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Dziedzictwo kulturowe Wielkopolski

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EN
The author discusses three selected elements of the cultural heritage of Greater Poland which can and should help the society of this region to cope with the challenges of the 21st century. He shows the role of Greater Poland in the cultural transfer from West European countries over a millennium of Polish history, from the reception of Christianity in the year 966 up to the 20th century. The second element of the cultural heritage of Greater Poland consists in the traditions of a civil society. In the 19th and the first half of the 20th century in this area a more modern society was shaped compared to other parts of Poland, a society aware of its goals and the advantages that follow from collective action. The opportunity to enhance the habit and skills of continued activity based on a thorough analysis of social needs and implementation of rational measures to deal with them gave rise in the 1830s to a gradually developed system of Polish economic, social, educational and other organizations which were only dismantled by the communist authorities in the first years after the Second World War. The third of the selected elements of the cultural heritage of Greater Poland described by the author is the contribution made to the region’s economic, social and cultural development by German settlers arriving in waves since the 13th century, as well as Jews, the Czech Brothers and other refugees from Bohemia and Moravia who arrived in large numbers in the second half of the 16th century.
EN
The article analyzes Listy z narodowej pielgrzymki ( Letters from the national pilgrimage ) by Ryszard Berwiński. It is a series of five texts written in prose in which the author tells his impressions from a trip to the vicinity of Gopło, probably in the summer of 1838. At that time, such escapades became fashionable in Poland. The aim of the study is to define the lexis used in the Letters to describe the cultural landscape of Greater Poland in order to identify the aforementioned word material and analyse the way it is used.
EN
This article presents the results of a specialist archaeozoological analysis of materials from an early medieval stronghold in Dusina, in southern Greater Poland. The examined bones come from millennium excavations and are a fragment of the collection obtained at that time. The remains were subjected to a description of zoological, anatomical and biological features, presenting the composition of individual taxa, as well as identifying traces on bones, indicating slaughtering activities and preferences in the selection of animal carcass parts
EN
The article contains the results of research on the spatial configuration of small towns in eastern Greater Poland. The research process and conclusions are based on the theory and tools of space syntax. The studies conducted in this field so far indicate that the approach typical of space syntax introduces significant threads in the studies on the functioning of urban societies. The connections between the configurational properties of space and pedestrian traffic, spatial segregation of residents, the location of businesses as well as the level of economic activities have been confirmed. This approach to the morphology of urban estates is relatively rare in the Polish arena. This article constitutes an attempt at filling this gap. It focuses on the spatial configuration of the smallest towns in eastern Greater Poland and attempts to assess the changes that occurred in their plans in the last 100 years in light of integration, one of the key measures of space syntax. Analyses have shown that there have been crucial changes to the studied towns in the analysed period of time. The layouts of almost all centres have developed, regardless of the changes to population level. The scale of spatial changes is connected to the demographic condition, especially in the towns which increased their population potential.
PL
Artykuł zawiera wyniki badań nad konfiguracją przestrzeni małych miast wschodniej Wielkopolski. Postępowanie badawcze oraz wnioskowanie oparte zostało na teorii i narzędziach składni przestrzeni (space syntax). Dotychczasowe badania utrzymane w tym nurcie wskazują, że ujęcie charakterystyczne dla składni przestrzeni wprowadza wartościowe wątki do badań nad funkcjonowaniem społeczeństw miejskich. Dowiedziono m.in. związków pomiędzy konfiguracyjnymi własnościami przestrzeni a ruchem pieszym, segregacją przestrzenną mieszkańców oraz lokalizacją przedsiębiorstw i aktywnością gospodarczą. Na arenie polskiej takie podejście do morfologii osiedli miejskich jest stosunkowo rzadkie. Prezentowany artykuł stanowi próbę wypełnienia tej luki. Przedstawione rozważania koncentrują się na konfiguracji przestrzeni najmniejszych miast wschodniej Wielkopolski oraz ocenie zmian ich rozplanowania w okresie ostatnich 100 lat, w świetle integracji, jednej z kluczowych miar składni przestrzeni. Analizy wykazały, że w rozplanowaniu badanych miast zaszły w analizowanym okresie istotne zmiany. Niemal wszystkie badane ośrodki rozwinęły swoje układy, niezależnie od zmiany stanu ludnościowego. Skala przeobrażeń przestrzennych nawiązuje do sytuacji demograficznej, zwłaszcza w miastach, które powiększyły swój potencjał ludnościowy.
Prawo
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2014
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issue 316/2
161 - 176
EN
The diplomatic actions of Polish and German (Reich) governments of 1919–1922 aimed at the normalization of relations between the population of Poland and Germany on the disputed areas of Upper Silesia, Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) and Pomerania are discussed in this article. After the First World War, the Poles living in the Prussian provinces (or parts thereof): province Schlesien (Opole Region), province Posen (Grand Duchy of Poznań) and province Westpreussen (Gdańsk Pomerania) undertook intensive efforts to join the inhabited land to the nascent Polish state. The local German people and the Prussian administration were against these efforts. The conflicts swelled and led to bloody confrontations (Uprising in Wielkopolska and three Silesian Uprisings). Under pressure of allied powers the Polish and German governments were forced to take actions leading to the deescalation of confl icts. The article discusses one of the manifestations of these activities, namely the conclusion of the amnesty agreement signed on 1 October 1919 in Berlin, and the so-called supplementary agreement of 12 February 1921. The agreements went far beyond the typical acts of amnesty because they included all persons (Poles and Germans) who committed acts constituting a violation of the law or were deprived of their liberty for political or nationality reasons, or in connection with their participation in the fi ghting on the disputed areas. The article analyzes the above-mentioned agreements and evaluates their practical effects.
EN
The paper discussed using dietine (sejmik) files in research on history of cities and bourgeoisie. Based on dietine files of Greater Poland provinces, the potential of utilizing this type of material during the exploration of the history of municipal centers in all regions of Poland were outlined. Additionally, the author created classification of the municipal issues debated on dietine sessions, encompassing seven principal categories.
EN
The article focuses on the matter of significance of flint daggers on the area settled by Early Bronze Age societies connected with Únětice Culture Kościan Group. Analytical part is separated into two sections. The first is a case study of a stray find from Bronikowo (com. Śmigiel) and the second involve typological analysis of flint daggers from western part of Polish Lowlands. Results gathered give an overview of an issue propounded in a title.
EN
A great landed estate is defined as a farmstead of a minimum area of 100 hectares, operating either as an independent enterprise or owned by the gentry or wealthy middle class. The functioning of such landed estates (in Germany and under the Prussian partition known as Rittergüter) was closely linked to the ownership structure of past times, when private ownership of land entailed a number of privileges and a high social prestige. The Poznań Province was an exporter of crops and agricultural produce and on account of its geographical and geopolitical location was perceived as part of the East Elbian economy (Ostelbien). At the same time it was an outlet for manufacturers of farming tools and machines from the neighboring provinces (mainly Brandenburg). At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries the Greater Poland village was dominated by German great landed estates which within the span of a century managed to allegedly permanently link Greater Poland to Prussia and the German state. The participation of German landed estate owners in the economic and social life of Greater Poland in the years 1815-1914 must be assessed as a dynamic process of transformation of the entire Greater Poland within just one century. Those changes were still noticeable in the interwar period when a majority of the landed estate owners assumed Polish citizenship and actively contributed to the economic and political life of the Second Republic of Poland.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono powstanie i rozwój ruchu abstynenckiego w Wielkopolsce w XIX stuleciu. Cezura początkowa badań, to rok 1840, uważany przez niektórych badaczy za datę przełomową w historii zorganizowanego ruchu abstynenckiego na tych terenach. Powstało bowiem wówczas Towarzystwo ku Przytłumieniu Używania Wódki w Wielkim Księstwie Poznańskim. Zainicjował go lekarz – chirurg De La Roch (Niemiec o francuskim rodowodzie). Sprawą abstynencji zainteresowali się również wielkopolscy duchowni katoliccy na czele z kościelnymi hierarchami: arcybiskupem gnieźnieńskim i poznańskim Leonem Przyłuskim, Mieczysławem Halka Ledóchowskim, Florianem Oksza Stablewskim oraz biskupem Janem Kantym Dąbrowskim. Zafascynowała ich m.in. działalność ks. Jana Nepomucena Ficka – proboszcza z Piekar Śląskich i kilku innych kapłanów, z inicjatywy których już w pierwszym półroczu 1844 roku powstało na Górnym Śląsku wiele kościelnych bractw wstrzemięźliwości. Za sprawą bp. Dąbrowskiego w latach 1844–1845 ok. 100 tys. osób złożyło śluby trzeźwości, wstępując do bractw wstrzemięźliwości. W 1852 roku na tereny Wielkopolski przybyli z Galicji jezuiccy misjonarze: ks. Karol Bołoz Antoniewicz, ks. Teofil Baczyński i ks. Kamil Praszałowicz, by m.in. za pomocą stosownych kazań odwodzić od pijaństwa. Wielkopolscy duchowni aktywnie działali również w świeckich towarzystwach abstynenckich. Włączyli się w prace zorganizowanego w Kórniku w 1887 roku przez Zygmunta Celichowskiego Towarzystwa Szerzenia Wstrzemięźliwości, a zwłaszcza istniejącego od 1890 roku w Poznaniu Towarzystwa Wstrzemięźliwości „Jutrzenka”. Inicjatorem i pierwszym prezesem „Jutrzenki” był Józef Chociszewski, a po jego rezygnacji ks. Józef Kłos.
EN
The article presents the origins and development of the idea of absenteeism in Greater Poland in the 19th century. The start date for the research is 1840, which is considered to be a breakthrough year in the history of an organized absenteeism movement in Greater Poland. It was due to the Association for the Suppression of the Use of Vodka (Towarzystwo ku Przytłumieniu Używania Wódki) in the Great Duchy of Posen that was then established in Kórnik. It was a secular organization that came into being on an initiative of doctor De La Roch, who was a German surgeon of a French origin. However, as early as 1844, the idea of absenteeism raised an interest of catholic clergymen of Greater Poland with high ranking clergy such as Rev. Leon Michał Przyłuski, Archbishop of Gniezno and Rev. Jan Kanty Dąbrowski, Archbishop of Posen, and later on Archbishops Rev. Mieczysław Halka Ledóchowski and Rev. Florian Oksza Stablewski. They were fascinated with activities of Rev. Jan Nepomucen Fick, Parish Priest of Piekary Śląskie and several other priests on whose initiative a lot of church brotherhoods of so called holy continence were set up in Upper Silesia as early as the first half-year of 1844. It was due to Bishop Dąbrowski that 100 000 people took vows of absenteeism in 1844–1845, becoming members of brotherhoods of absenteeism. In turn, it was an initiative of Archbishop Przyłuski that Jesuit missionaries – Rev. Karol Bołoz Antoniewicz, Rev. Teofil Baczyński and Rev. Kamil Praszałowicz, arrived in Greater Poland from Galicia in 1852 to promote the idea of absenteeism. Starting from 1848, they were helping Silesian clergymen to spread absenteeism. Clergymen of Greater Poland were also active in secular absenteeism associations. They became involved in the workings of the Association for the Promotion of Absenteeism that was set up by Zygmunt Celichowski in Kórnik in 1887, and especially in the Jutrzenka Absenteeism Association (Towarzystwo Wstrzemięźliwości „Jutrzenka”) that was established in 1890 in Posen. An initiator and the first president of Jutrzenka Association was Józef Chociszewski, who after his resignation was followed by Rev. Józef Kłos. The article discusses the origins and activities of these associations and brotherhoods in more detail and presents their initiators, leaders and active participants.
EN
The article presents the results of another archaeological analysis carried out on materials from an early medieval settlement in Dusina in southern Greater Poland. The data obtained during the excavations, during the millennium research, prompted the recognition of the settlement as the oldest motte-type object in Poland. During the verification of the old findings, the ceramic material and the stratigraphic situation were re-analyzed, radiocarbon dating was made, and historical and cartographic data were used to confirm the chronology of the stronghold as well as the course of events that led to severe damage and disturbance of the original appearance of the stronghold. A contour plan and a model of the terrain were also prepared.
EN
The function of phraseology in selected crime novels set in the city of PoznańThis article presents several patterns concerning the function of phraseology in contemporary crime novels set in the city of Poznań. Standard Polish phraseologisms make the characters’ speech more colloquial, natural and expressive and are used to convey their emotions. The use of phraseological units typical of the region of Greater Poland adds local colour and makes the novels more realistic by closely relating them to the space where they are set. The use of phraseology also serves to characterise the protagonists. The study analyses four novels: Arcymistrz (Grandmaster) by Piotr Bojarski, Polichromia (Polychromy) by Joanna Jodełka, Upiory spacerują nad Wartą (Ghosts Walking on the Warta) by Ryszard Ćwirlej and Elektryczne perły (Bone Pearls) by Konrad T. Lewandowski. Funkcja frazeologizmów w wybranych poznańskich powieściach kryminalnychArtykuł prezentuje kilka prawidłowości widocznych w funkcjonowaniu frazeologizmów w wybranych współczesnych powieściach kryminalnych, których akcja rozgrywa się w Poznaniu. Frazeologizmyogólnopolskie przede wszystkim sprawiają, że wypowiedzi bohaterów przypominają mowę potoczną, są bardziej naturalne i ekspresywne. Bohaterowie w ten sposób przekazują swoje emocje. Frazeologizmy typowe dla Wielkopolski dodatkowo oddają koloryt lokalny i sprawiają, że powieści są oryginalniejsze, ściśle związane z przestrzenią, w której rozgrywa się akcja. Poza tym użycie frazeologizmów pozwala scharakteryzować bohaterów. Analizie poddano cztery powieści różnych autorów: Arcymistrza Piotra Bojarskiego, Polichromię Joanny Jodełki, Upiory spacerują nad Wartą Ryszarda Ćwirleja oraz Elektryczne perły Konrada T. Lewandowskiego.
13
75%
EN
The paper describes the situation of national and ethnic minorities in the Greater Poland voivodship. A part of the research refers to the results of a field study done by the author in the years 2011-2013. On the basis of the numeric size, territorial location, internal organization and activity of NGOs the minorities studied were classified into three groups. The following minorities are described: Russian, Belorussian, Lemko, Lithuanian, Armenian, Tartar, Czech, Greek, Bulgarian, Ukrainian, Jewish, German and Rom. The minorities in Greater Poland are rather small in number and territorially dispersed. They do not form any compact local communities in any region of the voivodship. Particular national and ethnic minorities differ in the scale of internal organization. As these minorities live in deep diaspora they do not form any noteworthy NGOs that would in a significant way influence the political, social or cultural life of the region.
EN
The focus of the article is the culture of German landed gentry during the interwar period in Greater Poland. The author analyzes the culture of German landed gentry based on cultural studies, history and sociology and expounds the concept of "German landed gentry." The article also provides information about families of some German landed gentry living in Greater Poland during the interwar period.
EN
The article presents issues related to language awareness. The purpose of the text is to present the opinions of residents of Ostrów Wielkopolski powiat about dialects. The material was obtained by means of an online survey. The analysis raises several issues: the occurrence of dialects around Ostrów Wielkopolski, the identified features of dialects, associations evoked by the word “dialect” (the dialect stereotype), the geography of dialects as perceived by the respondents, attitude to dialects, generational occurrence of dialects.
PL
W artykule zajęto się zagadnieniami związanymi ze świadomością językową. Celem tekstu jest przedstawienie, co mieszkańcy powiatu ostrowskiego sądzą o gwarach. Materiał pozyskano za pomocą ankiety internetowej. Analiza porusza kilka kwestii: występowanie gwar w okolicach Ostrowa Wielkopolskiego, zauważane cechy gwar, skojarzenia wywołane przez słowo „gwara” (potoczny stereotyp gwary), geografia gwar w świadomości ankietowanych, stosunek do gwary, pokoleniowe występowanie gwary.
Biuletyn Historii Sztuki
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2021
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vol. 83
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issue 1
89-118
EN
War losses in Gothic sculpture in Greater Poland are discussed. Two collections of old photographs the Author gained access to in 2013 are analysed. One of them documents historic sculptures from different regions in Poland, however mainly from the country’s north. The second collection is predominantly a testimony to Gothic sculptures from Greater Poland from before WW II. In both sets 20 presentations of lost or irretrievably damaged, yet previously unknown in their appearance, Gothic sculptures have found and identified. The first collection of photographs was amassed immediately following WW II by Aleksandra Świechowska, while the latter was created by Alfred Brosig (d. 1940) who himself photographed the historic pieces. The controversy over taking photos of historic monuments, which took place in 1936 in the course of the exhibition Greater Poland’s Gothic Fine Arts between its authors: Poznan University students, and Alfred Brosig documenting the historic art pieces brought for the exhibition is discussed. That was the occasion when the most precious segment of Brosig’s collection was created. Both sets of photographs are of high documentary value, and the circumstances of their discovering are described.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest badaniom nad stratami wojennymi w dziedzinie rzeźby gotyckiej w Wielkopolsce. Autor poddaje analizie dwie kolekcje dawnych fotografii, które trafiły do niego w 2013 r. Jeden zbiór dokumentuje zabytki rzeźby z różnych regionów Polski, głównie jednak z północy kraju. Druga kolekcja zawiera przede wszystkim dokumentację rzeźb gotyckich z Wielkopolski sprzed II wojny światowej. W obu zespołach udało się w sumie odnaleźć i zidentyfikować wizerunki 20 zaginionych lub bezpowrotnie zniszczonych, a dotąd nieznanych z wyglądu rzeźb gotyckich. Pierwszy zbiór fotografii stworzyła tuż po II wojnie światowej Aleksandra Świechowska, drugi był dziełem Alfreda Brosiga (zm. 1940), który sam fotografował zabytki. Autor przybliża okoliczności sporu o fotografowanie zabytków, do jakiego doszło w 1936 r. podczas trwania wystawy Wielkopolskiej plastyki gotyckiej pomiędzy jej twórcami – studentami Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, a pracującym w muzeum Alfredem Brosigiem dokumentującym zabytki przywiezione na wystawę. Wtedy też powstała najcenniejsza część jego zbioru. Oba zespoły zdjęć mają dużą wartość dokumentalną. Autor omawia także okoliczności ujawnienia obu zespołów dokumentacji.
EN
The article presents an analysis of an interesting document issued by Duke Przemysł II of Greater Poland for Piotr Winiarczyc of Gniezno. Contrary to doubts of some scholars, it is undoubtedly authentic and was probably issued on 25 August 1283. The enclosed edition offers a text differing significantly from the version known from the earlier editions.
PL
Artykuł zawiera analizę interesującego dokumentu księcia wielkopolskiego Przemysła II dla Piotra Winiarczyca z Gniezna. Wbrew podnoszonym wątpliwościom jest on niewątpliwie autentyczny, a wystawiony został zapewne 25 VIII 1283. Załączona edycja przynosi tekst różniący się istotnie od znanego z wcześniejszych wydań.
PL
Święci Pańscy wskazują nam, jak zmierzać do Boga poprzez ciągłą pracę nad sobą i świadectwo życia. Stanowią specyficzne narzędzie oddziaływania Boga, który przez przykład życia czczonych w liturgii, wzbudza w sercach wiernych pragnienie wcielania w czyn Ewangelii. Autor artykułu zwrócił uwagę, że chrześcijański kult świętych jest wciąż aktualny. W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę krótkiej syntezy rozwoju kultu św. Jadwigi Śląskiej na ziemi wielkopolskiej. Na podstawie dostępnych materiałów i opracowań ukazano rys historyczny i kwestię rozumienia kultu świętych we wspólnocie kościoła, przedstawiono życie i działalność księżnej Śląska, jej kanonizację, rozwój kultu po śmierci i wpływ jej życia na pobożność średniowieczną. Następnie przedstawiono rozwój kultu świętej w Wielkopolsce od kanonizacji do lat 50 –tych XX w. oraz następstwa kultu w pobożności ludowej, w postaci legend, które stworzono na ziemi poznańskiej na przestrzeni dziejów.
EN
Saints of the Lord show us, how to reach God through the continuous work on ourselves and the testimony of life. They are a specific tool for the influence of God, who, through the example of life of the venerated in the liturgy, arouses in the hearts of the worshippers the desire to incarnate in the Gospel deed. The author of the article took notice that the Christian cult of saints is still valid. This article shows a short synthesis of the cult of St. Hedwig of Silesia in Greater Poland. On the basis of available sources, a historical outline and the issue of understanding the cult of saints in the church community were presented as well as the life and work of the Princess of Silesia, her canonization, the development of worship after her death and the impact of her life on medieval piety were presented. Moreover, the development of sacred worship in Greater Poland from the canonization up to the 1950s and the sequence of worship in popular piety, in the form of legends, which were created in the region of Poznań throughout the history, were presented.
EN
The paper discusses the process of the secularisation of the Reformed Franciscan monastery in Szamotuły. The monastery was founded at the end of the 17th century by the then owner of the town Jan Korzbok Łącki. The founder settled the monks in the remains of the former castle and built for them a church dedicated to St. Cross. The convent operated until the death of the last guardian, who died in February 1832. After a few years (1839), the former monastic buildings were taken over by the Catholic parish in Szamotuły.
PL
W pracy omówiono proces kasaty klasztoru reformatów w Szamotułach. Klasztor ten został założony pod koniec XVII w. przez ówczesnego właściciela miasta Jana Korzbok Łąckiego. Fundator osadził zakonników w pozostałościach po dawnym zamku i wybudował im kościół pod wezwaniem św. Krzyża. Konwent działał do śmierci ostatniego gwardiana, który zmarł w lutym 1832 r. Zgon gwardiana zapoczątkował proces faktycznej kasaty klasztoru. Po kilku latach (1839 r.) poklasztorne zabudowania przejęła szamotulska parafia katolicka.
EN
The inspiration for writing this article was “A small chronicle of the residence of the Carmelites of the Ancient Observance in Poznań”. The following work is the first study based on sources concerning directly the monks from the province of Great Poland. The presented data refl ect only the information included in the given sources and publications and they are the basis for the further study on this monastic family. The study focuses on the Carmelites of the Ancient Observance in the Great Poland Province from 1686, the year when they came into their own, to the dissoluton of the orders in the 19th century. The article is not the catalogue of the monks; it only shows the basic biographical details, which should be confronted with other sources. This source study does not follow the current standards either; it is only the compilation of a few sources. In this way we can gain more details about particular monks. These are not probably all monks of this province, and the subsequent manuscripts and publications will show new characters.
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