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Nowe światy literackie: literaturoznawstwo współczesne a nauki ścisłe

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Oramus D.
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce
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2021
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issue 70
139-168
EN
Since 1959, when C.P. Snow delivered his seminal lecture The Two Cultures on the lack of understanding between scholars working in the humanities and their colleagues from science departments, the gap between the two groups has been one of the most notorious clichés of contemporary Western culture. The aim of this article is to show that this seemingly insurmountable abyss between sciences and the humanities that was brought to the forefront during the mid-20th century is slowly receding into history. Literature studies today is heavily indebted to modern science. Biology (especially evolutionary biology), physics (especially quantum physics), and ecology (especially the Anthropocene studies) are among the most important subjects scholars of literature have to take into account. In order to prove this point I shortly describe literary genres which introduce modern science to the readers: science fiction, cyberpunk, solarpunk, lablit, quantum fiction, and cli-fi. I also refer to the newly-emerged schools of criticism-science fiction studies, ecocriticism and evocriticism-to show how scholars discuss these texts within the framework of the humanities. Additionally, I give a sample discussion of one of the cli-fi’s classics, J.G. Ballard’s The Drowned World and also shortly discuss two science fiction novels concerned with the civilisational conflict between science and humanities: Stanislaw Lem’s His Master’s Voice and Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake.
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The Maps of Inner Space: J. G. Ballard’s “The Reptile Enclosure” in the Light of R. D. Laing’s The Politics of Experience

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Oramus D.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
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2020
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vol. 68
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issue 11
211-224
EN
In 1962, J. G. Ballard wrote his artistic manifesto “Which Way to Inner Space,” in which he claims that ambitious science fiction should abandon repetitive space stories and investigate the inner space of the human mind. Two years later, in 1964, his short story “The Reptile Enclosure” was published. While the story appears to focus on the launch of a new satellite, it is really a profound study of “inner space,” the timeless mindscape of contemporary humans inherited from the distant past as it depicts instincts and unconscious urges dating back to the early period of Cro-Magnon. My aim in this paper is to read “The Reptile Enclosure” in the light of Ballard’s manifesto and in the context of R. D. Laing’s long paper “The Politics of Experience.” Both Ballard and Laing attempt to explain the intricacies of human behaviour by referring to our evolutionary past, a physical and social milieu that no longer exists but which they believe to be preserved in our latent collective memory.
PL
Mapy kosmosu wewnętrznego. Opowiadanie J. G. Ballarda „The Reptile Enclosure” w świetle traktatu R. D. Lainga Polityka doświadczenia W roku 1962 J. G. Ballard opublikował manifest artystyczny „Which Way to Inner Space?”, w którym postulował, by twórcy ambitnej science fiction odeszli od powtarzalnych historii o galaktycznych przygodach, a zajęli się kosmosem wewnętrznym człowieka. Dwa lata później pisarz opublikował opowiadanie „The Reptile Enclosure” („Wybieg dla gadów”, nie tłumaczone na polski), które, choć pozornie poświęcone umieszczeniu na orbicie nowego satelity, stanowi dogłębne studium kosmosu wewnętrznego – bezczasowej przestrzeni pradawnych instynktów Człowieka z Cro-Magnon, odziedziczonej przez współczesnych ludzi. Artykuł interpretuje „The Reptile Enclosure” w kontekście tez Ballarda wyrażonych w manifeście oraz traktatu R. D. Lainga Polityka doświadczenia. Zarówno Ballard, jak i Laing starają się wytłumaczyć niezrozumiałe z pozoru ludzkie odruchy, odwołując się do przeszłości ewolucyjnej rasy ludzkiej, fizycznego i społecznego środowiska, które już nie istnieje, ale które – ich zdaniem – wciąż nosimy w pamięci genetycznej.
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Darwinowskie paradygmaty : kultura popularna w poszukiwaniu teorii wszystkiego

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Oramus D.
Kultura i Społeczeństwo
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2011
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vol. 55
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issue 2-3
229-243
EN
The article attempts to prove that Darwinism in popular culture plays a role of a theory of everything. Bestselling authors of popular science such as Edward O. Wilson, Richard Dawkins and Bill Bryson have acquainted general public with the theory of evolution, and its newest facet — the Modern Synthesis. Darwinian paradigms, as defined by Thomas Kuhn, are also used in popular books on cosmology, sociobiology, psychology, and religious studies. Moreover, the Darwinian grand narrative of evolutional history shapes the way in which contemporary mass culture presents the history of our planet in numerous educational TV series. Last but not least, Charles Darwin himself has recently become a popular icon and the story of his life is remade in a growing number of fiction and non-fiction books and movies.
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Prophesying the End of Human Time: Eco-Anxiety and Regress in J. G. Ballard’s Short Fiction

100%
Oramus D.
Text Matters: A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture
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2022
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issue 12
157-171
EN
Despite being written half a century before the term “eco-anxiety” (Gifford and Gifford) was coined, J. G. Ballard’s disaster fictions can be read in the context of the social psychodynamics of climate change. My aim in this article is to demonstrate that in J. G. Ballard’s fiction, climate catastrophes and the devastation of nature cause the characters to realize that the Earth is not going to be able to sustain human life much longer, and their psychological reaction is either subdued anger or strange numbness. In order to do this, I analyze two short stories by Ballard: “Deep End” (1961) and “Low-Flying Aircraft” (1975) and show how their protagonists are affected by the landscape they inhabit: de-populated wastelands whose wildlife is extinct or mutated. I argue that it is their awareness that human civilization on earth is coming to its end that results in the state of mind akin to eco-anxiety. The characters are immersed in their own inner space and in these stories clocks mark not the passage from past to future but a countdown to the end.
5
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“A Mobility of Illusory Forms Immobilized in Space.” James Joyce and the Pre-Einsteinian Universe

100%
Oramus D.
Studia Litteraria Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis
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2023
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vol. 18
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issue Special issue
55-66
PL
„A mobility of illusory forms immobilized in space.” James Joyce and the Pre-Einsteinian Universe odczytuje Ulissesa Jamesa Joyce’a jako pełne ironii pożegnanie newtonowskiej wizji Wszechświata. Artykuł rekonstruuje i przeciwstawia sobie nawzajem wyobrażenia kosmosu, jakimi – mniej lub bardziej świadomie – posługują się bohaterowie Joyce’a. Zarówno Stephen, jak i Bloom odczuwają potrzebę konceptualizacji Wszechświata, chcieliby wyobrazić sobie czas i przestrzeń oraz pojąć, jakie miejsce zajmuje w nich rasa ludzka. Na dwa odmienne sposoby Stephen „artysta” i Bloom „naukowiec” wizualizują Ziemię wśród gwiazd i dywagują na temat istoty czasu. Newtonowska wizja Wszechświata, którą wyznaje Bloom, okazuje się zawodna. Stephen również posługuje się fizyką newtonowską, ale dzięki „artystycznemu” temperamentowi dodaje element twórczy do swych dywagacji na temat czasu i przestrzeni.
EN
In “A mobility of illusory forms immobilized in space.” James Joyce and the Pre-Einsteinian Universe James Joyce’s Ulysses is discussed as an ironic farewell to the pre-Einsteinian worldview. This paper aims at examining the “world picture” Joyce is sketching by reconstructing and juxtaposing the models of the Universe that his characters, Stephen and Bloom imagine. Joyce’s protagonists need to conceptualize the Universe; they crave to be able to mentally grasp every facet of external reality and the human place in it. The two protagonists in two diverse ways ‒ the “scientific” and the “artistic” ‒ visualize the earth among the stars and try to understand the nature of time. The pre-Einsteinian “scientific” way of Bloom fails him. Stephen is also accustomed to pre-Einsteinian physics but thanks to his “artistic” temperament he is able to add to his divagations an element of creative speculation.
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