The presumption of constitutionality is a common point of reference in the case law of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal. Although this concept is not directly expressed in the text of the Polish Constitution of 1997, the Tribunal emphasizes its constitutional anchoring. The analysis of the Tribunal’s case law enables us to identify the subject of the presumption of constitutionality, as well as the moment of its acquisition and invalidation. In its decisions the Tribunal presents the opinion on the gradation of the presumption of constitutionality, as well as the close relations between the presumption of constitutionality and the interpretation of law in accordance with the constitution. Treating the presumption of constitutionality as a starting point in exercising the judicial review raises a question to what extent the Tribunal itself is bound by this presumption. The analysis of the Tribunal’s case law leads to the conclusion that this concept has the key role in the argumentation applied in the process of judicial review.
Summary The objective of the paper was to compare the nutritional behaviour and knowledge about food and nutrition of first-year and third-year personal trainer students of Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Branch in Biała Podlaska Material and methods The research covered 27 students beginning and 29 students finishing their university education. The method applied in the study was a diagnostic poll with selected questions from the KomPAN questionnaire. Diet quality was assessed by calculating the pro-Healthy-Diet-Index and the non-Healthy-Diet-Index. The authors also evaluated the researched students’ knowledge about food and nutrition. Results The researched students, regardless of the stage of their studies, were usually characterized by low intensity of both pro-health and anti-health nutritional behaviour. The majority of them demonstrated a sufficient level of knowledge. Conclusions There is a need for further educational activities aimed at the improvement of academic youth’s nutritional behaviour.
PL
Streszczenie Celem pracy było porównanie zachowań żywieniowych i wiedzy na temat żywności i żywienia studentów pierwszego i trzeciego roku kierunku trener personalny Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego Józefa Piłsudskiego w Warszawie. Materiał i metody Badaniami objęto 27 studentów rozpoczynających i 29 studentów kończących studia. Jakość diety oceniono obliczając „indeks prozdrowotnej diety” oraz „indeks niezdrowej diety” z wykorzystaniem ankiety KomPAN. Oceniono także wiedzę badanych studentów na temat żywności i żywienia. Wyniki Badani studenci, niezależnie od etapu studiów, charakteryzowali się najczęściej małym nasileniem zarówno prozdrowotnych, jak i antyzdrowotnych zachowań żywieniowych. Większość badanych studentów charakteryzowało się dostatecznym poziomem wiedzy na temat żywności i żywienia. Wnioski Istnieje potrzeba dalszego podejmowania działań edukacyjnych służących do poprawy zachowań żywieniowych młodzieży akademickiej.
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