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1

Seeing through language

100%

Davidson D.

Teksty Drugie (Second Texts)

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2007

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issue 3(105)

128-141

EN

This essay attempts at offering an answer to the question how the metaphor of 'seeing through language' should be understood. The author considers three popular interpretations: language as a medium reproducing the external world; language as a hermetic curtain drawn between us and the world; and, language as a semitransparent substance that embellishes the perceived world in a specific way. And, he comes to the conclusion that each of them has some essential defects to it. Instead, the author proposes his own non-metaphorical interpretation: namely, we perceive the world through, or, owing to, having language - that is, a special organ (not being an intermediary) that along with other organs (eyes, ears, etc.) enables us to enter into direct contact with our environment, but also, as opposed to any other organs, to acquire propositional knowledge. Further on, he analyses arguments against the 'language of thought' hypothesis; he considers the relation between perceptual beliefs and the world; and, analyses base conditions proving indispensable for language acquisition and formation of thinking. The conclusion comes out of the author's meticulous considerations that the abilities to speak, perceive, and think develop together, gradually.

2

Metaphorical Meaning and its Interpretations

80%

Kulka T.

Estetika: The Central European Journal of Aesthetics

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2006

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vol. 42

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issue 1-3

64-79

EN

The author continues the preceding exchange of views on the nature of metaphor with the American philosopher Nelson Goodman that has been published in 'Poetics Today'. He offers his own theory of metaphor, which assumes a middle ground between Goodman's semantic theory and Davidson's pragmatic conception. The article also presents another argument in support of the thesis that there are only true metaphors, and that the logical space assumed by Goodman for the metaphorical falsehood is already reserved for the category of statements that are nonsensical.

3

METAPHOR IN THE POETRY OF IMAGISTS

80%

Pokrivčák A.

World Literature Studies

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2018

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vol. 10

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issue 3

19 – 29

EN

The article discusses the role of metaphor in the new poetic response to reality which emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century, especially in the work of some Anglo-American poets and critics, known as Imagists. The new trends, which the poets were part of as well as helped define, drew on the philosophy of T. E. Hulme who claimed that the future poetry will consist of dry and sophisticated images, which is in striking contrast to rich romantic imagery. The interpretive part of the article draws attention to imagistic anthologies in which the poets expressed the new sensibility through several visually striking poems, most of them forgotten by now, as well as to the handling of metaphor in some poems by Ezra Pound and Wallace Stevens.

4

Metafory pýchy

80%

Saicova R. L.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2010

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vol. 93

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issue 1

16-24

EN

There are two basic types of pride (pycha) in Czech: 'pride-haughtiness' with negative connotations and 'pride proper' with positive ones. These two types are closely connected and represent a type of continuum. Metaphors concerning both types of pride in Czech are numerous and form a complex net centred around the following metaphors: pride is a living organism, pride is a power, pride is a liquid or a gas, and pride is an illness.

5

THE FUNCTIONS OF METAPHORS IN THE RELATIONS OF POLAND WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION (Funkcje metafor w relacjach Polski z Unia Europejska)

80%

Kazmierczak M.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2009

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issue 3(332)

213-230

EN

The article concerns methapors taken from the political language. The author investigates the lingustic representations of relations (rooted in the historical context) between Poland and the EU. These metaphors were active in the public discourse and their meanings influnced the social reception of the Polish accession to the UE. The common aspect of these lingustic figures is the tacit conviction about the 'fatalism of history' in Polish politics. The author also discusses the social and international understanding of metaphors in foreign mass media. The main hypothesis concerns an important influence of speech acts on internal and external politics - in the lingustic perspective - where metaphors create images and representations of reality. In the Polish context, these metaphors are rooted in the semantic field implicated by associations with 'death', 'sacrifice', 'prejudice' and 'uncertainty'.

6

THE CONTRASTIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE METAPHORICAL FIELD 'APPEARANCE' IN THE LINGUOCULTURAL ASPECT (IN THE RUSSIAN AND POLISH LANGUAGES)

80%

Balashowa L. V.

Stylistyka

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2006

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vol. 15

219-136

EN

The article comprises the analysis of the metaphorical field 'Appearance' in the Russian and Polish languages. In this respect, the authoress singles out the subgroups which are productively enriched by figurative naming units. It is emphasized, among other things, that figurative naming units are regular not in naming vitally important human organs, but in the nomination of those parts of the body which reveal diversity from one human to another and can be evaluated from the point of view 'attractive / unattractive'. The contrastive analysis in the linguocultural aspect leads to the conclusion that representatives of both ethnic groups demonstrate a more or less homotypic ideal of a good-looking person. The differences are related to the degree of spread of certain types of appearances among the Russian and the Polish. The special attention is given to the fact that evaluative image-metaphor is concentrated mainly in the high-flown or, vice versa, in the low colloquial styles of speech, in which the expressive function is a dominant one. It is also of the great importance that, regardless the styles of speech, metaphors in both languages are formed by the same models, largely homotypic in the languages in question. The usage of the specific metaphorical naming units is connected with the cultural characteristics of the two nations as well as with their specific perception of the world as a whole.

7

JOURNALISTIC METAPHOR AND THE PICTURE OF THE WORLD

80%

Coneva L. M.

Stylistyka

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2006

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vol. 15

259-281

EN

The paper analyses metaphor in Russian and Bulgarian journalistic discourse. The study is of interest not only because of the similarities between the two languages, but also because of the similarities between the extra linguistic conditions that generate metaphors. The paper discusses major thematic groups of metaphors, specific features of the metaphoric transfer as well as their role in the creation of a picture of the world. The analysis of journalistic metaphors enables is to find the similarities and differences in the metaphoric picture of the world of Russians and Bulgarians.

8

VANISHING POINT. ON READING 19th CENTURY WRITINGS

80%

Borkowska G.

Przegląd Filozoficzno-Literacki

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2008

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vol. 6

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issue 4(21)

119-129

EN

The British author, Elaine Freedgood, distinguishes two types of meaning in the Victorian novel: metaphorical meaning, determined by symbolic culture, and metonymic meaning related to the material history of things, to their real existence. For example: the mahogany furniture in Jane Eyre is a symbol of prosperity, but also a gist of the history of slavery and colonial deforestation, never presented directly to our eyes. The things 'remember' their past; a reader should take them seriously and recognize that the most inconsequential of objects can in fact be an object of considerable consequence. Can one read the 19th-century Polish novel metonymically? In Polish literature, history of an object is presented in a patriotic context: for example, Rzecki's room is associated with a soldier's equipment. Let us try to read this text in a different way and ask: what can the things tell us? What can the doll, the eponymous object in Prus novel, tell us about itself? What is the history of doll (doll as a doll, not as a symbol or sign)? In the past, dolls have been the object of cult; later, the dolls have been designed by artists. In the 19th century, dolls were produced on a large scale, sold in shops. Nobody prayed to them, nobody cared about their artistic shape. The doll, desanctified and profaned, turned into a commodity, is a good emblem of our modernity.

9

Polskie autostereotypy w debacie o transformacji ustrojowej albo: Dlaczego komuniści są Krzyżakami?

80%

Zinken J.

Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury

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2003

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vol. 15

147-163

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę struktury metaforycznej polskich dyskursów na temat końca komunizmu państwowego. Analizę przeprowadzono w oparciu o bazę danych, zawierającą 1008 metafor pochodzących z tekstów prasowych z 1999 r., upamiętniających ważne wydarzenia z 1989 roku. Jak się okazuje, struktury metaforyczne różnych dyskursów wyrażają i utrwalają ideologicznie ukształtowane interpretacje historii. Szczegółowiej badano interpretacje metaforyczne dwóch zjawisk: zachowania się przedstawicieli władzy i opozycji przy Okrągłym Stole oraz pytania o ciągłość historii. Te dwa zjawiska – których konceptualizacja gra ważną rolę, w określeniu autostereotypu Polaka w III RP – są interpretowane za pomocą różnego rodzaju metafor. Metaforyczne rozumienie ciągłości historii da się analizować za pomocą tak zwanej „konceptualnej teorii metafory” Lakoffa i Johnsona. Natomiast zachowania komunistów i opozycjonistów są interpretowane za pomocą metafor intertekstualnych. Są one skonstruowane nie na podstawie doświadczenia cielesnego, lecz doświadczenia specyficznego dla danej kultury. Wydaje się zatem, że kształtowanie różnego rodzaju pojęć w dyskursie aktywizuje różne strefy bazy doświadczeniowej.

EN

The article analyzes the metaphorical structure of the Polish discourse on the closing stage of the communist system in the country. 1,008 metaphors found in journalistic texts from the year 1999 have been analyzed. The texts deal with various significant events of 1989. It appears that the metaphorical structures of various types of discourse express and strengthen ideologically biased interpretations of history. Two phenomena have been analyzed in particular detail: the behavior of the authorities and of the opposition during the Round Table talks and questions of the continuity of history. Both phenomena, whose conceptualization plays an important role in the shaping of the auto-stereotype of a Pole in the Third Republic, are interpreted via various metaphors. The metaphorical understanding of the continuity of history can be analyzed within Lakoff and Johnson's so called 'conceptual theory of metaphor'. The behavior of the communists and oppositionists, in turn, is interpreted via intertextual metaphors, based not on bodily experience but on the experience characteristic of a given culture. It appears, therefore, that the shaping of different concepts in discourse activates different spheres of one's experiential basis.

10

METAPHOR, THE WAY OF THINKING

80%

Chirpaz F.

Przegląd Filozoficzno-Literacki

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2008

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vol. 6

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issue 2-3(20)

373-386

EN

Human being can live his own life only by shaping it into the form of words, thus absorbing words inherited from language he was born into. In this sense, to speak is to have always been included in the community, it is also to decipher the mystery of human being. Symbol, metaphor, notion try in their own way to surmount limits of words and their poverty. They are different forms of important functions of language that acts as a medium between the lived-through part of experience and its expression in words. At the beginning, human existence is lived through beyond words, but it can display itself only if it is able to express its own relation to life. The most important part of human experience is not lived through only in words, but it must go through them in order to understand the fact of being lived through. Therefore, only the metaphor opens our look to unexplored fragment of experience and inserts in words 'a play' that is similar to poets' creativity. This play only is able to express the lightness and gravity of life.

80%

Kvasz L.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2015

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vol. 70

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issue 3

175 - 187

EN

The proponents of analytical philosophy often draw a comparison between mathematics and chess. Their metaphor is to suggest that both the result of mathematical calculation and the content of the mathematical statement are determined by the rules of “mathematical game” of some kind and independent of status quo. The steps made in a given calculation or proof arguments are game moves – and similarly to a position in chess the position in a “mathematical game” has no factual content. The aim of the article is to question the metaphor at issue and show the multiple characteristics of mathematical symbols that make them principally different from chessmen. The arguments introduced are to show that contrary to chess mathematics enables us to understand the world, discern its structure and grasp its coherence. The metaphor in question thus can be labelled as systematically misleading.

Refine search results

Seeing through language

Metaphorical Meaning and its Interpretations

METAPHOR IN THE POETRY OF IMAGISTS

Metafory pýchy

THE FUNCTIONS OF METAPHORS IN THE RELATIONS OF POLAND WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION (Funkcje metafor w relacjach Polski z Unia Europejska)

THE CONTRASTIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE METAPHORICAL FIELD 'APPEARANCE' IN THE LINGUOCULTURAL ASPECT (IN THE RUSSIAN AND POLISH LANGUAGES)

JOURNALISTIC METAPHOR AND THE PICTURE OF THE WORLD

VANISHING POINT. ON READING 19th CENTURY WRITINGS

Polskie autostereotypy w debacie o transformacji ustrojowej albo: Dlaczego komuniści są Krzyżakami?

METAPHOR, THE WAY OF THINKING

A ja jestem jedynym dowodem”. O poezji fantastycznonaukowej

Toward a Shared Metaphoric Meaning in Children's Discourse: The Role of Argumentation

FORMULATION OF QUALITY-QUANTITY RELATIONSHIP IN TOPONYMY BY THE EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND METAPHORS