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Makedonská otázka ve světle československých diplomatických dokumentů

100%
Rychlik J.
Slovanské historické studie (Slavonic Historical Studies)
|
2007
|
vol. 32
103-111
EN
Czechoslovak politics reflected a new national situation in Macedonia as early as in the interwar period. However, as a small country which primarily needed to take care of itself, it did not make any official statements on the situation. Czechoslovak politics supported the Yugoslav opinion – Yugoslavia was an ally of Czechoslovakia in the trilateral pact known as 'Little Entente'. After 1945, Czechoslovakia established intensive relations with Yugoslavia and attempted, within their scope, to establish cultural relations between Czechoslovakia and Macedonia; unfortunately, this process was interrupted by the conflict between the USSR and Yugoslavia in 1948. In the 1950s, Czechoslovakia maintained a pro-Bulgarian position, which changed in the 1960s. Czechoslovak politics officially acknowledged the existence of the Macedonian nation and the Macedonian language. This position did not change after the Soviet invasion with Bulgarian participation into Czechoslovakia in 1968 and the establishment of a neo-Stalinist regime known as normalization.
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Najważniejsze problemy Macedonii w procesie integracji z Unią Europejską

100%
Karadzoski M., Adamczyk A.
Studia Europejskie-Studies in European Affairs
|
2015
|
issue 2
27-44
EN
Since 1991, when Macedonia became independent, integration with Western structures – the European Union and the NATO – has been its main foreign policy objective. All Macedonian governments have consi¬stently worked towards implementing the political, economic and social reforms required by the Copenhagen criteria. To a certain extent, the EU appreciated Macedonia’s efforts: in 2005, it granted Macedonia, known as FYROM, the status of a candidate country. However, the implementation of internal reforms alone has proved insufficient to commence the acces¬sion negotiations. The path to the EU is still blocked by unsettled issu¬es with Greece and Bulgaria. The government in Athens demands that Macedonia settle the dispute over its name and accuses it of appropria¬ting Greek historical heritage. Sofia, in turn, accuses Skopje of falsifying history and discriminating against the Bulgarian minority living on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia.
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GERMANY'S INVOLVEMENT IN THE STABILIZATION OF MACEDONIA (Zaangazowanie Niemiec na rzecz stabilizacji Macedonii)

80%
Sokolowska P.
Przegląd Zachodni
|
2009
|
issue 4(333)
35-64
EN
The FRG authorities, in contrast to their position of 1991-1993, when they feared the reaction of Greece and other countries of the European Communities and so refused to recognize Macedonia, in the face of the Albanian-Macedonian conflict of 2001 explicitly supported the Macedonia government. In consequence, together with the other member states of the EU and NATO they engaged in the process or reestablishing peace in the region. The stance then adopted by Germany was characterized by the so-called double strategy. Following its guidelines, the German authorities condemned the actions of Albanian separatists and opted for maintaining the territorial integrity of Macedonia, emphasizing at the same time the necessity to grant Albanians full rights based on their status of national minority and the need to create a multicultural society. This obvious interest in the problems of Macedonia and the status of the Albanian population in this country probably stemmed not only from the wish to lend credence to Germany's foreign policy but also from fear of another wave of refugees flooding the FRG. Economic factors are not be disregarded either. In consequence of all those factors the Bundeswehr forces took part in separating the sides of the conflict and supervising the truce. Direct involvement of the German troops became a basis for developing a new quality in the mode of implementation of Germany's foreign policy and security. Namely, it gave rise to the concept of preventing crises through a cooperation of diplomatic, civil and military components.
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The question of territorialism and double identity. From the perspective of the 20th century Macedonia

80%
Sujecka J.
Sprawy Narodowościowe
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2005
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issue 26
157-166
EN
As seen in texts from the 1920s by the representatives of the Macedonian diaspora in Bulgaria (Kriste Misirkov, Arseni Jovkov), consciousness of ties to a territory is not only primary but appears also to be dominant. An awareness of the territorial identity is evident in a slogan from a banner of the Ilidenian Uprising of 1903: 'Tselokupna Makedonija' (Integral Macedonia) and it grows whenever a solution to the Macedonian Problem, as a negative legacy of the Eastern Question, appears impossible or unsatisfactory. For the representatives of the Macedonian diaspora of the 1920s (K. Misirkov, A. Jovkov) and 1930s (Angel Dinev, Vasil Ivanovski), United Macedonia, that is a political structure corresponding to the 'Integral Macedonia' slogan, has a value of its own. Therefore, the solutions for the Macedonian Problem proposed by the representatives of the diaspora in that period combine an awareness of both territorial and ethnic identities.The idea of interesting Europe in the creation of a buffer state in the Balkans, a counterpart of Switzerland, originates from the same incentives that earlier motivated K. Misirkov to propose his project of the 'Ido' language, which was a specific Macedonian variant of Esperanto. For both Macedonia as the Switzerland of the Balkans and the 'Ido' language pertain to the Macedonians' awareness of a territorial bond. Two ideas and slogans with the same historical provenance, 'Integral Macedonia' and 'Macedonia for the Macedonians', confirm a regional bond and thus a specific type of Macedonian separatism. They are connected with the issue of double identity. The time of the Second World War and the post-war period gave the two notions a totally new meaning. Their interpretation and analysis would allow the presentation of the axiological net determining the semantics of the notions Macedonia and a Macedonian, and at the same time they would make it possible to understand the complicated problems of the Macedonian-Bulgarian, Macedonian-Serbian, and Macedonian-Albanian borderlands.
5
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Rakija w bałkańskich rytuałach magicznych

80%
Bielenin K.
Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury
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2006
|
vol. 18
237-248
PL
Na materiale bałkańskiej kultury ludowej, w tym zwłaszcza materiałów terenowych, zebranych samodzielnie w Republice Macedonii w latach 2000–2004, autorka opisuje i analizuje praktyki związane z rakiją. Za Anną Engelking wyróżnia rytuały stwarzające (zaklinania) ‘człowiek chce, żeby coś się stało’, rytuały ochraniające ‘człowiek chce, żeby się nie stało’ (zażegnywania); rytuały odczyniające (zamawiania) ‘człowiek chce, żeby coś się odstało’. W pracy omawiane są tylko takie rytuały, w których moc sacrum może działać, tj. zaklinające i ochraniające (zażegnywania). Zaklinania z użyciem rakii to praktyki wykonywane na Bałkanach w dzień św. Tryfuna (14 lutego), które mają na celu powodowanie urodzaju winorośli, np. przez wlewanie rakii (lub zakopywanie butelki z rakiją) pod jej pędy. Przykładem zażegnywań jest m.in. picie rakii na grobie zmarłego, by chronić żywych przed wpływem zmarłych. W obrzędowości weselnej czerwona rakija ma sprowadzić płodność małżonków, słodka rakija ma im zapewnić pomyślność (słodkie życie). Podobnie jak wino, rakija jest wiązana symbolicznie z krwią Chrystusa, na zasadzie metonimii bowiem przyjmuje część sakralnej symboliki wina.
EN
The authoress describes and analyzes the practices connected with raki on the basis of the data from Balkan folk culture, especially the data collected by herself in the Republic of Macedonia between 2000 and 2004. Following Anna Engelking, she distinguishes the rituals of creation ('a person wants something to happen'), the rituals of protection ('a person does not want something to happen') and the rituals of undoing ('a person wants something to un-happen'). The rituals of creation with the use of raki are performed in the Balkans on the day of St. Tryphon (Feb. 14) and are meant to bring about a good harvest of the vine, e.g. by pouring raki or burying a bottle with the drink under the vine's shoots. An example of the rituals of protection is e.g. drinking raki on the grave of the deceased in order to protect the living from the dead. In wedding celebrations the red raki is supposed to bring fertility to the newlyweds, whereas the sweet raki is meant to bring them success and luck (a sweet life). Like wine, raki is symbolically connected with the blood of Christ, for in a metonymic fashion it absorbs a part of the sacral symbolism of wine.
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THE PROCESS OF STABILISATION OF THE MACEDONIAN NATION IN A COMPLEX GEOPOLITICAL SITUATION (Proces ksztaltowania sie narodu macedonskiego wobec skomplikowanej sytuacji geopolitycznej)

80%
Morawski K. S.
Sprawy Narodowościowe
|
2011
|
issue 39
221-227
EN
The analysis has taken into account two main stages of developing national identity of the Macedonians which were the basis for obtaining their own independent state. The first stage of developing national identity of the Macedonian Nation, which took place at the turn of the 20th century, was connected with activities of Macedonian intellectuals and the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization. However, in the second stage of developing national identity of the Macedonians, which took place in the second half of the 20th century (when Macedonia was part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), the authorities of the Yugoslavian federation paradoxically played an important role as they were maintaining a sense of national autonomy among the people of Macedonia. After gaining independence by Macedonia in November 1991, destabilising moods developed in the state. Those moods were influenced primarily by the countries neighbouring with Macedonia and by Albanian minorities in Macedonia. The complex geopolitical situation of the independent Macedonia had a stimulating influence on consolidation of national identity of the Macedonians and contributed to increasing the importance of national factions in the state.
7

OBRAZ TURKA V TVORBE SLOVÁKOV A MACEDÓNCOV

70%
Zajíčková M.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
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2015
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vol. 62
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issue 2
129 – 138
EN
The goal of the article is to outline the development of presenting (anti-)Turkish themes in Macedonian and early Slovak literatures (especially in the 17th century). The first part is followed by a comparison of two selected folk ballads (Slovak and Macedonian), which mainly reveals their common genre characteristics. The article is built on the research and findings of literary scientists from both of the countries (Kiril Penušliski, Jozef Minárik, Zuzana Kákošová and others), however, the resources needed for analysing the subject matter in question also come from linguistic research and history. (Anti-)Turkish themes thus develop further to take a wider comparative-interpretative view aiming at a Slavic inter-literary and inter-ethnic context. What is also partly challenged is the classification of folk ballads in both countries in terms of subject, while the comparison is mainly focused on the writings featuring personal and family tragedies which take place against a background of the Ottoman invasion. The main outcome of the article is a finding that the folk ballads feature common genre characteristics as well as similar subject matters, themes, motifs and styles, while frequently the same stylistic means of expression and artistic techniques are used. At the same time, it is one of very few attempts at finding direct or at least indirect cultural and „literary“ contacts between the Slovaks and the Macedonians in the period of time from the 9th to the 18th century. And last but not least, what could be considered another contribution of the article is the first translation of a Macedonian folk ballad titled Бог да убије Дебрани (May God Kill Debrans) into Slovak.
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THUCYDIDES II,99 AND THE EARLY EXPANSION OF THE ARGEADAE

70%
VASILEV M.
Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina
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2011
|
vol. 47
|
issue 1-2
93-105
EN
The present study is an illustration of the attempt to chronologically systemize the early periods of the expansion of the Argeadae. The stress is put on Thucydides passage ІІ,99 who is the main source of the problem in question. Reports by other authors have been analyzed as well as the dating of the Bisaltaean coinage which, in the case in particular, is also important. In the article, on the basis of the available information, it is arrived at the conclusion that Thucydides enumerates the lands conquered by Perdiccas II not by chronological i.e., in which they are conquered, but by geographical order. The conquest itself is divided into two separate stages bearing characteristics of their own. The first one refers to the conquest of Pieria, Bottiaea, Almopia and Eordaea. It is marked by the conquest of territories of major strategic and economic importance, as a rule with naturally protected borders. The greater part of the subjected population is driven out of the aforementioned territories. The second stage relates to the conquest of the narrow strip of Paionian land which stretched along the river Axius, as well as Anthemus, Mygdonia, Crestonia and Bisaltia and the incorporation of the local people in the Argead kingdom is typical of it. The last point discussed here is the status of the tribes inhabited Upper Macedonia, for which the conclusion has been reached that in that early period of time their dependence on the early Argead kings is only nominal.
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FILIPPO II E ANFIPOLI NELLA PROPAGANDA MACEDONE E ANTIMACEDONE

70%
SQUILLACE G.
Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina
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2011
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vol. 47
|
issue 1-2
106-117
EN
In 357 Philip of Macedon took Amphipolis against Athens who aided the polis. The scholars remarked only the strategic and economic purposes of the conquest, not the propagandistic use of Amphipolis-topic by anti-Macedonians and pro-Macedonians after Philocrates’ peace. This paper follows this debate and investigates how Philip’s opponents and supporters employed Amphipolis-topic in order to attack or defend the Macedonian king.
10

SIMPLY THE BEST. ALEXANDER’S LAST WORDS, AND THE MACEDONIAN KINGSHIP

70%
ANTELA-BERNÁRDEZ B.
Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina
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2011
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vol. 47
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issue 1-2
118-126
EN
Alexander’s last words, as recorded in the ancient sources, would be referred to as a legacy of his Empire to the best of his generals. Nevertheless, these words would also be reviewed as a key information in order to understand the Macedonian system of succession during the Argead dynasty. Also, the changes provided by the activities of the Diadochs after Alexander’s death in this traditional system of succession for the Macedonians add new information to our knowledge of the theoretical basis for the foundation of the new Hellenistic kingdoms.
11
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SV. KLIMENT OCHRIDSKÝ A JEHO PÔSOBENIE V MACEDÓNSKU

61%
Kocev P., Kondrla P., Králik R., Roubalová M.
Konštantínove listy
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2017
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vol. 10
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issue 2
88 – 97
EN
St. Clement of Ohrid received a rich cultural heritage from Sts. Cyril and Methodius. One of the most important aspects of this heritage was Clement’s strong conviction of to keep the unity among the Slavic nations despite their diversity. The Bible played a key role in this process as the source not only spiritual revival but also of national pride. In the life of St. Clement of Ohrid we distinguish specific aspects of literal creation that enriched Slavic language models. Those models became a basis for the formation of a literary language. Therefore, we can assume that Clement’s compositions and scripts have their own liturgical and literary significance. He created very impressive and original corpus of literary writings which were designed for newly baptized Christians in order for them to became familiar with the specifies and basis of Christians faith. In the majority of his hymnography and oratories St. Clement presented himself as a theologian and theorist who created and deeply developed selected topics of Christian theology and Soteriology. His written works had a spiritual character. In the 15th century there was a big interest in his work and several translations appeared. St. Clement significantly participated in the development of Slavic cult of the saints. In his works not only textual and stylistic elements are present. New moral and spiritual values are found there as well. He devoted himself to work on small literary compositions such as word of recognition, advice on life, church poetry, medieval novels, poems and translations. Within the Ohrid Literary School he was most likely involved in the information of the oldest preserved manuscripts written in the Glagolic alphabet. St. Clement was an author of many hagiographic works, oratories and hymnography books. On this basis, we can conclude, that St. Clement of Ohrid profoundly influenced his disciples and successors. Furthermore, his works played a key role in the formation and development of the Macedonian language.
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SPARTSKÝ ODPOR VOČI MACEDÓNSKEJ HEGEMÓNII V GRÉCKU POČAS ALEXANDROVEJ PERZSKEJ KAMPANE V ROKOCH 334 – 331 PR. KR. A BITKA PRI MEGALOPOLE

61%
Hrica J.
Vojenská história
|
2018
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vol. 22
|
issue 4
7 – 51
EN
To this day, the expedition of Alexander the Great against Persia is perceived in military knowledge as one of the most fascinating events not only in the ancient history but human history in general. The personality and deeds of the young king became legendary during his life already, with stories motivated mostly by glorification but sometimes also dehonestation of his personality. In the traditional view of his unprecedented success, the defeat of Persia, which used to be a clear power “number one” and Alexander’s progress through Asia, might seem somehow linear, clear, “textbook”, and therefore also distant. In my contribution, following analysis of the available sources, I would like to stress that this was not so clear-cut and Alexander was, remotely from his home background, mainly through his otherwise competent regent Antipater, confronted with a rough situation because the Spartan King Agis III concocted a rebellion against the Macedonian dominion. However, this was only the peak of the events unfolding following Alexander’s fast progress along the coast and inland of Asia Minor - the Persians and collaborating Greeks prepared significant obstacles to Alexander and his forces. The importance of Agis’ rebellion was accentuated mainly by Ernst Badian and his study on the personality and resistance of this Spartan King continued to be the basis for other researchers. Through summing up the findings, this article is aimed at contributing to the understanding and interpretation mainly of the chronological ambiguities of the so called Agis’ War and the Battle of Megalopolis itself, which is based on inconsistent testimonies of the main sources (Diodoros, Justinus, Curtius Rufus, Addianos).
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MACEDONIAN DIALOGUE WITH THE OTHER

61%
Mojsieva-Gusheva J.
Slavica Slovaca
|
2007
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vol. 42
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issue 2
97-101
EN
Contemporary identity is shaped in interaction with the others thus achieving self-cognition and self-estimation. Even Ancient Macedonians were aware of this, who within their rule appreciated democratic principles building up their state in the manner of equal presentation of all different peoples. Diversity, in fact, confirms the specificity and particularity of identity. Having behind such context, the Balkans, and in particular, Macedonians, during the centuries, have always found themselves stretched out between their own democracy, initiated by the actual weakness, and adjustment to Others' interests. It means that the Balkan countries are not only in a position of a negotiator between itself and the Others but also they become schizophrenically split mediator between itself and its neighbours. This study includes the question whether they themselves permit this or intruded to permanently play the mediatory coordinative role. Through the history their role as a mediator between itself and the Turkish - Oppressor is also confirmed, who they coped with for a very long time. Following this are the threatens by the Dreadful Other seen in the face of Europe, in the time of the two World Wars as well as the terrorist attacks in the last decade, and the Unknown Other symbolizing America, Australia, Canada as the biggest Balkan emigration chronotop. The study, through a number of the examples from the Balkan literature and the theoretical discussions periphery-centre and post colonialism, reviews this just Balkans' role being in a continuous dialogue with the Others and their interests.
14

BEYOND THE BORDERS. BULGARIAN AND MACEDONIAN POETIC COVER ART IN THE EARLY AND MIDDLE TWENTIETH CENTURY

51%
Friedman V. A.
ARS
|
2012
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vol. 45
|
issue 1
37 – 48
EN
The art of book covers of poetry collections from Bulgaria 1900 – 1939 and Macedonia in the decade or so after the establishment of the republic in 1944 are ephemeral windows into the development of modernist graphic art in the Balkans. Various currents of modernism continued to develop and intersect in Bulgaria not only in Sofia, the capital, but also in the smaller towns, right up to the outbreak of WW2. After the war, a striking feature of the first modern Macedonian political entity was that graphic art was allowed degrees of abstractness and personal expression absent from the socialist realist canon. As a whole, the article invites a reconsideration and reanalysis of the place of the modern in Balkan – and thus European – art history.
15
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PLAYWRITING IN THE SLOVAK-MACEDONIAN CULTURAL RELATIONS FROM THE SECOND HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT (Dramaticka tvorba v slovensko-macedonskych kulturnych vztahoch od druhej polovice 20. storocia po sucasnost)

51%
Taneski Z.
Slovenské divadlo (Slovak Theatre)
|
2009
|
vol. 57
|
issue 2-3
176-185
EN
The author presents and analyzes a playwriting in the Slovak-Macedonian cultural relations from the second half of the twentieth century to the present. The main point of the study's scientific ambit was to summarize conscientiously the research conducted in the field of Slovak-Macedonian 'playwriting' relations up to the present, which has received mostly secondary or partial attention until now, most notably by several Slovak, Czech and Macedonian scholars and historians after 1945. In addition to that, the methodological system of the study indicates the role and importance that the received literature and culture plays within the receiving Slovak or Macedonian literary and cultural societies. In that sense, the diachronic continuum of Slovak 'playwriting' translations of Macedonian literature, as well as Macedonian translations of Slovak literature, has been portrayed in this study as a culture-creating phenomenon. Hence, the translations and stage sceneries were assessed in this study also in relation to the social communication, the degree of establishment of the cultural relations, as well as the demands and criteria of the publishing politics in both countries. Within this understanding of the research complex, the translators and stage directors themselves become true moderators between the so called linguistic and cultural communities, who thereby perceive the similarities and differences in the reception of information in both/all socio-cultural areas. The study approaches, among other things, with sincere respect the true value and achievement of the fairly constant interest of the Slovak cultural public on Macedonia and Macedonian literature in the second half of the twentieth century.
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