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PL
Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie rozwoju infrastruktury wodno-kanalizacyjnej na obszarach Natura 2000 na przykładzie gminy Świętajno. Rozbudowa i modernizacja tego typu urządzeń jest w dużej mierze uwarunkowana środowiskowo. Zgodnie z obowiązującym prawodawstwem unijnym i dostosowanym do niego krajowym należy zbadać wpływ tych działań na obszar Natura 2000. Akty prawne określają procedury dokonywania ocen wpływu na środowisko oraz ich zakres merytoryczny. Pozyskanie środków finansowych jest w dużej mierze uzależnione od prawidłowego przeprowadzenia procedur środowiskowych.
EN
Development of the drinking water and wastewater infrastructure systems is affected by environment conditions as well as local and European Union’s law, particularly on the protected (e.g. Nature 2000) areas. According to regulations each investment needs special assessment of its influence on environment. Specific acts describes precisely the merit and methodological scope of evaluation procedures which lead to creation of assessment report. Lack of such document or its invalid construction result in project collapse. The aim of the article is to present the rules of infrastructure development and improvement in the regions protected as Nature 2000 areas. The very attention is put on “environmental” documentation of such enterprises.
EN
The article indicates the basic legal problems associated with the system of direct payments for 2014–2020. Particularly, the problems of respecting cross-compliance principles, as well as new issues regarding the greening policy have been signaled. The legal situation of farmers operating on Natura 2000 sites, who would like to benefit from the new direct payments system, is also discussed. In this regard, the basic lex ferenda postulates have also been indicated.
EN
The article indicates the basic legal problems associated with the system of direct payments for 2014–2020. Particularly, the problems of respecting cross-compliance principles, as well as new issues regarding the greening policy have been signaled. The legal situation of farmers operating on Natura 2000 sites, who would like to benefit from the new direct payments system, is also discussed. In this regard, the basic lex ferenda postulates have also been indicated.
EN
The article indicates the basic principles of environmental protection used in agricultural law in the light of European and national regulation. This paper focuses also on the analysis of the impact of modern environmental law on ownership of agricultural real estate and agricultural activities. What is more, new obligations for farmers has been analyzed in the context of the Andrzej Stelmachowski’s concept of agricultural property.
EN
The Natura 2000 network includes Special Areas of Conservation SACs (habitat refuges coded PLH ) and Special Protection Areas SPA (bird refuges coded PLB). The objective of the network, covering the member states of the European Union, is the preservation of natural habitats and plant and animal species threatened with extinction on a European scale, as well as typical, commonly occurring natural habitats. Currently in Poland the Natura 2000 network covers almost 1/5 of the land surface. It includes 849 Sites of Community Importance (“habitat” areas — potential special areas of habitat conservation), and 145 special protection areas for birds. The region of Roztocze includes, entirely or in part, three bird refuges (PLB060012 Roztocze, PLB060008 Puszcza Solska, PLB060021 Dolina Sołokiji ) and 12 habitat refuges (PLH060070 Borowa Góra, PLH060003 Debry, PLH180017 Horyniec, PLH060089 Minokąt, PLH060017 Roztocze Środkowe, PLH060020 Sztolnie w Senderkach, PLH060022 Święty Roch, PLH060094 Uroczyska Lasów Adamowskich, PLH060034 Uroczyska Puszczy Solskiej, PLH060093 Uroczyska Roztocza Wschodniego, PLH060028 Zarośle, and PLH060029 Żurawce). The article presents the geographical-environmental description of the refuges of Natura 2000 in Roztocze, and point out their relations with the previously existing protected areas and subjects of protection.
PL
Sieć Natura 2000 obejmuje Specjalne Obszary Ochrony SOO (ostoje siedliskowe o kodzie PLH) oraz Obszary Specjalnej Ochrony OSO (ostoje ptasie o kodzie PLB). Celem sieci obejmującej kraje Unii Europejskiej jest zachowanie zagrożonych wyginięciem siedlisk przyrodniczych i gatunków roślin i zwierząt w skali Europy oraz typowych, powszechnie występujących siedlisk przyrodniczych. Obecnie w Polsce sieć Natura 2000 zajmuje prawie 1/5 powierzchni lądowej. W jej skład wchodzi 849 obszarów mających znaczenie dla Wspólnoty (obszary „siedliskowe” - przyszłe specjalne obszary ochrony siedlisk) oraz 145 obszarów specjalnej ochrony ptaków. Na obszarze Roztocza położone są w całości lub częściowo, trzy ostoje ptasie (PLB060012 Roztocze, PLB060008 Puszcza Solska, PLB060021 Dolina Sołokiji) i 12 ostoi siedliskowych: PLH060070 Borowa Góra, PLH060003 Debry, PLH180017 Horyniec, PLH060089 Minokąt, PLH060017 Roztocze Środkowe, PLH060020 Sztolnie w Senderkach, PLH060022 Święty Roch, PLH060094 Uroczyska Lasów Adamowskich, PLH060034 Uroczyska Puszczy Solskiej, PLH060093 Uroczyska Roztocza Wschodniego, PLH060028 Zarośle, PLH060029 Żurawce. W artykule dokonano charakterystyki geograficzno-przyrodniczej ostoi Natura 2000 Roztoczu, wskazując również na ich powiązania z wcześniej istniejącymi obszarami chronionymi i przedmioty ochrony.
EN
The article presents the legal issues related to the concept of sustainable framework for rural areas of the European Ecological Network Natura 2000. The article presents the effects of Rio+20 summit and their impact on European and national conservation regulations, in particular the Natura 2000 sites. The article also identifies possible risks associated with the implementation of new aims at sustainability, which were decided in Rio+20. In conclusion author pointed to possible solutions de lege ferenda and the most important legal issues relatedto the relationship of the Natura 2000 sites and to sustainable development. It was pointed out problematic aspects of conservations plans and their relationship with other legislation. The article discussed also the issue of compensation for the reduction in value of property which are located on area of Natura 2000 or reduce the profitability of the business on a Natura 2000 site.
PL
W artykule wyjaśniono pojęcie różnorodności biologicznej oraz cele programu Natura 2000. Opisano kierunki działania nowej unijnej strategii przyjętej 3 maja 2011. Dotyczy ona terminowego wdrożenia Dyrektywy Ptasiej i Siedliskowej. Główne zadania to: polepszenie stanu ochrony siedlisk i gatunków chronionych, zapewnienie odpowiedniego finansowania sieci Natura 2000, usprawnienie monitorowania i sprawozdawczości, wzrost świadomości i zaangażowania zainteresowanych stron oraz poprawa skuteczności. Należy także zwrócić uwagę na utrzymanie i wzmocnienie ekosystemów, użyźnianie gleby i oczyszczanie wody, zapewnienie zrównoważonego rozwoju rolnictwa, leśnictwa i rybołówstwa, problem inwazyjnych gatunków obcych oraz walkę ze światowym kryzysem różnorodności biologicznej
EN
The article explains the concept of biodiversity and Natura 2000 objectives. The author describes the action lines of the new EU strategy, initialed May 3, 2011. It concerns the implementation of the Birds and Habitats Directives. The main tasks are: improving the conservation status of habitats and species protected, ensuring adequate funding for the Natura 2000 network, to improve monitoring and reporting, increase awareness and involvement of stakeholders and improve efficiency. You should also pay attention to maintaining and enhancing ecosystems, soil treatment and purification of water, to ensure the sustainable development of agriculture, forestry and fisheries, the problem of invasive alien species and the fight against the global crisis of biodiversity
EN
Contemporary research concerning the benefits (services) of the ecosystems (environment) confirm the rank and significance of the natural environment and its resources for shaping humanity's well-being. Particularly highlighted is the need to protection of live natural resources to preserve biodiversity, which is essential for retaining the basic ecological processes and providing the sustainability of usage of these resources. Consequently, protection of biodiversity is not only an environmental issue, but also an economic and social issue involving the well-being and quality of life of society. Thus, biological diversity is an essential condition for providing ecological safety, retaining the continuity of natural processes, and conditions the quality of life and economic potential. The main purpose of the paper is to indicate the theoretical bases of biodiversity protection from the perspective of the natural and economic sciences, and to describe the diversity of biodiversity protection levels in the EU states. A specific aim is to indicate the forms and instruments of nature conservation involved in biodiversity protection, and to carry out an overview of established nature conservation programmes in selected EU countries. In order to accomplish such a complex aim, this article presents an overview of literature found in the natural, economic and legal sciences and popular magazines presenting scientific research within the field of biodiversity. Then a comparative analysis is presented based on the statistical data coming from various international statistics resources (OECD, EUROSTAT, EEA).
EN
The aim of the research was to analyse the functioning of agricultural farms located in the areas of Natura 2000 network. The research was conducted in 2015 among 70 farmers whose lands were located in the Valley of Biebrza River in Podlaskie Voivodeship. The main research method was a questionnaire. According to the results of the research, the agri-environmental scheme is a proper tool that combines the environmental protection and local producers’ interests; however, it requires the implementation of a supplement adjusted to the nature of the areas. It is also indicated that even though the economic part of the program does not raise any doubts, the natural eff ects are practically not recognized, which may lead to an incomplete protection of precious species and habitats.
PL
Celem pracy była analiza funkcjonowania gospodarstw rolnych położonych na obszarze Natura 2000. Badaniami przeprowadzonymi w 2015 roku objęto 70 rolników, których gospodarstwa położone były na terenie SOO „Dolina Biebrzy” w woj. podlaskim. Podstawową metodą badawczą była metoda kwestionariuszowa. Badania wykazały, że program rolnośrodowiskowy jest dobrym instrumentem godzącym interesy ochrony przyrody i lokalnych producentów rolnych, wymaga jednak uzupełnienia o pakiety dostosowane do specyfi ki terenu. Wykazano również, że o ile ekonomiczna część programu nie budzi żadnych wątpliwości, o tyle efekty środowiskowe są praktycznie nierozpoznane, co może skutkować niepełną ochroną cennych siedlisk i gatunków
PL
W artykule zaprezentowane zostały wyniki badania konkurencyjności gmin objętych Europejską Siecią Ekologiczną Natura 2000. Na podstawie analiz korelacji udziału obszarów Natura 2000 w ogólnej powierzchni gminy i wskaźników charakteryzujących wymiary konkurencyjności i rozwoju, a także ankiet przeprowadzonych wśród samorządów gminnych w Polsce sformułowano wnioski dotyczące sytuacji społeczno-gospodarczej gmin tzw. naturowych oraz wpływu tej formy ochrony przyrody na rozwój lokalny. W artykule podjęto również próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy sieć Natura 2000 faktycznie zapewnia zrównoważony rozwój, czy wymusza jedynie dbałość o interesy przyrody bez uwzględniania potrzeb społecznych i gospodarczych lokalnych społeczności.
EN
The article discusses the results of empirical research on the competitiveness of municipalities covered by the Natura 2000 network. Authors conducted a correlation analysis of the share of the Natura 2000 sites in the general area of a municipality and the indicators characterizing dimensions of competitiveness and development. Questionnaire surveys were conducted among local governments in Poland. On this basis conclusions on the socio-economic situation of municipalities with a large share of Natura 2000 areas and the impact of this form of conservation for local development were formulated. The article is also an attempt to answer the question whether Natura 2000 actually delivers sustainable development, or simply forces environmental protection without taking into account social and economic needs of local communities.
EN
The Natura 2000 network includes two types of areas: Special Protection Areas (SPAs) for birds (SPAs) and Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) for species other than birds, and for habitats. The main objective of the functioning of the Natura 2000 is to preserve certain types of natural habitats and species of plants and animals that are considered as a valuable and endangered species across Europe. In Poland, the Natura 2000 network, which is still developing, covers nearly one fifth of the land area. It consists of 845 areas very important to the European Union (areas of “habitat” – future special areas of conservation of habitats) and 145 special protection areas for birds. For each Natura 2000 area a panel of independent experts develop Standard Data Form (SDF), which contains the most important information about the location and size of the area, occurring types of natural habitats and species, their abundance or representative in the country and the natural values and threats. An integral part of the form is a digital map of the area (as a vector and raster). SDF and the borders of areas are often updated. The authors conducted a detailed assessment of the value Polish Protected areas Natura 2000 from the base, dated April 2012 (data for 961 areas). Two criteria were takeninto consideration : 1) the population of the species in a given area, and 2) the representativeness of habitats. The first evaluate typicality of habitat for describing patterns of natural or semi-natural conditions in which habitat and their characteristic flora and fauna is developing, the second – the size of the population in a given area compared to the national population (the larger the share, the greater the need to designate the area protected). From 325 species 19 left as a priority species within14 areas and from 80 habitats there were 16 priority habitats within 282 areas – the results meet the objectives of the adopted procedure.
PL
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim
EN
Modern Polish agriculture in the new national and EU financial perspective for the period 2014‒2020 is facing new challenges regarding the introduction of practices that are favourable for the climate and the environment, i.e. the so-called “greening” of the Common Agricultural Policy. The problem will be to appropriately inform farmers about the benefits from new solutions and encouraging them to take advantage of altered forms of assistance in the scope of direct payments. Even today, when the principle of cross-compliance applies, more than 700 thousand eligible agricultural holdings do not use the available financial assistance. New environmental and climatic requirements for nature protection can only increase the number of farmers who will not benefit from direct payments at all. The main de lege ferenda legal issue is the conflicting nature of the European and national legal norms. In this respect, comprehensive legal analysis should be conducted both in the sphere of public law, as well as private-public environmental obligations of farmers.
EN
Baltic coast in Poland is the most attractive tourist region. A third of a Polish accommodation potential is concentrated in the coastal zone which doesn’t cover even half percent of the country. Community living in this area obtains its income mainly from tourism business. Rewal Commune is one of the most popular tourism destinations at the Polish coast. Sandy beaches, picturesque cliff seasides and well-known monuments like the ruins of a church from Middle Ages at the edge of theseaside cliff, are the main attractions of the commune. Their expenses on protection of the natural environment you can count in millions of Euros. It’s all because of tourists. Tourism is by far the main source of income and the most important condition of the sustainable development in Rewal Commune. From the beginning of the self-government in Poland at the 1990s this commune is one of the country leaders in the field of investment expenditures. They’ve spent the money on a sewage treatment plant, water supply and gas networks and actions aimed to improve the image of the commune. Almost whole area of the Rewal Commune is within protected territories. There are Natura 2000 network areas, a waterfowl reserve on Liwia Łuża lake, and coastal protected space controlled by the Maritime Office. All together they strongly stipulate conditions and possibilities of makingany investments in the commune. This paper aims to show how much those restrictions seemingly threatening possibilities of development of the commune fated to live on tourism could be its chance to protect herself against negative impact of expansive mass tourism.
PL
Bałtyckie wybrzeże jest w Polsce jednym z najbardziej atrakcyjnych regionów turystycznych. Jedna trzecia zasobów polskiej bazy noclegowej znajduje się w strefie wybrzeża nie obejmującej nawet połowy procenta kraju. Społeczności żyjące na tym obszarze uzyskują przychody głównie z turystyki. Jednym z najpopularniejszych miejsc wypoczynku na polskim wybrzeżu jest gmina Rewal. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie na jej przykładzie, jak uwarunkowania związane ze zrównoważonym rozwojem mogą stać się szansą zachowania dotychczasowego bogactwa przed skutkami ekspansywnej turystyki masowej.
EN
Field surveys for the Fire-bellied toad Bombina bombina were conducted in spring and summer 2013 and 2014. The study area is located in the Vistula River valley, north of Warsaw in Mazovia, central Poland. The area is of a high natural value and partially overlaps with two Natura 2000 areas: the Kampinos section of the Vistula River valley (PLH 140029) and the Middle Vistula River valley (PLB 140004). Two breeding sites of Fire- -bellied toads were detected in the vicinity of river dikes, including one in an ephemeral pond located in the flooded part of the river valley. The results document the decrease in number of breeding sites of the species. The surviving two local populations of Fire-bellied toads are endangered with illegal dumping of construction debris and the close vicinity of motocross track. To reduce the risk of extinction of local populations of Fire-bellied toads in Vistula valley, the authors discuss the proposition to enlarge existing Natura 2000 areas.
EN
Ecological farming within Natura 2000 areas is one of the recommended forms of activity financially supported within agri-environment programs. Organic farming in Poland is growing dynamically. It has been indicated by the increase in the share of agricultural land under organic farming in the total area of agricultural crops – from 0.3% in 2002 to 2% in 2010. The aim of the article is the analysis of regional diversity of organic farming and its coexistence with the Natura 2000 areas in Poland in 2010. The size of areas under Natura 2000 protection is associated with the development of organic farming. Voivodeships with a high proportion of Natura 2000 areas within their boundaries (over 30%) also had a high proportion of agricultural land cultivated with the use of ecological methods, from 6.4% to 1.8%, while those with the least proportion (under 5%) had only 0.4%.
PL
Ekologiczny sposób gospodarowania w obrębie obszarów Natura 2000 jest jedną z rekomendowanych form działalności i wspieraną finansowo w ramach programów rolnośrodowiskowych. Rolnictwo ekologiczne w Polsce rozwija się dynamicznie. Świadczy o tym wzrost udziału użytków rolnych, objętych ekologicznym sposobem gospodarowania, w całkowitej powierzchni upraw rolnych – z 0,3% w 2002 roku do 2% w 2010 r. Celem artykułu jest analiza regionalnego zróżnicowania rolnictwa ekologicznego oraz jego współwystępowania z obszarami Natura 2000 w Polsce w 2010 r.
PL
Celem pracy było określenie rozmieszczenia, liczby i form aktywności ludzi na brzegach i w korycie najcenniejszego pod względem przyrodniczym, środkowego odcinka Wisły między Puławami i ujściem Pilicy (km 373-548 szlaku żeglugowego). Kontrole prowadzono w okresie maj-czerwiec 2014-2015 roku, kiedy do rozrodu przystępowały kluczowe gatunki ptaków, tworzących zespół awifauny koryta rzeki. Notowano obecność i formę aktywności ludzi wyróżniając: wędkarstwo, biwaki, turystykę wodną, turystykę pieszą, turystykę zmotoryzowaną oraz wypas zwierząt hodowlanych. Stwierdzono częstą obecność ludzi na Wiśle, bardziej masową w czerwcu niż w maju. W obu miesiącach najbardziej popularną formą spędzania czasu przez ludzi w korycie rzeki było wędkarstwo. Podczas gdy na terenach mniej cennych dla ptaków zdecydowanie dominowało łowienie ryb, na fragmentach rzeki z kluczowymi siedliskami lęgowymi dla ptaków równie często lub częściej notowano zdecydowanie bardziej agresywne dla przyrody formy rekreacji: biwaki i turystykę zmotoryzowaną (quady, motory, samochody terenowe). Wzrastająca popularność tych form rekreacji stanowi bardzo poważne zagrożenie dla świata przyrody ożywionej. Ich efektem jest nie tylko niepokojenie ptaków wyprowadzających lęgi, ale też fizyczne niszczenia siedlisk lęgowych, gniazd z jajami oraz zwiększona śmiertelność piskląt mew, rybitw i innych ptaków siewkowych
EN
The study aimed to determine the distribution, numbers, and forms of human activity on the banks and in the riverbed of the middle part of the Vistula River. This section of the river is the most valuable for nature and is located between Puławy and the mouth of the Pilica River (km 373-548 of the navigation route). Censuses were conducted in May-June 2014 and 2015, the breeding season of the key species of the riverbed avifauna. The presence and different forms of human activity were recorded, including fishing, camping, water tourism, hiking, motorized tourism, and grazing animals. The frequent presence of people on the Vistula River was much greater in June than in May. In both months, the most popular form of spending time by humans in the riverbed was fishing. While in areas less valuable for birds, fishing strongly dominated, on parts of the river with key breeding habitats for birds, more aggressive forms of recreation, camping and motorized tourism (quads, motorcycles, off-road vehicles), were reported as often or even more frequently. The increasing popularity of these forms of recreation is a very serious threat to the fauna. They not only disturb the breeding birds but also physically destroy breeding habitats and nests with eggs and increase the mortality of chicks of gulls, terns, and other waders.
EN
For almost half a millennium, the landscape surrounding the stud farm in Kladruby nad Labem has served the purpose of breeding and training of the famous Kladruber horses. At the present day, this area is a national cultural monument and, since 2019, also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The grounds of the Kladruby nad Labem National Stud, one of the oldest functional studs in the world, are situated in the Polabí region, in the floodplain of the river Elbe. The National Stud is a uniquely preserved historical cultural landscape with an extraordinary balance of natural and cultural values, including both landscape composition and remnants of original biotopes.
EN
Białka River, the right tributary of the Vistula River, flowing in the mountainous Małopolska region is commonly referred to as one of the last non-modified streams in the Polish Carpathians. Most of the river valley is protected within PLH120024 Białka River Valley Natura 2000 site. However, there are also economic activities going on in the valley. Therefore the protection of assets (e.g. infrastructure, forests) against flood is desired by the local communities. Nature protection within this Natura 2000 site stands sometimes in conflict with flood protection actions preferred by the local communities. This kind of situation was observed at the beginning of the development of a management plan for this Natura 2000 site. In order to ease the tension and prevent conflicts between authorities and local community, which could hinder effective creation of the management plan, the participatory process was designed and conducted as an additional support for the standard management plan development meetings. The aim of the paper is to present the management experiment - especially designed and structured participatory process, supported by the observations and questionnaires, leading to the proposals of the win-win solutions for the Białka River Valley. The outcomes are reviewed with regard to the possibility of the process replication in other places. The key factors that enabled achievement of win-win solutions are discussed.
PL
Płynąca przez górskie rejony Małopolski Białka, będąca prawym dopływem Wisły, jest uznawana za jeden z ostatnich naturalnych potoków w polskich Karpatach. Większa część Doliny Białki jest objęta ochroną, jako obszar Natura 2000 (PLH120024). Jednak obszar ten jest również wykorzystywany gospodarczo i dlatego miejscowa ludność oczekuje ochrony dóbr materialnych (infrastruktura, uprawy leśne) przed powodzią. Oczekiwania te są czasami sprzeczne z wymogami ochrony przyrody. Taka właśnie sytuacja miała miejsce, kiedy rozpoczęto prace nad planem zadań ochronnych dla Doliny Białki. Aby złagodzić napięcia i zapobec konfliktom mogącym utrudnić prace nad tym dokumentem zaprojektowano i wdrożono proces partycypacyjnego rozwiązywania sporów. Uzupełniał on wymagane przez prawo ochrony przyrody standardowe konsultacje społeczne. Celem niniejszej publikacji jest przedstawienie tego eksperymentu z zakresu zarządzania partycypacyjnego. Jako wynik towarzyszących procesowi obserwacji i ankiet ewaluacyjnych przedstawiono propozycję takich rozwiązań zaistniałych sytuacji konfliktowych, w których nie ma przegranych. Wyniki poddano dyskusji z myślą o wdrożeniu zaproponowanych rozwiązań na innych obszarach.
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