The activities of the Polish submarines during the September campaign is the subject of histo-rians’ researches practically since its completion. Reviewing the accumulated material, one can see that it contains, in the vast majority, of the detailed descriptions of the facts or events (reportage convention), and to a lesser extent, we are dealing with the trials of their fusion, rarely the evaluation of the accumulated material is done from the commanding and stuff point of view. Just the lack of such a "reflection" was the inspiration to take up the topic of this article. The article discusses the process for preparing the squadron to war, based on the avail-able documents, including not widely known "secret ballot envelope", which survived on ORP Wilk , which could be used to do planning work and made their assessment. Considered alternative possibilities for the solutions adopted and attempted to answer the question, why the only variant adopted was the defensive one. It illustrates, in a synthetic way, combat of the ships after the outbreak of the war after the cessation of hostilities on the coast. It also shows seldom raised in writing, and important in the planning of the operational activities of the ships, the problem of the knowledge of the Stockholm Declaration. Considerations have been enriched by the designed graphic material. The evaluation of plans of usage submarines squadron in the September campaign closes the considerations and shows their subsequent implementation at the operational and tactical level. The final proposal, although evaluates negatively the process of planning the use of submarines, indicates the high professionalism of their commanders and crews that were the main reasons for not scuttling them by the op-ponent naval forces.
The article is an attempt to answer the question whether the observed since 2005 "renaissance" of piracy in the Somali region and the Gulf of Aden (in general, we can speak of the eastern part of the Indian Ocean), is in a position to threaten the international chains of supplies in their global dimension. The conducted analysis of lines of maritime transport compared with the number of pirate attacks and their consequences on the individual sea areas helped to establish that, answering the main question raised in the tide of the article, we can certainly say that it does not.
The article presents the history of and the general characteristics of the manual of Rules of Engagement Handbook issued by the International Institute of Humanitarian Law (IIHL) in San Remo in November 2009 and characterizes its individual six main parts and three multipart addenda. The advantage of the manual is its simple and clear structure, and thus, quite easy to use with its content. The main idea of the manual was to facilitate the planning principles of ROE in multinational and combined operations, and although it is not in force in the NATO, this is the basis for substantive training on ROE in the IIHL. The content of the manual also applies to changes to ROE in the conduct of naval operations, depending on the changing situation, indicates the specific elements of command, to approve and implement such changes and also take into account the specificities of the national law of each country, which should be taken into account when creating ROE. The important value is the training value of the manual, and also indication what classified planning operations documents and principles of ROE should be attached. The considerations are ended with the conclusion that today it should be expected to implement the content of the Rules of Engagement Handbook to everyday practice in the armed forces of the Polish Armed Forces, including the Navy, when drawing up the plans and orders, as well as their implementation at various levels of command. It would also be advisable to take care of the preparation of an appropriate number of legal experts in the field of the application of ROE. The paper presents essential actions of the Russian Black Sea Fleet during the Russian-Georgian armed conflict in August 2008. The main problems include the theatre of hostilities and the political-military surroundings, the differences between the military potentials and also “naval blockade”. One of the most interesting aspects of the conflict is propaganda activities of both parties about the “battle” which has never happened as well as presenting actual work of Russian forces that caused the Georgian Navy to lose most of its units. The paper is closed by applications regarding the subjects of international law of armed conflicts and political-strategic implications arising after the end of the military action.
The paper presents essential actions of the Russian Black Sea Fleet during the Russian-Georgian armed conflict in August 2008. The main problems include the theatre of hostilities and the political-military surroundings, the differences between the military potentials and also “naval blockade”. One of the most interesting aspects of the conflict is propaganda activities of both parties about the “battle” which has never happened as well as presenting actual work of Russian forces that caused the Georgian Navy to lose most of its units. The paper is closed by applications regarding the subjects of international law of armed conflicts and political-strategic implications arising after the end of the military action.
Popular missions exist in the Church's activities for almost 500 years. Introduced by the Council of Trent they are a phenomenon of dynamic renewal of pastoral life. Over the centuries, from the very beginning as they had appeared, they became a worldwide one of the features of renewal of faith in the Catholic Church. Also, in the current era of new evangelization, traditional missions are an indispensable means of periodic renewal of Christian life (CT 47). In this article they are shown the directions of renewal of popular missions in the spirit of the new evangelization. Renewed missions like ages ago so now serve the ordinary pastoral care. They help in the realization of the pastoral initiatives of the universal Church, both at national and local levels.
PL
Misje ludowe istnieją w działalności Kościoła od niemal 500 lat. Wprowadzone przez Sobór Trydencki są fenomenem dynamicznego odnowienia życia duszpasterskiego. Przez wieki, od samego początku jak się pojawiły, stały się na całym świecie jedną z cech odnowy wiary w Kościele katolickim. Również w obecnej dobie nowej ewangelizacji misje ludowe stanowią niezastąpiony środek okresowej odnowy życia chrześcijańskiego (CT 47). W artykule ukazane są kierunki odnowy misji ludowych w duchu nowej ewangelizacji. Odnowione misje, tak jak przed wiekami, tak i teraz służą duszpasterstwu zwyczajnemu. Są pomocą w realizacji inicjatyw duszpasterskich Kościoła powszechnego, zarówno na poziomie narodowym, jak i lokalnym.
Since the Second Vatican Council, the awareness of the challenges to evangelization that the Church is facing has been growing stronger. Beginning with the Third Latin American Episcopal Council (CELAM) in Puebla in 1979, the call to seek new forms and methods for evangelization in a rapidly changing reality started to be called "new evangelization". Thanks to St. John Paul II, this term has permanently stayed in the consciousness of the universal Church. The pontificate of Pope Francis supports Latin America in continuing its inspirational role in "new evangelization". According to the authors, an interesting pastoral initiative of new evangelization is the Integral System of New Evangelization (SINE - Sistema Integral de la Nueva Evangelización), initiated in Mexico and successfully implemented in many regions of the world, where it has become an official pastoral program for numerous dioceses and parishes. Recognizing the situation of the Church in Poland and the evangelical anxiety of many priests, this system is an interesting solution which – if creatively developed - can transform a traditionally run parish into a vibrant community of communities.
PL
Od czasu Soboru Watykańskiego II świadomość ewangelizacyjnych wyzwań przed jakimi stoi Kościół jest coraz mocniejsza. Przynaglenie, aby w szybko zmieniającej się rzeczywistości poszukiwać dla ewangelizacji świeżych form i metod zaczęło być określane, począwszy od III Konferencji Rady Biskupów Ameryki Łacińskiej (CELAM) w Puebla z roku 1979, jako „nowa ewangelizacja”. Dzięki św. Janowi Pawłowi II określenie to zaś na stałe zagościło w świadomości Kościoła powszechnego. Pontyfikat papieża Franciszka sprzyja, aby Ameryka Łacińska nadal kontynuowała inspirującą rolę wobec całego Kościoła w obszarze „nowej ewangelizacji”. W przekonaniu autorów artykułu godnym zainteresowania jest zainicjowany w Meksyku i z powodzeniem implementowany w wielu regionach świata, gdzie stał się oficjalnym programem duszpasterskim dla licznych diecezji i parafii - Integralny System Nowej Ewangelizacji (SINE – Sistema Integral de la Nueva Evangelización). Dostrzegając realia Kościoła w Polsce i ewangeliczy niepokój wielu duszpasterzy, System ten jest ciekawą propozycją, która – twórczo rozwinięta – może przekształcić tradycyjnie prowadzoną parafię w tętniącą życiem wspólnotę wspólnot.
Urban regeneration, which is increasingly having to include methods of adapting urban areas to escalating climate change, is one of the main challenges for the contemporary development of European cities, especially in densely built-up central areas. This multi-level process requires major financial outlays, which is why it is so important to identify the factors that ensure the effectiveness of implemented projects. This article attempts to define the meaning of the New Urbanism principle of connectivity, ensuring freedom of movement in the urban regeneration process. The conducted research has been intended to verify the hypothesis that improving connectivity is critical for the success of the processes of regenerating and improving resilience in degraded urban fabric. The research was conducted using the area regeneration of the centre of Lodz as an example, being the largest project of this type in Poland. The analyses were made by comparing the current status, based on an inventory of the existing situation, and the planned status on the basis of design documentation. The research demonstrates that increasing connectivity will improve the accessibility of properties located within municipal quarters and will help obtain more attractive public spaces. The planned activities will also help bolster climate change in the location by increasing green areas, improving the use of wasteland, and by developing a network of green infrastructure. The execution of the revitalisation project in the centre of Lodz will not only improve the quality of space, but will also increase the resilience of the intensively urbanised inner-city areas to climate change.