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EN
Author in of the presented article focused his attention on the nature of personal and real privileges. As the study shows, the legislator took a stance on the issue of the nature of privileges in can. 78 §§ 1-3 CIC. The legal definition of privilege codified in can. 76 1 CIC contains a presumption allowing for the opposite evidence. This means that the permanence of a decision of this type is of a conditional nature. In other words, it is not an essential element of this institution. Can. 78 §§ 2-3 CIC, on the other hand, codifies the dispositions concerning the cessation of two principle categories of privileges, i. e. personal and real privileges. The cessation of both types of privileges is of a natural character. A personal privilege granted to an individual is extinguished with the person’s death and is not inherited by the heirs whereas a privilege concerning a legal personality ceases when the conditions codified in can. 120 § 1 CIC are met. Finally, a real privilege becomes extinguished through the complete destruction of be thing or place. Still, in the case of a local privilege, the legislator bases on legal fiction allowing for the revival of a privilege if the destroyed place is restored within fifty years. In conclusion, the author points out that prescriptive arrangements concerning the nature of personal and real privileges codified in can. 78 § 1-3 CIC result from positive law. The legislator establishing them bases on the mechanism of legal fiction.
PL
The rethink of the Nature’s meaning is one of the ways from the sentimental poeticalnorm to the Pushkin’s one. Having localized the Nature as the native landand native house, the lyrical hero of the sentimentalism perceives himself as thepart of the genus. By the transformation of the native land in the motherland thelyrical hero revives, it’s epical oneness with the folk and poetically joins as to theNature as the moral ground.
Society Register
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2018
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vol. 2
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issue 2
85-106
EN
This article tackles that question of the place of Nature as an idea and Life in Nature as a reality in the education philosophy of Janusz Korczak. First, we establish the idea that Korczak was a naturalistic philosopher and that nature in its broad cosmic sense serves as the ordering principle of his entire pedagogical legacy. Influenced by Stoic philosophy, Korczak rejects transcendence and sees the human being in the only context possible, nature.Following this paradigm, we establish Korczak's education as a reality guided pedagogy. The nature of the child mandates education and not free unrealistic aspirations. The nature of the child, his family, his biography in its broadest sense also set the limits of what can be achieved through education.At last, we follow Korczak's appreciation of nature and countryside experience as a healing experience for poverty inner city children. There, in nature, in free play, work and sport, they regain their physical and mental health. There Korczak also had his best opportunity to learn the child and to develop his known educational ideas, which he later on implemented in his children houses.
4
Content available remote

Hume on Miracles: The Issue of Question-Begging

88%
Forum Philosophicum
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2012
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vol. 17
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issue 1
49-71
EN
Hume's chapter "Of Miracles" has been widely discussed, and one issue is that Hume seems to simply beg the question. Hume has a strong but implicit naturalist bias when he argues against the existence of reliable testimony for miracles. In this article, I explain that Hume begs the question, despite what he says about the possibility of miracles occurring. The main point is that he never describes a violation of the laws of nature that could not be explained by scientific theories.
EN
The article discusses the shaping of the relation between natural and statutory law in the philosophical, political and legal concepts from the Antiquity until the Middle Ages. Firstly, the author analyzes the views of a sophist – Aristotle, and Stoics – Saint Augustine of Hippo and Saint Thomas Aquinas in order to identify on their basis the main principles concerning the matter at hand. His research permitted him to conclude that during the mentioned period the prevailing conviction was that statutory law (positive law) should not violate natural law (and sometimes simultaneously God`s law) because the latter was perceived as a higher legal order. Statutory law that conflicted with the higher law was usually considered invalid and – as such – not creating the obligation of obedience. It was also considered unjust. For Christian thinkers God himself was the creator of principles of justice; therefore that law which came directly from him was put at the top of the legal structure. Natural law was seen as mirroring this law of God. In turn, statutory law was supposed to reflect the rules of natural law.
PL
In this article I discuss two main types of development: sustainable and accelerated, which largely contradict each other. I highlight the differences between these two types of developments and describe the reasons behind the growing interest in accelerated development. I also speculate about conditions needed to achieve accelerated development in a democratic setting characterised by neoliberal economy. Moreover, I present arguments that are raised by both opponents and supporters of sustainable development.
7
Content available remote

Czy bać się przyrody?

88%
EN
Since the September 1st 2013 science teachers in secondary schools: liceum (comprehensive high school), and technikum (senior vocational high school) will introduce a new subject – the Science. This subject raises a lot of emotions in the pedagogical environment for several reasons: - Science Core Curriculum differs in its structure from the curricula of other subjects, - There is an obligation to implement only the curriculum learning outcomes not its content, - Science cannot be taken at the final external examination (matriculation), - There is a lack of interesting, innovative programs to teach this subject, - There is a continuous shortage of teaching tools for the implementation of Science subject. So should we be afraid of Science? No, we just have to understand it and make friends with it. In this paper you will find information about the recipients of this course, teachers qualified to teach Science, the number of hours devoted to teaching the subject as well as about the Science Core Curriculum and its possible interpretations and methodological guidance on its implementation and evaluation activities.
PL
Od 1 września 2013 r. nauczyciele przedmiotów przyrodniczych w szkołach ponadgimnazjalnych (liceach ogólnokształcących i technikach) rozpoczną realizację nowego przedmiotu – Przyrody. W artykule znajdziecie Państwo informacje o odbiorcach tego przedmiotu, kwalifikacjach nauczycieli do nauczania przyrody, liczbie godzin przeznaczonych na realizację tego przedmiotu oraz samej podstawie programowej i możliwych jej interpretacjach a także wskazówki metodyczne dotyczące realizacji zajęć i oceniania.
EN
The aim of our study is to highlight the obvious similarities that exist between the organizational structures of the biological world, particularly in terms of the number and distribution of the petals on flower and the geometric configurations used by the great masters of European painting, both in the East but also in the West, in order to elaborate the compositional framework of paintings and icons. Taking into consideration the symbolic connotations concerning the field of biology (the primary focus this article), we chose as a case study the Russian icon from the 14th century entitled “The Triumphal Entry of Jesus into Jerusalem”, exhibited and venerated across the orthodox world on Palm Sunday. Starting with the circle of the aureole of Jesus, we have marked the harmonic series of concentric circles that are distributed across the nodal points of some regular polygons with seven and nine sides, which make reference to the ergonomic formulas of distribution of the petals on a flower and highlight the fact that the beauty of the natural world was and still is the main source of inspiration in the world of arts.
EN
This study deals with the concept of natura as it is presented in Comenius's Pansophia. Since Comenius's concept of nature is inseparable from his anthropological views, the paper discusses also his anthropology. Man is considered here an integral part of the material world which, however, through his immortal mind and its three infinite components surpasses the material world and rises above it. Man, especially in his limitlessness and freedom of human will, resembles God. The human individual thus becomes not only the creation of God, but the partner and collaborator of God, insofar as the process of completing the work of Creation is concerned. The outcomes of human activity are called the world of human creation, the world of morality and the world of the spirit, in which nature is brought to perfection. The final part of the study focuses on the concept of natura humana which is important in the whole Consultatio catholica, not only in the Pansophia. Despite all difficulties in interpretation, Comenius's concept of human nature can be reconstructed. According to Comenius the basis of human nature is the openness of human existence founded on the free and unrestricted will.
EN
Fertility is an inalienable feature of a human being, a fundamental function of sexuality, an attribute of maturity and an element that belongs to the essence of life. Fertility as an attribute of spousal love describes the field of many mutual achievements of a couple. Life processes are thus wisely regulated by nature itself in its biological rhythm. The knowledge of corporality and the rhythms of fertility is a prerequisite for responsible parenthood. Thus, responsible parenthood is an important matter for every married couple and the knowledge of nature is of much help in this area. To get to know nature better one must refer to the natural methods of conception, accepted and recommended by the Church. The aim of this publication is to present the natural methods of planning a family as an alternative to other methods widespread in the modern world which pose a danger to human life, marital bond and human dignity. Despite many publications which raise this issue, the subject of giving life in harmony with nature still remains open and inexhaustible.
11
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Content available

A Limited View of Realism

75%
EN
In the paper we argue that no neat border line between ontology and epistemology can be drawn. This is due to the fact that the separation between factual and conceptual is rather fuzzy, and the world is characterized by a sort of ontological opacity which makes the construction of any absolute ontology difficult. Our ontology is characterized by the fact that the things of nature are seen by us in terms of a conceptual apparatus that is inevitably influenced by mind-involving elements, and all this has important consequences on both the question of scientific realism and the realism/anti-realism debate. Conceptualization gives us access to the world, while, on the other, it is the most important feature of our cultural evolution. While the idealistic thesis according to which the mind produces natural reality looks hardly tenable, it is reasonable to claim instead that we perceive this same reality by having recourse to the filter of a conceptual apparatus whose presence is, in turn, connected to the development of language and social organization. Our science is essentially relational, and not absolute. The information with which it provides us is appropriate, but from our point of view. Science provides reliable information on the world, but this information is always relative to a particular framework, and it is a mistake to think that the limits of our cognitive capacities only have an aprioristic character. Science constantly attempts at providing answers to our questions about how things stand in the world, and thus purports to offer reliable information about it. But it should also be recognized that the extent to which science succeeds in accomplishing this task is disputable. What kind of realism, thus, can we actually endorse? Despite what many relativists claim, realism still is an arguable and defendable position. If one asks what difference is made to our knowledge claims if we accept the existence of an extra-conceptual world, the answer is the following: such recognition undermines the diffused anthropocentric stance which identifies reality with our limited knowledge of it.
EN
Recollecting the elementary truth that matrimony is an institution established by the Creator so that humankind can implement His purpose of love and that the triune God reveals Himself in history and enters a salutary Covenant with His people making the matrimonial communio personarum a living image, which reflects His own image, might seem a truism. We aim to demonstrate in this study, however, the fact that some regularity deserves a moment’s thought. The clarity/transparency of this image constitutes a continuous challenge for the pastoral activity of the Church, in which an auxiliary, although, significant role is played by theological sciences. An uninterrupted dialogue with the pluralistic world of thought and ideas concerning the search for a fuller truth about man and subsequently, looking for an appropriate communication language for this truth is their domain. The fact the Second Vatican Council recommends such a language, which optimally harmonizes the vetera et nova of the Catholic matrimonial doctrine, is corroborated by the unmatched teacher of personalism Saint John Paul II when he proclaims: Within the perspective of authentic personalism, the teaching of the Church confirms the possibility of establishing matrimony as an indissoluble relationship (vinculum indissolubile) between spouses, through its essence directed towards the good of the very spouses and children (Address to the Roman Rota, 1997; Dignitas connubii Instruction, 2005). It is exactly this affirmation of the personal­-centric optics that currently opens up new possibilities: firstly, an appropriate look at the title canonical paradigm of indissolubility through the prisms of a properly understood (on the ground of anthropological realism) relationship between nature and culture, secondly, a convincing realization of the postulate of inspiring/evangelizing the legal culture, in which the Church exists and functions.
EN
Nature was the central idea on which Michael Sendivogius based his alchemico-philosophical system. Therefore, the aim of this article is to show what the Polish alchemist understood as Nature and what was its function in the world according to him. Sendivogius believed that the material world originated from the will of the good God. However, the act of divine creation was reduced to the moment of its coming into being through the creation of the matter (ex nihilo) and general organization of its universum. Nature, on the other hand, is responsible for the present form of the material world. For Sendivogius, Nature is an element with which the world has been enriched by the will of God, and which is responsible for its permanent creation. According to our alchemist, the world is constantly being created and transformed, and Nature is its creative principle. This article explains how Nature creates this world and particular beings existing in it. Furthermore, it discusses the problem of the nature of Nature itself. Sendivogius considered Nature to be not only a creative principle but also a kind of law determining interactions of beings which ensured their unity and harmony. Nature is not everlasting but created in the same way as the world. Therefore, the article presents also what the Alchemist thought about the Nature’s relation to its Creator, that is to God.
EN
The question of the beginning of the world, it’s first rule, genesis and structure followed humanity since the dawn of time, becoming a source for philosophy and science. Search for a rational answer to that question lead, throughout the ages, to a creation of many cosmogonic concepts which referenced various philosophical traditions. While they currently hold only historical value, in many cases they contained ideas, sometimes still very inarticulate, which revolutionized the science in later years. One of such concepts was proposed by Michael Sendivogius, a Renaissance polish alchemist. In his approach, creation of world is dynamic and multiphase. In his vision, the world is something, which is subject to evolution (though he does not use this term), inevitably changes, and thus undergoes a permanent creation. In this creation of the world, as Sendivogius describes it, one can distinguish three fundamental stages, responsible for which are three factors: God, Nature and man. The goal of this article is to present how, according to Sendivogius, the world is created, what tasks in this continuous process are carried out by God, Nature or the man, and in what relations they remain, in regards to themselves and the world they create.
PL
"Kallias-Briefe oder über die Schönheit" ("Listy o pięknie") stanowią fragment korespondencji wymienionej zimą 1793 roku między Fryderykiem Schillerem a jego przyjacielem, Christianem Gottfriedem Körnerem, wprowadzającej tego pierwszego w myśli filozoficzną Immanuela Kanta. Listy nie były przeznaczone do publikacji, stanowiły wymianę myśli na temat piękna, jakie zrodziły się po lekturze "Krytyki władzy sądzenia". W przyszłości miały stanowić trzon schillerowskiej koncepcji estetycznej. Ponieważ jednak treść tych 9 listów (6 Schillera i 3 Körnere) tworzą zwartą całość, późniejsi wydawcy i komentatorzy pism Schillera nadali im wspólną nazwę. Myśli wyrażone w "Listach o pięknie" odsłaniają estetyczne zapatrywania Schillera, w których piękno jest zjawiskiem wolności w świecie przyrody i które znalazły swój wyraz w późniejszych esejach (np. "O wdzięku i godności", "O wzniosłości"). Można zatem ująć "Kallias-Briefe" jako zarys koncepcji pięknego człowieczeństwa, wyrażony w późniejszych pismach Schillera.
EN
"Kallias-Briefe oder über die Schöheit" ("Letters on Beauty") are fragments of the series of letters exchanged in winter 1793 between Fryderyk Schiller, the German playwright, poet and philosopher, and his friend Christian Gottfried Körner, who introduced the German poet to the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. The letters not being intended for publication were just the exchange of thoughts and ideas concerning the value of beauty, the ideas that originated after reading Kant`s "Critique of Judgment". They were meant to become the core of Schiller`s theory of aesthetisc. Since the content og those 9 letters (of with 6 were written by Schiller himself and 3 by Körner) is a coherent whole, the publishers and commentators of Scholler`s writing gathered them under one title and since then they have been treated as such a whole. It is widely recognized that the views on aesthetics that found their shape in the "Letters on Beauty" aer a sketch of an announced yet never written essay on beauty. They express Schiller`s original aesthetic standpoint acording to which beauty is a phenomenon of freedom perceived in the world of phenomena of nature; we can find the same idea in the subsequent works by Schiller (such as "Anmut und Würde" and "Über des Erhabene"). Thus "Kallias-Briefe" can be seen simply as an introductory sketch of the conception of the beautiful humanity found in the subsequent writings of the philosopher. From this perspective all the mechanism of development of the philosophical conception formed in the shape of elaborated and finished essays prepared for publication is easily visible.
EN
The human face, real and imagined, has long figured into various forms of cultural and personal recognition-to include citizenship, in both the modern and the ancient world. But beyond affiliations related to borders and government, the human face has also figured prominently into biometrics that feed posthuman questions and anxieties. For while one requirement of biometrics is concerned with “unicity,” or that which identifies an individual as unique, another requirement is that it identify “universality,” confirming an individual’s membership in the species. Shakespeare’s sonnets grapple with the crisis of encountering a universal beauty in a unique specimen to which Time and Nature nonetheless afford no special privilege. Between fair and dark lies a posthuman lament over the injustice of natural law and the social valorizations arbitrarily marshaled to defend it.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł należy do nurtu pedagogiki, która promuje koncepcję edukacji zintegrowanej, przywiązując dużą wagę do warunków środowiskowych, które zwiększają rozwój dziecka, a w szczególności jego postrzeganie autonomii, wolności, kreatywności intelektualnej i aktywnej oraz zachowania prospołeczne. Propozycja powrotu człowieka do natury powiązanej z otaczającym go środowiskiem wydaje się szczególnie interesująca zarówno dla dzieci żyjących w środowiskach wiejskich, jak i dużych miast. Możliwość doświadczania osobistej, codziennej więzi z naturą staje się pozytywnym i prozdrowotnym doświadczeniem dziecka, podnoszącym jego dobrostan we wszystkich wymiarach rozwojowych.
EN
The scope of the paper pertains to the area of pedagogy that promotes the concept of integrated education, at the same time giving high priority to the environmental conditions that enhance the child’s growth and, in particular, her/his autonomy, freedom, intellectual and active creativity as well as prosocial behaviour. The proposal to return to the roots that lie in human nature and in the surrounding environment, seems to us particularly interesting, both for children living in rural environments and those from big cities. Being able to develop a personal bond with nature becomes a child’s healthy and positive experience, exerting its influence on all dimensions of her/his overall development.
XX
Światło słoneczne towarzyszy Ziemi i człowiekowi od zawsze. Zostawia swoje subtelne lub spektakularne ślady w każdej chwili i w każdej przestrzeni. Najbardziej widocznym działaniem Słońca na Ziemi jest ciepło i światło, które cechuje nieustanna zmienność i ruch. Współczesny człowiek – szczególnie żyjący w mieście - spędza w pomieszczeniach większość swojego życia, kontakt ze światłem naturalnym, którym jest słońce, księżyc i gwiazdy jest więc zminimalizowany. Dlatego wprowadzenie tegoż światła do wnętrz jest problemem niezwykle istotnym. Co prawda pojęcie architektury solarnej wiąże się wciąż przede wszystkim z pozyskiwaniem i akumulacją ciepła słonecznego we wnętrzach, jednak nie mniej ważny jest wpływ słońca na fizyczne i psychiczne zdrowie człowieka a także jego rola w budowaniu charakteru obiektu i ducha miejsca. Piękno i Tajemnica wpisane są we wszystkie twory Natury. Istotnym zadaniem projektanta wydaje się być świadome korzystanie z materii światła naturalnego, która świadomie użyta może nieść sobą treści głębokie i istotne. Projektować z myślą o człowieku, czyli z miłością do niego, to przybliżyć mu rozumienie świata poprzez wskazanie na istniejące, choć ukryte w świecie ślady prawdy, dobra i piękna. Są to ślady rzeczywistości niematerialnej. Światło jest „duszą przestrzeni”.
EN
It is a recent tendency to read certain pre- and early-modern thinkers as “anticipatory critics” of modernity; the name of Michel de Montaigne often comes up in this context. Most of the critical approaches treat Montaigne like a pre-Rousseau proto-romantic which is indeed is an important part of Montaigne’s thinking. However, as I show in this paper, his Essays also allow for a different interpretation. Namely, I demonstrate that 1) Montaigne’s appraisal of Nature is far from a romantic-idyllic one; 2) his understanding of the interspecies division is more subtle than it is often thought; 3) his thought thus interpreted includes an ethics of becoming-animal that is based on a radically anti-Platonic (and thus anti-Cartesian) body-mind economy.
EN
The article deals with the interpretation of nature in the writings of two early modern Lutheran theological thinkers, Johann Arndt and Samuel Fabricius, and this against the background of the significance of these theological concepts for an (empirical) understanding of nature, at the time an issue of ever increasing importance. The authors’ approach and reasoning are analysed in the context of the then status of nature, showing in what way and to what extent the theologians’ ideas related to the distinct trend of natural scientists to study nature not (primarily) as creation. The concluding synthesis argues for a principal difference between teleological and causal reasoning of that time, which requires a different type of cognition. This study, however, dismisses polarising thinking. What the article points out as positive is the heuristic function of these concepts on the way to scientific knowledge.
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