в країні, демонстрували негативне ставлення до фанатських груп, які сповідують ліві погляди. Зміна словесної агресії та традиційно ворожої поведінки стосовно фанатів команд-суперниць відбулася в середовищі футбольних ультрас на зламі 2013–2014 років, коли в Україні відбулася Революція гідності. Фанати були першими, хто виступив на захист її вартостей. 13 лютого 2014 року з’явився маніфест футбольних ультрас, у якому помітна зміна їхньої традиційної риторики. Засади маніфесту, який має назву: «Від Луганська до Карпат фанат фанату — друг і брат», проголошували безстрокове перемир’я, що залишається непорушним дотепер. Метою статті є представлення трансформації вербальної та невербальної поведінки українських футбольних фанатів під час суспільно-політичних подій в Україні у 2013–2016 роках і розгляд текстів, які творять дискурс фанатів футболу, — текстів, які стали загальновживаними гаслами та піснями під час Майдану та російської агресії у 2014–2016 роках.
EN
A review of: Stalyanova, Nadezhda. Speech in Modern Bulgarian Society. Sofia: Paradigma, 2020, 154 pp. ISBN 978-954-326-413-1 [In Bulgarian: Сталянова, Надежда. Речта в съвременното българско общество. София: Парадигма, 2020, 154 с.].
PL
Nowe badanie współczesnej mowy bułgarskiejRecenzja książki: Сталянова, Надежда. Речта в съвременното българско общество. Sofia: Paradigma, 2020, 154 str.
Język Polski
|
2016
|
vol. 96
|
issue 3
58-67
PL
Autor artykułu zajął się pochodzeniem w polszczyźnie charakterystycznej grupy leksemów ekspresywnych związanych z wsią i gwarą. Wszystkie odznaczają się silnym negatywnym nacechowaniem emocjonalnym; wyrażają pogardę, lekceważenie, politowanie i tym podobne uczucia. Znaczenia tego nie miały w gwarze (np. gbur, kmiot/kmieć, bamber, wieśniak, dziewka), podobnie jak ekspresywne formacje z sufiksami: -ol, -ok, -orz. Dziś natomiast, służąc językowej agresji, należą do słownictwa znieważającego i deprecjonującego człowieka. Autor stawia tezę, że takiej zmianie sprzyja gwarowe brzmienie słów i sufiksów słowotwórczych, wzmocnione negatywnymi konotacjami wsi i wiejskości. Nie jest to, jak dowodzi autor, zjawisko w języku polskim nowe. Jest ono wynikiem wielu wieków społecznego i ekonomicznego upośledzenia wsi i chłopstwa oraz funkcjonowania w związku z tym wielu negatywnych stereotypów tego środowiska.
EN
The article investigates the provenance of a distinctive group of Polish expressive lexemes connected with the countryside and its vernacular. All of them are featured by emotionally marked words expressing i.e. contempt, disregard, pity. This negative meanings did not use to exist within the vernacular, i.e. gbur ('kern'), kmiot/kmieć ('yokel'), bamber ('homesteader'), wieśniak ('yahoo'/'redneck'), dziewka ('wench' – transformed in Polish into 'bitch'); similarly – some expressive units with suffixes: -ol, -ok, -orz. Contemporarily, by contrast, they serve as a means of linguistic aggression, being used to insult and depreciate recipients. According to the author, such change may be incentivised by rural tone of these words and derivational suffixes, and intensified with negative connotations of the countryside. As proven in the article, this phenomenon is not new in the Polish language. It is the result of many centuries of deprivation of the Polish countryside and its peasantry and, thereby, the existence of multifold negative stereotypes about this social environment.
EN
The article presents the results of research on the way of communication in the culture of poverty, which are included in the statements of extremely poor people, which characterize everyday interactions with others. The analyzed communication processes are limited to interactions within the family. The main sources of the analysis presented in this article are the works of O. Lewis, which constitute the theoretical basis for the concept of the culture of poverty proposed by the author, as well as Diaries of the Unemployed, the publication of which in the 1930s and 2003-2006 was a response to the written diary competitions. The aim of this article is to show similar methods of interaction and communication that are characterized by social isolation in the culture of poverty. It is manifested by abandoning communication and choosing silence strategies in relations with others. One of the issues of the article is the description of discourse, making attempts to communicate with those who present an advantage over the weaker people who are in the position of subjection.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań nad sposobem komunikacji w kulturze ubóstwa, które są zawarte w wypowiedziach ludzi skrajnie ubogich, charakteryzujących codzienne interakcje z innymi. Analizowane procesy komunikowania ograniczone są do interakcji w ramach rodziny. Głównymi źródłami analizy prezentowanej w tym artykule są prace O. Lewisa, które stanowią podstawę teoretyczną dotyczącą koncepcji kultury ubóstwa zaproponowaną przez autora, a także Pamiętniki bezrobotnych, których opublikowanie w latach 30.  XX wieku oraz 2003-2006 było odpowiedzią na rozpisane konkursy pamiętnikarskie. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ukazanie podobnych sposobów interakcyjnych i komunikacyjnych, które w kulturze ubóstwa charakteryzują się wyizolowaniem społecznym. Przejawem tego jest zaniechanie komunikacji, obranie w relacjach z innymi strategii milczenia. Jednym z zagadnień artykułu jest charakterystyka dyskursu, podejmowania prób porozumiewania z tymi, którzy prezentują przewagę wobec osób słabszych, będących w pozycji podporządkowania.
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