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PL
Human sensitivity to changes happening in the course of time and the theme of youth and old age is apparent throughout the ages in various cultures. In literature and visual arts of all cultures young protagonists are universally favoured, as may be well perceived in the arts connected with the court, where the motif of youth is invariably sought after and acquires the dominant status. At that stage even the presen-tations of old people are realised in such a context. Medieval literature contains both the record of regret after lost youth and the awareness of the experience gained in the course of life. It addresses the question of the relationship of old age and love and of the changing relationship with people at various stages of human life in the context of the varying perception of youth and old age.
PL
The concepts of truth and falsehood, as well as those of reality and fiction, are universally considered to be opposites, although in the case of literature, or, more broadly speaking, culture this may not be so self-evident. The question of truth and falsehood/reality and fiction is, in the case of Hildegard of Bingen, a complex and multilayered phenomenon. Hildegard's perception is deeply root-ed in the mentality of her times and, while it refers to the established reservoir of the contemporaneous literary practices, it is also to a significant degree pointing towards new perspectives. The result is that Hildegard's works reflect a very unique interrelation of the oppositions of truth to falsehood and reality to fiction.
EN
The genre of the medieval written biography is an understudied area of research, although a broader understanding of the concept of biographical fiction makes it possible to identify biographical features in a large proportion of late antique and mediaeval writings. The article presents a literary and cultural comparative analysis of biographical narratives about selected married couples (Dobrawa and Mieszko I, Emnilda and Bolesław Chrobry, Rycheza of Lorraine and Mieszko II) in the chronicles of Thietmar of Merseburg and mediaeval Polish chronicle works. The author seeks to answer the question of the existence of (non-)parallel biographical narratives and possible reasons for it.
EN
Mysticism inevitably seeks to express that which is essentially inexpressible and to conceive what is essentially inconceivable (which, incidentally, is one and the same verb in German), to make the object of attention what is essentially elusive and intangible. The article attempts to explain how the inexpressible is conveyed through images and metaphors of nature in “Liber Vitae Meritorum”, a work which is a part of Hildegard’s so-called visionary trilogy. The focal points are presentations of animals connected with the tradition of presenting virtues and vices serving as an instrument of literary analysis.
PL
Die Mystik versucht das Unsagbare zu sagen, das Undenkbare zu denken, das Ungegenständliche zum Objekt zu machen. Im Beitrag wird ein Versuch unternommen, zu analysieren, wie in „Liber Vitae Meritorum“ – einem Werk der sogenannten Visionstrilogie der Hildegard von Bingen – das Unsagbare mit Hilfe von Bildern der Natur und Naturmetaphern formuliert wurde. Insbesondere geraten dabei Tierdarstellungen, die in der Tradition der Tugenden und Laster zur Darstellung gelangen, als Deutungsinstrument des literarischen Textes in den Blick.
EN
The literary work Rolandslied, written at the end of the 12th century by Pfaffe Konrad, most probably at the behest of Henry the Lion, is a transformation of the history known from the French literary work Chanson de Roland, written three quarters of a century earlier. It is an interesting example of adjusting French patterns to the expectations of recipients at German courts. In the epilogue he added, Konrad takes up the topic of the relationship between his version and the French one. This article carries out the comparative analysis, in the line with the trend of the humanities of affects, is an attempt to answer many research questions. Why in Konrad’s work the opposition of attitudes is depicted precisely with the help of fear, and can the source for such an approach be found in earlier models? What explains the important role of fear in the key scene of this literary work? What literary strategies are developed according the theme of fear? What are the sources of these strategies?
FR
Écrite à la fin du XIIe siècle par Pfaffe Konrad, très probablement à la demande d’Henri le Lion, l’oeuvre Rolandslied est une transformation de l’histoire connue sous le nom de Chanson de Roland, composée trois quarts de siècle plus tôt. C’est un exemple intéressant d’adaptation des modèles français aux attentes des destinataires des cours allemandes. Konrad aborde le thème de la relation entre la version française et la sienne dans l’épilogue ajouté par lui-même. L’analyse comparative menée dans l’article, conforme aux nouvelles approches historiques sur les affects, tente de répondre à un certain nombre de questions. Pourquoi dans le poème épique de Konrad l’opposition des attitudes est-elle décrite précisément à l’aide de la peur. La source d’une telle approche peut-elle être trouvée dans des modèles antérieurs ? Qu’est-ce qui justifie le rôle si important de la peur dans la scène-clé de cette épopée ? Quelles sont les stratégies littéraires développées sur le thème de la peur ? Quelles sont enfin les sources de ces stratégies ?
EN
It may be accepted as a premise that medieval epics present the lives of legendary heroes against the context of epochal events. Against such a background two specific medieval works Nibelungenlied and Kudrun may be perceived as mutual contradictions. While Nibelungenlied is dominated by the theme of revenge, in Kudrun, apart from the classic elements of the heroic epic, there appear also elements of reconciliation, and it is women characters who, on numerous occasions, advocate abstention form violence. Whereas Nibelungenlied ends in tragic revenge, Kudrun ends in political pacts based on marriages. What unites both epics is that the motif of wooing serves to reveal the imperfections of the male perception of heroic greatness.
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