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EN
After 1990 in Poland new economic possibilities appeared. During last two decades the most important issue was how to build a new institutional order. Governing bodies had to face up the challenge of defining the model of agricultural cooperatives and their role in the new economic reality. The author presented changes among rural cooperatives, paying special attention to production cooperatives and producers' groups.
EN
The basic function of agricultural areas is, according to the European Charter for Rural Areas, agriculture and preservation of the natural environment based on a well-functioning agricultural sector that operates in harmony with nature. The Council Regulation (EC) 1257/1999 on support for rural development from the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee was adopted in 1999. The programmes that are currently binding in the territory of Poland were developed in accordance with the EU policy expressed in the abovementioned acts and other documents concerning development of rural areas. These included: the Rural Development Programme that focused on social and environmental aspects, as well as a part of the Sectoral Operational Programme devoted to the development of rural areas, as well as restructuring and modernization of the food sector. Based on the priorities of the Council regulation, two strategic objectives have been set: 1) Improvement of competitiveness of the agriculture and food economy, 2) Sustainable development of rural areas. Implementation of these objectives requires the support of the Common Agricultural Policy. Polish European Union membership contributed to setting its objectives and increasing the ability to subsidise economic entities, as well as develop both the food and rural areas economy.
EN
Abstract In Nigeria, several advocacies have been raised in different fora over time that agriculture is capable of reducing poverty in the country. An attempt to empirically validate the above argument has generated a policy mix in the literature. Therefore, further empirical investigation about this subject matter becomes imperative. Consequently, the study utilized the DOLS and Granger Causality Approach to address the objective of this study. However, the principal findings that emerged in this study are as follows: in the long run, there is a significant positive relationship between the employment in agriculture and poverty level, inflation rate and poverty level have a negative relationship with each other. Meanwhile, agricultural output causes a significant reduction in the poverty level. Also, one-way feedback relationship runs from agricultural output to the poverty level in the country. Based on the findings that originated in this study, this paper makes the following recommendations for the policymakers, future researchers and all the stakeholders in the agricultural sector in Nigeria that agricultural output has the capacity to reduce poverty level in the country. This implies that when poverty reduction is the target of the policymakers in the country, manipulating agricultural output will induce the reduction in poverty level in the long run. Also the government should possess political goodwill to revamp agricultural sector.
EN
After accession to the structures of the European Union process of diversification of the income situation of farms in Poland is more evident. One of the possible forms of non-agricultural economic activity for many years is agritourism and rural tourism. The article describes the possibilities of specialization by taking the agritourist farms are not very widespread forms of care farm. Quoted in the article, the various forms of care farms are part of a wider trend so-called social farming. Description of the Dutch experience, and the first attempts to create a care farm in Bory Tucholskie offers hope for real development of this form of economic activity in the country.
EN
The aim of the article is the analysis of quantitative data describing groups of agricultural producers operating under the conditions of Poland's membership in the EU. Their number was analyzed according to the creation periods, i.e. in the years 2004-2013 and 2014-2017, the type of activity broken down into plant products and animal products, paid out amounts under measure 142 - Agricultural Producers Group [measure 142] of the Rural Development Programme. The voivodship dominating the market in terms of absorption of support and the degree of market concentration were determined using the Herfindahl-Hirschman index [HHI]. In terms of region, the phenomenon of significant diversification of farmers' participation in horizontal integration processes within agri-cultural producer groups was observed. Most groups of agricultural producers were established in the Wielkopolskie voivodship, and the least in the Małopolskie voivodship, where it is the most fragmented in the country. High activity of farmers in establishing agricultural producer groups implied obtaining high amounts of support from EU funds. Farmers from the Wielkopolskie, Dolnośląskie and Opolskie voivodships achieved a dominant position on the market in the absorption of funds as part of the 142 PROW action among all voivodships in Poland. In total, they acquired nearly half of all funds [47%]. The degree of market concentration in terms of absorption of EU funds determined using the Herfindahl-Hirschman index was moderate, as it amounted to 1220. It was therefore a level that did not threaten the competition processes in applying for EU support for agricultural producer groups.
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2019
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vol. 7
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issue 2
87-106
EN
Political discourse typically focuses on public oratory comments by politicians which are meticulously prepared and framed in advance, representing their political platforms. In the international development sector, there are few opportunities for conventional political discourse. Instead development organizations reach public audiences through manicured “success stories” which detail their programmatic interventions around the world. The focus of this study is on how publicly available documentation from international development organizations subtly reinforces a historicist understanding of global difference, with material consequences for which development agendas are able to garner legitimacy. Utilizing critical discourse analysis as a methodology, I use the case of the seven publicly available “profiles of progress” of African agricultural development projects funded by a recent large private foundation. As political discourse, these re-presentations of farmers serve political aims for promoting a particular version of agricultural development. I identify two strategies by which these profiles build epistemic legitimacy: (1) “scientizing” the profiles with the inclusion of quantified metrics and (2) using the voices of smallholder farmers to “authenticate” the narratives. I demonstrate that African smallholder farmers are presented in three possible roles: farmer-as-stagnant, farmer-in-modernity, and farmer-as-businessman. These re-presentations normalize the idea of Western superiority, ultimately serving the political needs of development donors to appear as legitimate benefactors. I argue that these profiles are not benign but serve as organizational contributions to an episteme concretizing around a particular political agenda: agribusiness as the solution to 21st century food security.
XX
W artykule dokonano przeglądu metod estymacji dla małych obszarów w badaniach rolniczych w Stanach Zjednoczonych, wykorzystując książkę pod redakcją W.L. Schaible'a zatytułowaną Indirect Estimators in U.S. Federal Programs, wyd. 1996.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wybrane problemy pomiaru i wyceny przychodów w rol-nictwie. Zaprezentowano również najważniejsze elementy MSR 41 „Rolnictwo” uwzględniającego biologiczny charakter produkcji rolniczej. Przy stosowaniu tego standardu szczególną uwagę zwrócono na wycenę zapasów produktów rolniczych według wartości godziwej. Zastosowanie tej wyceny prowadzi w praktyce do uzna-nia za przychód całej nowo wytworzonej produkcji w momencie jej zbioru lub pozy-skania. Zapasy są bowiem wycenione nie według poniesionych kosztów (historycz-nych), lecz według wartości najbardziej zbliżonej do aktualnej ceny rynkowej.
XX
Celem artykułu jest weryfikacja hipotezy o nierównomiernym rozkładzie technicznego wyposażenia polskiego rolnictwa w układzie wojewódzkim. Dane wzięte do badania pochodzą z Powszechnego Spisu Rolnego przeprowadzonego w 2010 r. (PSR 2010) oraz z Głównego Urzędu Geodezji i Kartografii. Informacje przedstawione w artykule opracowano na podstawie danych zamieszczonych w publikacjach GUS. (fragment tekstu)
EN
The aim of the paper is to present the level of technical equipment of Polish agriculture in voivodship arrangement. The research was based on the data collected in Agricultural Census 2010. Multicriterial estimate of technical equipment of farms in particular voivodships was used. The normalization of diagnostic features was carried out by the zero unitarization method. Then values of synthetic variable were calculated for each voivodship. Finally, ranking of voivodships with respect to the level of the phenomenon under investigation was constructed. Voivodships were divided into three groups: of high, moderate and low level of technical equipment of farms. The group of high level of farm equipment included 7 voivodships, the group of moderate level contained 5 voivodships and the last group - of low level of farm equipment consisted of only 4 voivodships. (original abstract)
EN
Polish agriculture and rural areas are characterized by regional differentiation that is dependent on natural conditions, but increasingly also non-natural. The differences in the spatial level of agricultural development have an impact on manufacturing potential, efficiency and ability to generate income. In the analyses of regional development the potential models are used. In their case the correlation analysis is carried, which allows to explore the relationship between potential and other socio-economic phenomena. In the analysis of the region the potential is a measure of the impact of the regions in the given system. The aim of this study is to examine the regional differentiation of Polish agriculture, to extract the core and peripheral regions on the basis of the potential model. The research was conducted at the level of provinces.
PL
Polskie rolnictwo oraz obszary wiejskie charakteryzują się zróżnicowaniem regionalnym, które w dużej części uzależnione jest od warunków przyrodniczych, ale coraz częściej również pozaprzyrodniczych. Różnice w przestrzennym poziomie rozwoju rolnictwa oddziałują na potencjał wytwórczy, efektywność oraz możliwość generowania dochodów. W analizach poziomu rozwoju regionalnego stosowane są modele potencjału, w przypadku których prowadzi się analizę korelacyjną, pozwalającą na zbadanie zależności między potencjałem, a innymi zjawiskami społeczno-gospodarczymi. W analizie regionu potencjał to miara oddziaływania regionów wchodzących w skład danego systemu. Celem artykułu jest zbadanie regionalnego zróżnicowania polskiego rolnictwa w oparciu o koncepcję rdzeń-peryferie. Jako metodę badawczą wykorzystuje się iloraz potencjału ludności i potencjału dochodu. Badania zostały przeprowadzone na poziomie województw. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań wyodrębniono region rdzeniowy polskiego rolnictwa – województwo podlaskie.
EN
On the basis of interviews with persons managing Polish agricultural companies it was found out that, in spite of the fact that risk is often taken into account in the agricultural activity, no risk management methods are used in agricultural projects (i.e. projects realized by agricultural companies). Thus in the paper a proposal is presented of using in agricultural project risk management a system based on fuzzy decision trees, put forward earlier by the authors for Polish self government units. In the paper the main traits of the system as well as selected steps of an experiment of the system application conducted in one of Polish agricultural companies are described.
EN
The essence of the concept of sustainable development is to ensure sustained improvement in quality of life for present and future generations by the balance between the development of the economic, human and natural capital. This concept is even more important in relation to agriculture and rural areas, due to their direct impact on the natural environment. Principles of sustainable development are implemented in the countries belonging to the European Union, including Poland, where it was adopted strategy of sustainable rural development, agriculture and fisheries for the years 2012-2020.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ocena zmian struktury ekonomicznej rolnictwa w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej o podobnej strukturze asortymentowej produkcji rolnej w warunkach integracji z UE. Wyboru krajów dokonano na podstawie analizy skupień. Ponadto do wyznaczenia stopnia zróżnicowania struktury ekonomicznej i oceny jej zmian w czasie wykorzystano metody statystycznej analizy strukturalnej. Badanie przeprowadzono dla okresu 2005-2013 na podstawie danych EUROSTAT. Przeprowadzone badania wskazują na znaczne zróżnicowanie poziomu rozwoju struktury ekonomicznej między krajami oraz na pozytywny kierunek zmian. Wzrasta bowiem udział gospodarstw silnych ekonomicznie, zdolnych do rozwoju, przy czym przekształcenia zachodzą intensywniej w krajach, w których struktura ekonomiczna jest mniej korzystna.
EN
The aim of the article was to evaluate changes in economic structure of farms in selected EU countries with similar structure of production in terms of integration. Selection of the countries was based on cluster analysis. To indicate the level of differentiation of economic structure of farms and to evaluate the changes in this structure the structural analysis methods were used. The research was conducted within the years 2005-2013. EUROSTAT data were used. The research results indicates a significant differences in the level of development of the economic structure of farms between the countries and a positive direction of the changes. The share of economically strong, capable to develop farms is rising and the changes in the economic structure of farms occur more rapidly in the countries, where the structure is less favorable.
EN
In Poland, there are many species of game animals. These animals are causing damage to crops. This article aims to propose a compulsory insurance of agricultural crops from damage caused by game. The article describes the size of the occurrence and the damage liquidation procedures.
EN
This paper introduces the agricultural interest structures of Germans in Austrian Silesia in the latter half of the 19th century as an element of modernisation of the countryside which significantly contributed to its economic, class and political emancipation, from the point of view of their gradual organisational construction and the principles of peasant association. It can be surmised that the milieu of agricultural associations, which were connected with other agricultural-economic structures in terms of their membership and interest, had the potential to advance the ideological elements of the nascent German agrarian movement at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The paper focuses on the key agricultural non-political associations along with their developmental trends which created this base in the region of Austrian Silesia. The author primarily relies on printed sources, because although the archive material devoted to agricultural associations in the region may seem very rich, it does not provide the necessary amount of relevant data. Given the current state of research, when the interest structures of associations are not given attention considering their role in the development of rural areas, this article seeks to enrich the professional discourse surrounding the issue.
XX
Dane Narodowego Spisu Ludności i Mieszkań oraz Powszechnego Spisu Rolnego z 2002 roku zanalizowano pod kątem: źródeł utrzymania gospodarstw domowych z użytkownikiem indywidualnego gospodarstwa rolnego; kwalifikacji osób kierujących indywidualnymi gospodarstwami rolnymi; wartości ekonomicznej tych gospodarstw wyrażonej w Europejskich Jednostkach Wielkości i kierunków ich produkcji. (abstrakt oryginalny)
EN
According to the latest National Population and Housing Census conducted in 2002, almost 1/3 inhabitants of the country and a few above 1/5 of households were connected with the agricultural holdings. In 2005, the number of private agricultural holdings and households decreased. In the period of 2002—2005, the agriculture was the main source of revenues for a little more than 1/4 households related with user of agricultural holdings. Slightly more farmers' households received their income from retirement pays and pensions. In the analyzed period, the number of households in which the main source of income was hired labour increased. There was also increase in the number of small households in which the main source of maintaining was retirement pays and pensions. In 2005, only every seventh household user obtained agriculture school education and every fifth -completed agricultural courses. The situation has worsen comparing to 2002. In the both analyzed years, households with low economic power were dominating in the Polish agriculture. Comparing year 2005 to 2002 the percent of weak households increased. This process concerned particularly small agricultural holdings. The economically weakest were households without any specialization and holdings specialized in the field crop. The strongest ones were the holdings specialized in animals' breeding with nutritive fodder use. (original abstract)
PL
Na podstawie własnego ujęcia, opierającego się na równowadze producenta jako podstawie teoretycznej, analizujemy relacje między wynagrodzeniem i wydajnością czynnika pracy. W założeniu, zgodnie z warunkami równowagi producenta, wynagrodzenie czynnika pracy powinno wynikać z jego wydajności. Wyższy poziom wynagrodzenia niż wydajności może świadczyć o nieefektywnej alokacji oraz istnieniu zewnętrznego źródła finansowania tej różnicy. Dany sektor gospodarki i działający w nim producenci korzystają wówczas w podziale wytworzonej wartości w gospodarce. Szczególną uwagę poświęcamy sektorowi rolnictwa, w przypadku którego występuje wspomniana prawidłowość. Prezentujemy przestrzenny rozkład jednostkowych kosztów pracy (ULC – Unit Labour Cost), będących stosunkiem wynagrodzenia do wydajności czynnika pracy.
EN
We use the producer's equilibrium as a theoretical background for an analysis of the relationship between the labour remuneration and its productivity. According to the assumptions concerning the producer's equilibrium the remuneration of the labour factor should result from its productivity. If the remuneration is higher than the productivity, the allocation can be considered ineffective and the residual should be financed from some other source. If such a situation occurs in a whole sector, then the producers benefit from the distribution of the value in the economy. We focus on the agricultural sector in which such a situation occurs. We present the spatial distribution of the (ULC – Unit Labour Cost) defined as a ratio of the labour remuneration to its productivity.
EN
The paper discusses the problem of measurement of revenue in agriculture. The most significant elements of the International Accounting Standard (IAS) 41 „Agri-culture” are also described. Special attention is paid to agricultural stock meas-urement at fair value. The use of this method of measurement leads to inclusion in revenue of the entire new produce at the point of harvest because inventories are not valued at historical cost but at current market price.
XX
Celem naszej pracy było opracowanie statystycznych modeli szacowania plonów żyta w przekroju "starych" województw w zależności od średnich miesięcznych wartości VCI i TCI oraz sprawdzenie dokładności szacunków dla niezależnych zbiorów danych. (fragment tekstu)
XX
Obowiązująca organizacja i metodologia badań z zakresu dochodów z pracy w gospodarstwach indywidualnych w rolnictwie jest wynikiem wdrażanego od 1994 r. (począwszy od danych za 1990 r.) systemu rachunków narodowych zgodnego z Europejskim systemem Rachunków Narodowych i Regionalnych (ESA'95). Są to tzw. dochody do dyspozycji gospodarstw indywidualnych w rolnictwie, obecnie szacowane w ujęciu "brutto" (łącznie z amortyzacją). (fragment tekstu)
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