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EN
This article is an attempt to assess the labour market policies introduced by President Alvaro Uribe in Colombia during his two terms (2002–2006 and 2006–2010). First, it presents a general situation of Colombian labor market before the acquisition of power by President Uribe. Then the author lists the key policies and instruments implemented to improve labour conditions and increase employment opportunities. The main part of the article is a critical analysis of the government’s performance in the area of labour policies with an assessment of whether the task of improving labour conditions in Colombia was accomplished.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą oceny zmian polityki rynku pracy, wprowadzonych przez prezydenta Alvaro Uribe w Kolumbii w czasie jego obu kadencji (2002–2006 i 2006–2010). Przedstawiona została ogólna sytuacja kolumbijskiego rynku pracy przed przejęciem władzy przez prezydenta Uribe. Następnie scharakteryzowano wprowadzone zmiany w polityce rynku pracy, które miały na celu poprawę warunków pracy oraz zwiększenie możliwości zatrudnienia. Główną częścią artykułu jest krytyczna analiza wyników działań podjętych przez rząd wraz z oceną, czy sprostał on zadaniu polepszenia sytuacji na rynku pracy w Kolumbii.
EN
The article analyzes Historia secreta de Costaguana [2007] by the Colombian writer Juan Gabriel Vásquez, Polish traslation by Katarzyna Okrasko [2009], with the intention of demonstrate that the multiple transtextual relations present in the novel constitute his dominant.
EN
The 1993 reform was the most important change, ordering many elements of Colombian retire­ment. Today, the Colombian pension system is characterized by parallel (pay-as-you-go and funded) schemes, which creates inefficiencies in administration because of its complexity and consequently in­creases systemic costs. Asystem that is formally defined as atwo-pillar system is actually a three-pillar solution, based on the principle of competition between the components. Linking a minimum pension with aminimum wage is asignificant source of ineffectiveness of the adopted solution. In international comparisons, there is also alack of thinking about the potential equalization of the retirement age for women and men. Changes in recent years, especially the introduction of BEPS, Colombia Mayor and family pensions, are substantiated. Still, there is alack of effective instruments in Colombia that radically increase the coverage of the pension system. In the paper the hypothesis that in a country with alarge share of the shadow economy in the creation of GDP there are difficulties in increasing participation in the pension system, was confirmed.
ES
La situación actual de los páramos y parques naturales de Colombia, se ha vuelto un tema de interés nacional, tanto a nivel económico como social y ambiental, ya que en las últimas décadas, debido al incremento de la industria minero energética en el país, el Estado ha ejecutado una serie de titulaciones en dichos territorios, a la par que, paradójicamente, se dictan y proclaman enmiendas de protección y reserva ambiental para estos. El presente artículo, pretende contextualizar la situación actual de Colombia frente a la titulación de proyectos mineros en zonas de páramos y parques naturales, lográndose esto, por medio de una revisión documental, la cual se basó en el análisis y consulta de la información a través de tres categorías investigativas: algunos aspectos de la normatividad referente a la protección de áreas de reserva natural, afectación a los parques naturales por la acción minera y afectación a los Páramos Nacionales por la acción minera. Se pudo ob¬tener como resultado, una tendencia fuerte de parte del gobierno, al otorgamiento de títulos mineros en este tipo de zonas, lo que evidencia la carencia de regulación, control, acatamiento y respeto de parte de este ante el marco normativo, el cual se encuentra poco estructurado y con gran cantidad de incoherencias y contradicciones
EN
The current situation of the moors and natural parks of Colombia, has become a matter of national interest, both economic and social and environmental level, since in recent decades, due to increased energy mining industry in the country, State has implemented a number of degrees in those territories, at par, paradoxically, they dictate and proclaim amendments environmental protection and reserves for these. This article aims to contextualize the current situation in Colombia against the degree of mining projects in areas of moorland and natural parks, this being achieved through a documentary review, which was based on the analysis and consultation of information through three research categories: some aspects of the regulations concerning the protection of natural reserve areas, natural parks affected by mining action and involvement to the National Páramos by mining action. Could be obtained as a result, a strong tendency on the part of government, the granting of mining rights in such areas, which demonstrates the lack of regulation, control, compliance and respect from this before the regulatory framework, which is loosely structured and with lots of inconsistencies and contradictions
ES
El 12 de julio de 1973 se firmó el Concordato vigente entre la Santa Sede y la República de Colombia. La Constitución de 1991 planteó la cuestión de la conformidad o no conformidad del Concordato con el nuevo texto constitucional. La Corte Constitucional en la sentencia C-027 de 5 de febrero de 1993 declaró inconstitucionales varios artículos del Concordato. En la práctica, el Concordato se sigue aplicando en la mayoría de sus artículos. La razón principal es que en los últimos años, las leyes se han vuelto totalmente compatibles con las disposiciones generales del Concordato, y también es aplicable a todas las religiones, en particular en la Ley Estatutaria de Libertad Religiosa de 1994.AbstractOn 12 July 1973 the current Concordat between the Holy See and the Republic of Colombia was signed. The 1991 Constitution raised the question of conformity or nonconformity of the Concordat with the new constitutional text. The Constitutional Court declared unconstitutional a number of articles of the Concordat in Decision C-027, 1993. In practice, the Concordat continues to be applied in most of its articles. The main reason is that in recent years, laws have been rendered wholly compatible with the general provisions of the Concordat, and also applicable to all faiths, particularly in the Religious Freedom Act of 1994.
EN
The article analyses the representation of Medellín in Fernando Vallejo’s 2013 novel Casablanca la bella in the context of Zygmunt Bauman’s liquid modernity concept and other cultural theories of the urban, which can be applied to Colombia in the context of omnipresence of violence. The analysis proves that the narrator-protagonist, disappointed with the modernity in Colombian context, is incapable of accepting the changes that the city as well as the country have suffered during his life and uses the descriptions of the urban space for social criticism. The conclusion is that the narrator-protagonist obsessively tries to re-actualize the past and persists in linking to it as he does not see any point of reference in the present nor any positive perspective for Colombia in a foreseeable future.
EN
In Colombia and Central America, the subject of terrorism – or of the acts of terror – is inevitable in all the literature that aspires to reflect the socio-political reality. In the last few years it has been given an exceptional importance. Taking as the basis various examples of the modern Colombian and Central American narrative, the article presents distinct ways in which the novels try to deal with the trauma of the recent history. The analyzed works are Los ejércitos by E. Rosero, Insensatez by H. Castellanos Moya and El material humano by R. Rey Rosa. The analysis focuses on how the tragic experiences of the common people are absorbed by the narrative, turning trauma into literature. We are particularly interested in a meta-literary reflection regarding social commitment of literature, as well as the impossibility of dealing with trauma and the relations between the esthetic and ethical values in literary representations of trauma.
EN
The paper analyses the relationship between state capacity and political violence with reference to the Colombian civil war. It disaggregates the concept of state capacity into three components: non-violent, routine violent, and extra-ordinary violent ones. Theoretically speaking, each of them may have a different effect on insecurity. The standard argument in political conflict literature proposes that violence in civil war increases with the weakness of the state. Such a claim implies that an increase in state capacity should reduce conflict-related insecurity. Econometric analyses of municipal-level data from Colombia show that this conjuncture need not be true. The paper demonstrates that the rapid increase in the extra-ordinary violent capacity of the state on the Colombian Pacific Coast nearly doubled the amount of non-state political violence in the region between 2003 and 2009.
EN
This study evaluates sustainability in the Huila Department in southern Colombia following the construction of two hydroelectric plants. This evaluation is based on the Sepúlveda (2008) sustainability analysis model, which is especially suited to Latin American rural territories. The importance of this evaluation of sustainability in the Huila region stems from the environmental crisis that, according to various regional stakeholders, has been caused by the construction of the two hydroelectric plants. The results of this investigation indicate that the sustainability of the region is at risk because of these hydroelectric projects.
EN
Infrastructural design, transport and mobility policies are strong instruments for interpreting historical urban and regional transformation processes. The paper addresses the intercausalities between both of them. To do so, it briefly sketches debates on the causalities of transport infrastructure and urbanisation and the theory of technological politics, drawing attention to the relationship between transport infrastructure and politics, and how infrastructures and their techno-political frames include means of power and authority. From there, the paper moves to the debate on the relationship between social justice and transport, showing how transport systems embody social processes and social (in)injustice. The history of agrarian extractivism in the region of Urabá in Colombia serves as a case study. The paper shows how existing transport networks of the region of Urabá have supported the expansion of agrarian extractivist industries and more specifically the production of transport (in)justice. It explores the development of the infrastructural network, transport systems and urbanisation of this region from the early 1900s onwards. Results show how the actual agrarian extractivist industries of the region are causing huge challenges related to the overlapping of transport scales, congestion and risks of accidents in urban areas, and how actual transport dynamics in the region are affecting urban development, generating a high segregation characterised by uneven distributions of public services and transport infrastructures. The paper reveals that the existing transport developments in the region of Urabá have no support for local development and are mainly thought for the efficiency of agrarian extractivist industries over local economic development. Agrarian extractivism has been a consistent factor in the economic, political and social spheres, and since colonial times the appropriation of natural resources and the dispossession of territories has been omnipresent. This paper explores the historical role of transport in agrarian extractivism, the long-term impact of the prolongation of old mechanisms, and the interrelations of the latter with current urbanisation and development. It con-cludes that infrastructural developments in this region have supported agrarian extractivist industries, first in colonial times, but also more recently, showing the deep embeddedness of the relation between mobility and urbanity in the (agrarian extractivist) development history of this region
PT
O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar as migrações forçadas a partir das dinâmicas de organiza-ção e práticas de violência do paramilitarismo na Colômbia exemplificando um estudo de caso: o massacre no povoado de Caño Jabón – Meta (1998) e o testemunho de uma sobrevivente, uma migrante que fugiu da situação de violência. Através de quem vivenciou e sobreviveu a um mas-sacre e de suas memórias, descreveremos o conflito armado colombiano. Em termos teórico-metodológicos, baseamo-nos na corrente da micro-história italiana, realizando um esforço por utilizar os objetos microhistóricos mais além da questão local, como um espaço de demonstração e lugar de experimentação para a reelaboração e reformulação de hipóteses de ordem claramente macrohistórico e global. Para tanto, partimos de um acontecimento particular, de um testemu-nho, para compreender a violência e os massacres que envolvem a história de um país e as mi-grações forçadas decorrentes dessa situação de calamidade. Em diálogo com a narrativa em pri-meira pessoa, encontram-se outras fontes que utilizamos para contar essa história: notícias de jornais sobre o massacre de Caño Jabón e os paramilitares responsáveis pelo crime, sentenças da Fiscalía General de la Nación, sentenças da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos e os tes-temunhos dos próprios paramilitares frente à justiça colombiana. Entendemos, portanto, que as dinâmicas de acumulação capitalista na Colômbia atuam de maneira particular como produtoras de uma ordem de controle social baseada no uso irrestrito da violência, provocando o desloca-mento de milhares de pessoas.
EN
The objective of this work is to present forced migrations due to the dynamics of paramilitary organization and violent practices in Colombia, exemplifying a case study: the massacre in Ca-ñoJabón - Meta village (1998) and the testimony of a survivor, a migrant who fled the violent situation. We will describe the Colombian armed conflict from the perspective of those who sur-vived the massacre and through their memories. In theoretical-methodological terms, we base ourselves in the current of Italian micro-history, making an effort to use micro-historical objects beyond the local question, as a space of demonstration and place of experimentation for the re-elaboration and reformulation of hypotheses of a clearly macro-historical and global order. To do so, we start with a particular event, a testimony, to understand the violence and the massacres that surround the history of a country and the forced migrations resulting from this situation of calamity. In dialogue with first-person narrative, we find other sources that we use to tell this story: newspaper reports on the Caño Jabón massacre and the paramilitaries responsible for the crime, judgments of the Attorney General's Office, judgments of the Inter- Human Rights and the testimony of the paramilitaries themselves before the Colombian justice system. We under-stand, therefore, that the dynamics of capitalist accumulation in Colombia act in a particular way as producers of an order of social control based on the unrestricted use of violence, causing the displacement of thousands of people.
ES
El objetivo del artículo es analizar las causas de los conflictos armados en México y Colombia. Estos dos países latinoamericanos son muy parecidos por sus altos niveles de pobreza, marginación y desempleo, además de ser gobernados en la última década por gobiernos de derecha, que basan su política exterior en la estrecha relación con Estados Unidos de América. Otros temas que los vinculan son la violencia y la inseguridad, relacionada con la militarización y el enfrentamiento del gobierno federal con los grupos paramilitares, las guerrillas y los narcotraficantes. El tejido social de ambos países está permeado por dos fenómenos: desigualdades y violencias permanentes. La comparación será de gran utilidad porque ofrece una interpretación de los hechos relacionados con el militarismo, mostrando las similitudes y diferencias entre ambos casos. Como conclusión preliminar, en Colombia se observa el lento proceso de paz con los grupos militares, mientras que en México el proceso de la confrontación cada vez es más severa con los grupos de conflicto militar.
EN
The objective of this paper is to analyze the militarization process in Mexico and Colombia. These two Latin American countries are very similar, with high levels of poverty, marginalization and unemployment; in addition, during the last decade both have been ruled by right-wing governments, which based its foreign policy on the close relationship with the United States of America. Other similarities are violence and insecurity, militarization and confrontation with the paramilitary groups, guerrillas, and drug traffickers. The social system of both countries is permeated by two phenomena: permanent inequality and violence. The comparison between Mexico and Colombia is useful because it offers an analysis of the militarization process in both countries. In Colombia, the slow progress of the peace process can be observed, while in Mexico it is the process of violent confrontation, more and more present, between military groups and the State’s forces.
ES
En este trabajo se examina cómo y por qué varios fenómenos con-temporáneos transnacionales, tales como el tráfico de drogas y la violencia, se apro-pian del lenguaje simbólico de las representaciones católicas. Se dan ejemplos de ex-presiones visuales, literarias, musicales y rituales de las regiones de Colombia, Méxi-co y los Estados Unidos, tal como se expresan en las películas ―La virgen de los sica-rios‖ de Babet Schroeder, ―Rosario Tijeras‖ de Emilio Maillé y las novelas homóni-mas, en ―María, llena eres de gracia‖ de Joshua Marston, en los narcocorridos y en el fenómeno de los santos no oficiales, tales como la Santa Muerte y Jesús Malverde.
EN
In this work I examine how and why several contemporary trans-national phenomena, such as drug traffic and violence, influence the symbolic language of Catholic representations. I use examples of visual, literary, musical, and ri-tual expressions, as seen in the films ―The Virgin of the Assasins‖ by Babet Schroed-er, ―Rosario Tijeras‖ by Emilio Maillé and the correspondent novels, in ―Mary, Full of Grace‖ by Joshua Marston, in the narcocorridos and in the phenomenon of unoffi-cial saints, such as La Santa Muerte and Jesús Malverde.
EN
As early as in 2000, Colombia was considered a highly politically unstable country in which a long-standing armed conflict between the army and various guerrilla groups and drug traffickers had been going on for a long time. These conditions hampered economic development, limited the development of industry and negatively affected consumer behaviour of inhabitants. The peace talks initiated at the beginning of the 21st century led to a gradual stabilisation of the internal situation in the country, which became an impulse for accelerating economic development and improving consumer moods. The automotive industry was one of those sectors of the economy that gained a strong development impulse. This was reflected in the increase in employment and production of new cars, which in the period 2000–2017 increased significantly. The sales of new cars grew even more dynamically which was associated with an increase in imports and a deterioration in the trade balance of this sector. The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of political stability and the associated improvement in the economic situation in Colombia on the development of the car industry driven by the growth in sales of new vehicles. Efforts were also made to determine the impact of the level of economic development and road infrastructure on the regional diversification of sales of new cars.
PL
Jeszcze w 2000 roku Kolumbia uznawana była za kraj wysoce niestabilny politycznie, w którym od dłuższego czasu trwał konflikt zbrojny między wojskiem a różnymi grupami partyzanckimi oraz handlarzami narkotyków. Utrudniało to rozwój gospodarczy, ograniczało rozwój przemysłu i negatywnie wpływało na zachowania konsumenckie ludności. Zapoczątkowane na początku XXI wieku rozmowy pokojowe doprowadziły do stopniowego ustabilizowania sytuacji wewnętrznej w kraju, co stało się impulsem do przyspieszenia rozwoju gospodarczego oraz poprawy nastrojów konsumenckich. Przemysł samochodowy był jednym z tych sektorów gospodarki, które zyskały zdecydowany impuls rozwojowy. Znalazło to swoje odzwierciedlenie we wzroście zatrudnienia oraz produkcji nowych samochodów, które w latach 2000–2017 znacząco wzrosły. Jeszcze dynamiczniej wzrosła sprzedaż nowych aut, co wiązało się ze wzrostem importu i pogorszeniem bilansu handlowego tego sektora. Głównym celem jest określenie wpływu stabilizacji politycznej i związanej z nią poprawy sytuacji gospodarczej w Kolumbii na rozwój przemysłu samochodowego napędzany wzrostem sprzedaży nowych pojazdów. Starano się również określić wpływ poziomu rozwoju gospodarczego i infrastruktury drogowej na regionalne zróżnicowanie sprzedaży nowych samochodów.
PL
Fotografie przyrody w Kolumbii około 1900 roku były w dużej mierze pierwszymi zdjęciami, na których uwieczniano poszczególne regiony kraju i ich mieszkańców. Dlatego mimo trudności w interpretacji i traktowaniu ich jako dokumenty pozwalają zrozumieć sposoby patrzenia i analizowania, hierarchizacji i warunkowania przedstawianych krajobrazów. Opierając się na rozległych badaniach w różnych archiwach publicznych i prywatnych, przedstawiono powiązania między krajobrazem, naturą a fotografią w Kolumbii. Poprzez analizę semiologiczną ukazano, w jaki sposób natura, niewidzialny i pozbawiony czasowości element, poprzez fotografię odnalazł swój sens i własną tożsamość stylistyczną.
EN
Photographs of nature in Colombia around 1900 were to a large extent the first images that were taken of regions and populations. Therefore, despite the difficulty of being interpreted as documents, they allow us to understand ways of looking and analyzing, positioning and conditioning the landscapes represented. Based on intensive research in various public and private archives, is presented an analysis of the connections between landscape, nature and photography in Colombia. Through a semiological analysis, I seek to understand the way in which nature, an invisible element devoid of temporality, found its meaning and its own stylistic identity through photography.
PL
Przesiedlenia w Kolumbii dotyczą ponad 10% ludności kraju, głównie mieszkańców obszarów wiejskich. Mimo że jest to jeden z najpoważniejszych problemów społecznych tego kraju, nie jest on znany szerszemu gronu odbiorców. Jednakże jego konsekwencje odczuwane są również w największych miastach, które przyjmują fale migrantów, a przez to rozwijają się w sposób niekontrolowany. Prowadzi to do zaburzenia funkcjonowania strefy miejskiej, wzrostu przestępczości, spadku poczucia bezpieczeństwa, wzrostu różnic społecznych i marginalizacji. Kolumbijscy artyści nawiązują do tych zjawisk, szczególnie dotyczących przesiedleń, ich podstawowych przyczyn i konsekwencji, podejmując tematy zbrojnej przemocy, starć między grupami powstańczymi, paramilitarnymi a siłami bezpieczeństwa, nielegalnego wydobycia surowców mineralnych i jego wpływu na gospodarkę. Ich prace ukazują nowe oblicze Kolumbii - mniej znane i marginalizowane. Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą analizy takich manifestacji artystycznych, według ich treści i formy, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sposobu przedstawiania przesiedleńców – ofiar konfliktu.. Prace te wykonywane były przy współudziale przesiedleńców i miały również cele terapeutyczne
EN
Forced displacement in Colombia afflicts more than 10% of its total population, and despite being one of its greatest social problems, it is a somewhat unknown condition that occurs mainly in the most remote rural populations. However, its impact can be felt in large cities because of their excessive, disorderly and continued growth, lack of public safety, and the marked social difference between the privileged and the marginalized. Contemporary Colombian artists research, track and reflect on internal displacement, its consequences and main causes: the armed violence of the various insurgent groups as well as their confrontations with public security forces, the illegal exploitation of natural resources and its impact on the economy of the affected areas. Their works show us new realities of the marginalized and little-known country, focusing on the terms of constant movement and housing afflicting the displaced. This paper proposes a revision to these artistic manifestations according to some categories here established, from its poetic nature and the way the artists approach the issue of displacement, to works carried out with the victims and that in this interaction, make art a resilience mechanism for the victims of the armed conflict in Colombia.
PL
Artykuł bada, w jaki sposób zaangażowanie ludności lokalnej może przysłużyć się powstrzymywaniu lub rozwiązywaniu aktualnie trwających konfliktów. Autorka rozpatruje metody, dzięki którym mieszkańcy skutecznie tworzą spójne i pokojowo współżyjące społeczeństwo, analizując porównawczo trzy przykłady – Somalilandu, wyspy Idjwi w wschodnim Kongo oraz wiejskich społeczności w Kolumbii. Badania nad lokalnym zaangażowaniem mogą uzupełnić aktualne strategie budowania i utrzymywania pokoju wprowadzane przez organizacje międzynarodowe, które bardzo często pomijają ten aspekt, a w efekcie nie zapewniają długotrwałego pokoju.
EN
The article discusses how local engagement can contribute to preventing or ceasing ongoing conflicts. By the comparative analysis of three case studies – Somaliland, the Idjwi island in eastern Congo and Colombia, the author examines what methods do the local inhabitants use in order to successfully maintain peace and build a coherent society. The research on a bottom-up approach may supplement the strategies implemented by the international organisations of peace-building or peace-keeping missions, which usually neglect the engagement of local society and thus do not ensure sustainable peace.
EN
The article focuses on the issues of forced displacement of people from regions with high growth potential. The search for valuable mineral resources and available land for future commercial crops (such as soybeans) make the peripheral regions in developing countries, mostly inhabited by the farming population, including indigenous tribes (e.g. Indian) interesting object for the activities of criminal groups and guerillas supported by big global investors who intend to expand their business here. The obstacles are inhabitants of these lands, who do not have the right tools and the political force to defend themselves against aggression and displacement them forcibly from villages they inhabit. This phenomenon is analyzed here on the example of the department of Chocó in Colombia, which is rich in valuable raw materials (such as gold and platinum) and has a vast sparsely populated areas suitable for the introduction of export crops (such as palm oil, soybeans and others).
PL
Artykuł porusza kwestie przymusowych przesiedleń ludności z regionów o dużym potencjale rozwojowym. Poszukiwanie cennych surowców mineralnych oraz wolnych ziem pod przyszłe uprawy komercyjne (m.in. soi) sprawiają, że regiony peryferyjne w krajach rozwijających się, zamieszkane głównie przez ludność rolniczą, w tym plemiona tubylcze (np. Indian), stają się obiektem działań grup przestępczych wspieranych przez wielkich inwestorów globalnych, którzy zamierzają rozwijać tu swoją działalność. Na przeszkodzie stoją mieszkańcy tych ziem, którzy nie mają odpowiednich narzędzi i siły politycznej na to, żeby się bronić przed agresją i wypędzaniem ich pod przymusem z wiosek, które zamieszkują. Omawiane zjawisko analizowane jest tu na przykładzie departamentu Chocó w Kolumbii, który bogaty jest w cenne surowce (m.in. złoto i platynę) i posiada rozległe tereny słabo zaludnione, odpowiednie do wprowadzenia upraw eksportowych (m.in. palmy oleistej, soi).
EN
This study analyses the events in Bogotá, Colombia, in April 9, 1948, aÝer the assassination of the popular liberal political leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán. It is based on testimonies and memories of persons present in the Colombian capital on that day. It also pays attention to relationship between Liberal and Conservative Parties and their decision about the future direction of the country. Two centres of power were created in Bogota on that day. First of them was the Central Clinic, where the liberal representatives met to agree on the next steps to be taken against the Conservative government. Presidential Palace, in contrast, became the center of the Conservative Party and then the place of negotiations between the Liberals and the Conservative government. The study further analyzes the confused situation in the streets of Bogotá on that fateful day
CS
Studie analyzuje situaci v kolumbijské Bogotě poté, co zde došlo 9. dubna 1948 k zavraždění populárního liberálního politika Jorgeho Eliécera Gaitána. Činí tak na základě výpovědí a vzpomínek obyvatel hlavního města, přičemž si všímá nervozity, jež byla patrná mezi liberály a konzervativci ohledně dalšího politického směřování země. V tento den se postupně vytvořila dvě centra moci, kde se jednalo o dalším osudu Kolumbie. Prvním z nich byla Ústřední klinika, v níž Gaitán zemřel a kde se setkali liberální představitelé, aby se dohodli na dalším postupu. Prezidentský palác se naopak stal centrem Konzervativní strany a posléze i místem vyjednávání mezi liberály a konzervativní vládou o dalším postupu. Studie dále analyzuje situaci v ulicích města, kde docházelo k násilnostem a rabování.
EN
SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is a comparative analysis of the migration policies applied by selected countries during the Covid-19 pandemic. RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem is the response of the given national authorities to the covid-19 pandemic, and the implementation of migration policies in Germany, the United States, Saudi Arabia and Colombia during the health crisis. We attempted to assess the efforts carried out by the authorities in the comparative perspective. We analysed policies directed not only at the reception of foreigners or the possible closure of borders, but also at the potential adaptation of immigrants and their access to health services in the host countries. EDUCTION PROCESS: The first part of the paper presents the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the global migration flows. This is followed by an analysis of migration policies implemented during the Covid-19 pandemic in selected countries. RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH ANALYSIS: The analysis showed significant differences between the countries studied: whilst the United States and Saudi Arabia adopted a restrictive strategy, the Federal Republic of Germany was guided by pragmatism, while Colombia embraced a surprisingly liberal course. The results obtained helped to identify the ways in which host countries responded to the crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic and to assess the effectiveness of the strategies implemented. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS: The Colombian model, despite its relatively generous and liberal approach to immigrants, has proven to be the least effective due to the institutional weakness of the country, especially in terms of the quality of the health care system. It should also be noted that the Covid-19 pandemic is still pending, and the new refugee crisis in Europe triggered by the Russian aggression against Ukraine is creating new challenges in this regard.
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CEL NAUKOWY: Celem artykułu jest analiza polityk migracyjnych zastosowanych przez wybrane państwa w okresie pandemii COVID-19 w perspektywie porównawczej. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Problemem badawczym jest odpowiedź poszczególnych rządów na wybuch pandemii COVID-19 i wdrożenie polityk migracyjnych w Niemczech, Stanach Zjednoczonych, Arabii Saudyjskiej i Kolumbii w trakcie kryzysu zdrowotnego. Podjęto próbę oceny starań władz państwowych w ujęciu porównawczym. Przeanalizowano działania skierowane nie tylko na recepcję cudzoziemców czy ewentualne zamknięcie granic, ale także na potencjalną adaptację imigrantów i ich dostęp do służby zdrowia w krajach przyjmujących. PROCES WYWODU: W pierwszej części rozważań przedstawiono wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na globalne przepływy migracyjne. Następnie dokonano analizy polityk migracyjnych realizowanych w okresie pandemii COVID-19 w wybranych krajach. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Analiza wykazała znaczące różnice między badanymi krajami – podczas gdy Stany Zjednoczone i Arabia Saudyjska przyjęły strategię restrykcyjną, Republika Federalna Niemiec kierowała się pragmatyzmem, Kolumbia zaś przyjęła zaskakująco liberalny kurs. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na określenie sposobów reagowania państw przyjmujących imigrantów na kryzys wywołany pandemią COVID-19 oraz ocenę efektywności przyjętych strategii. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Model kolumbijski, mimo stosunkowo hojnego i liberalnego podejścia do imigrantów, okazał się najmniej efektywny z uwagi na słabość instytucjonalną tego państwa, szczególnie w zakresie jakości systemu opieki zdrowotnej. Należy również pamiętać, że pandemia COVID-19 trwa nadal, a nowy kryzys uchodźczy w Europie wywołany agresją rosyjską na Ukrainę tworzy nowe wyzwania w tym zakresie.
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