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EN
This article is an attempt to interpret Niaux prehistoric sites (where rites and rock paintings were discovered) and La Vache (the place where the prehistoric people were camped) in the Pyrenees as “sites of memory” and “landscape of memory”. The article attempts to answer the question of whether cave positions that are the subject of the work can be interpreted and defined as “sites of memory” from a modern point of view, and whether the cave in Niaux could be a kind of “site of memory” for the prehistoric population. Additionally, whether the area within which these two caves are located can be considered as part of the “landscape of memory”.
EN
In this article, the author takes a closer look at the finds of sea shell ornaments in the early Middle Ages, based on artefacts discovered at two sites (Nos. 2 and 4) in Kruszwica. The four pendants in question come from settlement levels dating from the 11th to the 12th centuries. A malacological analysis suggests that the ornaments reached Kruszwica from the Mediterranean area (Acanthocardia tuberculata and Bolinus brandaris), and probably the Red Sea (Monetaria moneta), and from southern Poland (Turritella sp). These objects had been in use for a long time, as evidenced by the microtraces and damage visible on their surface. During the early medieval period, among the various species of shells that were ‘imports’, money cowrie shell ornaments with the most ‘exotic’ origins were the most common in Europe. It is highly probable that during this period of time, they were used in the exchange/trade and their value as a female symbol object and an amulet. Most likely, the shell pendants reached Kruszwica via trade routes that have been previously documented, alongside other artifacts. These ornaments provide additional evidence of long-distance trade.
PL
The article discusses the issue of stoneware in the time of the Grzybowo stronghold’s operations. Special emphasis has been placed on imports and contacts between the stronghold’s communities and various distant areas, ruled by the Piast dynasty and others.
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