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EN
The main aim of this article is to investigate the methodology of Bernhard Pünjer’s theology in relationship to Johann Zöllner’s astronomy. These two scholars lived in the 19th century, in which several kinds of science spectacularly developed. How did Pünjer react to the growth of science, for instance to Zöllner’s idea of astronomy? The paper presents Pünjer’s position as contrasted with Zöllner’s main point of view.
EN
The article "From the angel to the man. About Hans Erich Nossack’s and Karl Japsers’s cognitive structure of the I” relates the problem of forming of the human nature. The protagonists of Nossack’s works experience their angels when the deepest part of man’s I sets free as result of the friction between the internal and external world. It is revealed as an impalpable glittering that strikes with the vision of the existence of a higher level - a glittering whose tension is produced by an absorbing contact with death, with art or with another individual. The angels by Nossack keep silence over what the angels by Jaspers talk about. They deny that the man coming into the world is ready-made and summon him to look for the sense of the existence through the incessant (re)constructing of himself. Owing to that they give the direction to the existence and constitute themselves as the most exacting and ownest idea. A dare devil who tries to robe it with the matter annihilates himself. He dies by condemning his angel to the extermination in that consequence because in the empiric reality filled brim-full there is neither a place for doubling the matter of one being nor a place for living without the idea that completes the life with the spirit.
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Wrocławski manifest neokantowski Jacoba Freudenthala

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EN
The initial part of the article focuses on the presentation of Jacob Freudenthal, his scientific activity and scientific achievements. The central point of the article is the analysis of the solemn speech that Jacob Freudenthal gave in front of the academic community of Wrocław on the hundredth anniversary of Immanuel Kant’s death. This speech — but also his didactic activity popularizing Kantian thought — was important because it gave rise to the relatively late Neo-Kantianism of Wrocław which was developed more extensively — after Freudenthal’s death — thanks to Richard Honigswald. Neo-Kantianism opposed the prevailing Kantian idealism and experimental psychology at the University of Wrocław.
EN
From the article we learn how timely and significant are the deliberations, especially on the freedom of human will, of one of the most prominent living German philosophers R. Spaemann. He presents his attitude in the dispute with the representatives of modern materialistic determinism, brain scientists and neurophilosophers. For these intelectuals our decisive acts are nothing more than states of the brain. These acts may come to life by the power of neural processes, not by the power of reasons (motives) initiated by us, as Spaemann convincingly shows. From the main and largest part of the article we learn why thedeterministic vision is not acceptable. Now it leads itself to absurd because of contradictions and mistakes in its assumptions (petitio principii, regressus ad infinitum) and (openly declared) proclaimed dogmatism. Moreover, it is contrary to experience, facts, practice of life, commonly accepted opinions on freedom. The famous Dennett’s experiment, which was supposed to give an argument against the classic thesis on our free will, in reality did not showany connection with our decisive acts.
EN
Dieter Henrich is one of the philosophers since the 1950s who conceived an independent philosophical approach. Applying the term “school” to the philosophers from Heidelberg is justified by the fact that several generations have been involved in the continuation of the group’s work since 1970. In the meantime, another generation has established itself, which calls itself the New Heidelbergs, whose members have been continuing and innovating what is called “Dieter Henrich’s original insight.” In this article, first, Henrich’s insight is characterized in a way which justifies the use of the term Heidelberg School. Second, a treatment of Henrich’s research programme at the beginning of the 1970s would be too one-sided. Third, it is argued that the epistemological interest in dealing with this school is not of a historical nature. Finally, an outlook on the progress of Henrich’s enduring insight is given. Without the “continuation by innovation” of the school and “Henrich’s original insight,” the research programme of the New Heidelbergs cannot be adequately grasped.
EN
Deliberations of German utilitarians about the personal sameness are based on the Anglo-Saxon concept. Views John Locke until today are performing the important part in the forming of contemporary German bioethics. This philosopher as one of the most important representatives of the British empiricism kept dissertations about the mind of the man. He proved that the personal identity wasn't dependent on financial substance, but only the criterion of the continuity and the cohesion of the memory that is the self-awareness is deciding on the humanity. Currently discussions about the status of the person are very popular. Kipke Roland, Dieter Birnbacher, Norbert Hurster, Helga Kuse and Klaus Steigleder are backing the concept up J. Locke and humanities agree with the statement that fixing one's attention on biological properties of a human being cannot to be an indisputable foundation. In this article I present not only the thought of German utilitarians, but also pay attention to the views that have been borrowed from the Anglo-Saxon philosophers. In conclusion, the present implications for learning arising from such understanding of humanity.
EN
The author of the article focuses on introducing and interpreting the dispute over Slavic philosophy that took place in the 1840s in Slovak magazines (between J.M. Hurban, C. Zoch and P.Kellner-Hostinský). This dispute is an important testimony of the era, it concerned the fundamental issues of the time: the identity of Slovak culture, its philosophical background, its place and role in the Slavic world, its attitude to tradition. The author of the article focused primarily on two aspects of the “slovanská veda” project: the relation to German philosophy and the key cognitive category “viďeňja.” The author also points to the role that this dispute played in shaping the model of Slovak culture. Since the Slovak Romantic literary discourse has recently been enriched by many new revisions, the author also briefly refers, sometimes polemically, to the latest research.
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EN
The article briefly presents the meaning of “original sin” in the models of anthropogenesis (and the genesis of culture) in the historiosophical writings of German philosophers, such as Kant, Schiller, Schelling and others. The analysis focuses on the normative character of proposed hypotheses (as answers to questions concerning the source of evil, the origin of humanity and culture). It is also possible (although in a very limited scope) to trace a certain interpretative tendency to change the strictly model and normative use of the assumption of “original sin” into a description of the supposed real primitive state of human kind.
PL
W artykule w skrócie ukazane zostaje znaczenie „grzechu pierworodnego” w modelach antropogenezy (oraz genezy kultury) w historiozoficznych pismach niemieckich filozofów (I. Kant, F. Schiller, F. W. J. Schelling i inni). Analizy koncentrują się na normatywnym charakterze stawianych hipotez (w odpowiedzi na pytanie o źródło zła, o początek człowieczeństwa, o początek kultury). Możliwe jest również, chociaż w bardzo ograniczonym zakresie, ukazanie pewnej tendencji interpretacyjnej, która ze ściśle modelowego i norm atywnego użycia założenia „grzechu pierworodnego” przechodzi do opisu domniemanego realnego stanu początkowego.
PL
W artykule rozpatruję kluczowe elementy koncepcji człowieka przedstawionej w dziele Człowiek. Jego natura i stanowisko w świecie Arnolda Gehlena. Analizuję próbę ujęcia człowieka jako całości oraz definicję ludzkości jako gatunku „naznaczonego brakiem”, który musi kompensować swe „prymitywne” cechy poprzez działanie. Pokrótce przedstawiam pytania i trudności, z którymi zmagać może się czytelnik poznający model człowieka Gehlena oraz wypracowaną i głoszoną przez niego wizję antropologii filozoficznej, jej zadań oraz metodologii.
EN
I examine the key elements of Arnold Gehlen’s concept of human being as it is presented in his book Man, His Nature and Place in the World. I analyze his attempt to interpret the human as a whole and to define humanity as a species which is “lacking” and whose acts must compensate for its “primitive” traits. I briefly present selected questions and difficulties that might be posed by the contemporary reader upon learning about Gehlen’s understanding of the human being and his vision of philosophical anthropology, its aims and methodology.
EN
I examine the key elements of Arnold Gehlen’s concept of human being as it is presented in his book Man, His Nature and Place in the World. I analyze his attempt to interpret the human as a whole and to define humanity as a species which is “lacking” and whose acts must compensate for its “primitive” traits. I briefly present selected questions and difficulties that might be posed by the contemporary reader upon learning about Gehlen’s understanding of the human being and his vision of philosophical anthropology, its aims and methodology.
PL
W artykule rozpatruję kluczowe elementy koncepcji człowieka przedstawionej w dziele Człowiek. Jego natura i stanowisko w świecie Arnolda Gehlena. Analizuję próbę ujęcia człowieka jako całości oraz definicję ludzkości jako gatunku „naznaczonego brakiem”, który musi kompensować swe „prymitywne” cechy poprzez działanie. Pokrótce przedstawiam pytania i trudności, z którymi zmagać może się czytelnik poznający model człowieka Gehlena oraz wypracowaną i głoszoną przez niego wizję antropologii filozoficznej, jej zadań oraz metodologii.
EN
The moral reinterpretation of Jesus conducted by Kant, Lessing and Feuerbach, is an interesting matter when it comes to the philosophy of religion. The abovementioned German philosophers claimed that Jesus ought to be understood only as a moral archetype and a revolutionist in morality. This concept arose on the grounds of moral religion which was one of the most interesting ideas of the Enlightenment. Thus, exploring this moral reinterpretation of Jesus is just an excuse to study the concept of moral religion. Despite the fact that this idea is no longer current, it has immense influence on the contemporary philosophy of religion. Therefore, understanding the concept of moral religion can broaden the context of the contemporary discussion.
PL
Druga połowa XVIII wieku przyniosła istotną zmianę w dziejach Żydów i ich religii – judaizmu. Nowe elity żydowskie, pod wpływem europejskich prądów oświeceniowych, zaczęły kwestionować paradygmaty żydowskiego życia religijnego i społecznego, eksponując takie wartości jak: tolerancja, równouprawnienie i wolność religijna. Dążono do obywatelskiego zrównania praw Żydów oraz odrzucenia tradycji ukształtowanej przez judaizm rabiniczny. Do głosu doszły także nurty racjonalistyczne. Tendencje te dały początek nowej kulturze żydowskiej zwanej haskalą, która w początkowej fazie znalazła swe centrum w Berlinie, a za jej prekursora i lidera uznano Mosesa Mendelssohna, wybitnego ilozofa żydowskiego doby oświecenia okresu „pre-Kantowskiego”, zwanego „żydowskim Sokratesem”. Na jego stosunek do judaizmu i kultury żydowskiej miała wpływ (1) zdobyta w młodości formacja religijna i intelektualna, (2) presja otoczenia domagającego się zmiany modelu kształcenia językowego Żydów i wewnętrzna tego potrzeba, (3) chęć dążenia do zachowania żydowskiej tożsamości religijnej przez reinterpretację tradycji za pomocą narzędzi ilozoii oświeceniowej. Autorzy artykułu opisują te trzy czynniki, charakteryzując w ten sposób początkową fazę haskali żydowskiej.
EN
The second half of the eighteenth century brought a significant change in the history of the Jews and their religion – Judaism. The new Jewish elite, influenced by European currents of the Enlightenment, began to question the paradigms of Jewish religious and social life, exposing values such as tolerance, equality and religious freedom. They sought to equate civil rights of Jews and rejection of tradition shaped by rabbinic Judaism. They came to the fore as the rationalist currents. These trends have given rise to a new culture called the Jewish Haskalah, which in the initial phase found its center in Berlin, and for its forerunner and leader was Moses Mendelssohn, the famous Jewish philosopher of the Enlightenment period “pre-Kantian” called “Jewish Socrates.” On his relationship to Judaism and Jewish culture have an impact: (1) acquired in his youth, religious formation and intellectual, (2) peer pressure, demanding a paradigm shift in education language of the Jews and the inner of this need, (3) the desire to strive to maintain a Jewish religious identity through reinterpretation tradition of using tools Enlightenment philosophy. The authors of article describe these three factors, characterizing thus the initial phase of the Jewish Haskalah.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest Mistrza Eckharta wykładni ontologicznych struktur rzeczywistości, w której to wykładni ważną rolę odgrywają pojęcia bytu, nicości, istnienia i Boskości. W artykule rozważone zostają kolejno: 1. Wykładnia bytu i nicości w prologu do łacińskiego Opus tripartitum; 2. Wykładnia istnienia i Boskości w dziełach niemieckich; 3. umiejscowienie tych rozważań w kontekście Eckhartiańskiej koncepcji abgescheidenheit. Podstawową tezą artykułu jest to, że w swojej refleksji ontologicznej Mistrz Eckhart zbliża się do myślenia o istocie rzeczywistości jako Woli, co jest wyraźną antycypacją ważnego nurtu niemieckiej filozofii.
EN
The article is devoted to Meister Eckhart’s interpretation of ontological structures of reality in which the concepts of being, nothingness, existence, and Godhead play an important role. The article discusses: 1. the interpretation of being and nothingness in the prologue to the Latin Opus tripartitum ; 2. the interpretation of existence and Godhead in German works; 3. the placement of these deliberations in the context of Eckhart’s conception of abegescheidenheit . The article’s main thesis is that in his ontological reflection, Meister Eckhart comes close to thinking about the essence of reality as Will, which is a clear anticipation of an important cur- rent in German philosophy.
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Existenciální racionalismus Karla Jasperse

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EN
Karl Jaspers received much attention in the interwar period as the founder of a new philosophy of existence that, however, was – in tandem with his psychological training, focus on “borderline situations” of human experience, and critique of philosophical systems – often misinterpreted as a form of subjectivism or irrationalism. The study presented here strives to depict the substance of Jaspers’ use of the philosophy of existence for a new reconstruction of human rationality, of the universal characteristics of humanity. Understanding these characteristics shall, in his estimation, help us to resist the degradation of human dignity in modern totalitarianism and in the global economic-technological system, in which the values of humanity, as defined by Jaspers’ philosophy, have ceased being decisive criteria. The study presents Jaspers’ anchoring of existence in the relationship to transcendence and of individuality in the communication with others, as well as his critique of monistic thinking, which in his philosophical conception does not allow for plurality.
CS
Karl Jaspers proslul v meziválečné době jako zakladatel nové filosofie existence, která však byla v kombinaci s jeho psychologickým školením, zaostřením na ,,mezní situace“ lidského prožívání a kritikou filosofických systémů často dezinterpretována jako forma subjektivismu či iracionalismu. Předložená studie se pokouší vystihnout jádro Jaspersova využití filosofie existence pro novou rekonstrukci lidské racionality, univerzálních charakteristik lidství. Jejich pochopení mělo podle Jasperse vzdorovat pokořování lidské důstojnosti v moderních totalitách a v globálním ekonomicko-technologickém provozu, pro něž hodnoty lidství, jak je definuje Jaspersova filosofie, přestaly být určujícími měřítky. Studie ukazuje Jaspersovo ukotvení existence ve vztahu k transcendenci a individuality v komunikaci s druhým a jeho kritiku monistického myšlení, které pluralitu ve smyslu jeho filosofické koncepce neumožňuje.
EN
Under a common title, the article presents two key issues as seen by the renowned German philosopher Berthold Wald. 1. Maintenance of the identity of European civilization, conditional upon a living memory of its spiritual sources: faith and reason. In this respect, the message of the philosopher of Padeborn is echoed in the thought of such eminent thinkers as Habermas, Pieper, or Ratzinger. In contrast, for Metz, critically appraised by Wald, there is only one fundamental source of the Western European civilization: Jerusalem, which symbolizes faith. 2. The question of the so-called new vision of Europe is presented, created by its contemporary makers, namely politicians. The vision entails a threat to the identity of the European civilization inits original meaning since it suggests a farewell to Christianity and endorsement of values which have an ambivalent nature. This vision is heavily marked by impaired comprehensionof reality, including the reality of man and his nature. It is associated with Kantian thought; it overlaps with the theory of constructivism, and it ultimately leads to relativism. Finally,the vision has its underpinnings in multiculturalism and secularism. From a broader perspective, the article shows the question of multiculturalism, presented by Wald in general terms,and the question of the „soul” of Europe, as understood by Pieper. Also, the article further specifies the issue of the so-called new values, introduced into European legislation, and also demonstrates that they are essentially anti-values.
PL
W niniejszym artykule, pod jednym wspólnym tytułem, naświetlono w ujęciu uznanego żyjącego filozofa niemieckiego Bertholda Walda dwie zasadnicze kwestie. 1. Zachowanie tożsamości europejskiej cywilizacji uwarunkowane żywą pamięcią o jej duchowych źródłach: wierze i rozumie. Pod tym względem z filozofem z Padeborn są w swym przesłaniu zgodni tak uznani myśliciele, jak Habermas, Pieper, Ratzinger. Natomiast według Metza, do którego krytycznie odnosi się Wald, istnieje tylko jedno podstawowe źródło kultury zachodnioeuropejskiej: Jerozolima symbolizująca wiarę. 2. Przedstawiono także zagadnienie tzw. nowej wizji Europy, wykreowanej przez współczesnych jej konstruktorów, którymi są politycy. Niesie ona ze sobą zagrożenie tożsamości europejskiej cywilizacji w jej źródłowym znaczeniu, skoro oznacza pożegnanie się z chrześcijaństwem i aprobatę dla wartości o ambiwalentnym charakterze. Wizja ta ujawnia w poważnym stopniu utratę rozumienia rzeczywistości, w tym rzeczywistości człowieka i jego natury. Wykazuje następnie związek z nurtem myśli kantowskiej i przede wszystkim pokrywa się z teorią konstruktywizmu, a ostatecznie prowadzi do relatywizmu. Wreszcie przesłanie tej wizji współtworzą ideologie multikulturalizmu i sekularyzmu. W artykule ukazana została w szerszym zarysie ogólnie zaprezentowana przez Walda kwestia multikulturalizmu oraz „duszy” Europy w rozumieniu Piepera. Doprecyzowano także problematykę tzw. nowych wartości wprowadzonych do prawodawstwa unijnego, wykazano, że są to właściwie antywartości.
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