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EN
The transformation of a meaning of prostotaThis article is dedicated to the evolution of one of prostota lexeme meaning (and prostoć, prostość as well) – its human mental sphere significance. The analysis (definitions and examples) expands over the Polish language dictionary since its beginning till modernity. There were two main meanings of a lexeme prostota from the Old Polish till the end of the XVII century – positively characterised straight meaning regarding morality, directly linked to religious attitude and the second one, referring to mental and intelectual ability of individual, negatively regarding its undernormative features.It transformed during the XVIII century – the disredarding meaning disappeared, the first, religious aspect expanded over morality, customs, the way of living, simultanously drifting away from its religious significance.Throught the history of the prostota lexeme there was a short period regarding to a lack of culture and misbehaviour but dissapeared quickly with uprising of a prostactwo lexeme. Since the XIX century the dominating feature of prostota lexeme is being natural in a positive way. Besides the modifications of the lexeme and the transformation of its meanings prostota was mostly referring to positive values, which are the only meanings now.
EN
In 1963, Stanisław Urbańczyk attempted to investigate the problem of the earliest East Slavic borrowings in Polish. He presented a list of Old Polish imports from the East Slavic languages comprising 150 lexical units. Fifty years later, Wiesław Witkowski, another Slavicist from Cracow, extended the list of East Slavic borrowings included in Słownik Staropolski (‘Old Polish Dictionary’) to 199 units. The goal of the present paper is to partially verify the standpoints of the two researchers. Perforce, it is limited to those words which arrived in the East Slavic territory from the broadly understood East, i.e. from the Turkic, Mongolic, and Finno-Ugric languages. The results of this verification are as follows. Out of 32 analysed lexical units (not including the word denka), 22 can probably be considered East Slavic borrowings in Old Polish: ataman, bachmat, bezmian, bisior, bojar, bojarzyn, bołki, bułatowy, czobot, czobotnik, derka, kalannik || kalennik, kalanny || kalenny, kalaństwo, kaleta || kaletka, kitajka, kitajczany, kiwior, korczak || korczag, korczakowy, mohorycz, mohorycznik, opończa, roztruchan, sorok, telega, teleżny, tołmacz, torłop, tybinki || ciebienki. The same is not true for the following words: hazuka || azuka, jarmułka || jermułka, karbus, orkisz, serpanek || serpanka, tarchun || torchun. In four cases (the words badawia, basałyk, kolimaga, orda, ordyniec || hordyniec) a definite acceptance of East Slavic mediation appears to be impossible at the current stage of research.
EN
This paper presents the assumptions of the Corpus of Polish until 1500, which is being developed as part of the project titled Baza leksykalna średniowiecznej polszczyzny (do 1500 roku). Fleksja (Lexical Database of Medieval Polish (until 1500). Infl ection). It introduces the fundamental objectives of the project, namely preparing an infl ectional description of all (infl ected) words from the time until 1500 and building a morphosyntactically annotated collection of texts from the same period. Afterwards, the authors discuss the present digital collections of Old Polish texts. In the main part of the paper, they present the criteria for selecting sources for the Corpus under creation and their elaboration methods, which refer to the solutions developed in the Electronic Corpus of Polish Texts from the 17th and 18th centuries (until 1772). Their major modifi cations aimed to adapt the structural and morphosyntactic annotations for the purpose of describing Mediaeval Polish are discussed on selected examples.
EN
Polish glosses contained in 15th- century manuscripts are one of the basic elements of Polish historicallinguistic research. They are the largest and most diverse group of medieval monuments of the Polish language. Although they reflect almost all areas of life of the 15th-century inhabitants of Poland, they remain separated from the mainstream of historical and linguistic research. The author summarizes the history of research on Polish glosses and refers to the discussion on the term ‘gloss’, tools for describing glosses, and source research.
PL
Polskie glosy zapisane w XV-wiecznych rękopisach są jednym z elementów podstawy badań historycznojęzykowych. Należą do najliczniejszej grupy zachowanych średniowiecznych zabytków języka polskiego i są najbardziej zróżnicowane. Choć odzwierciedlają prawie wszystkie dziedziny życia XV-wiecznych mieszkańców Polski, to jednak pozostają na uboczu głównego nurtu badań historycznojęzykowych. Autor artykułu przypomina historię badań nad polskimi glosami oraz odnosi się do dyskusji dotyczącej terminu glosa, narzędzi opisu glos oraz badań źródłowych.
EN
The article examines how the inclusion of a theological perspective can change the interpretation of certain provisions and linguistic phenomena. Awareness of and knowledge about the sources of Rozmyślania Przemyskie, gives us the ability to reconstruct the process of formation of mediaeval texts. Some sources of Rozmyślania, the Scripture and the writings of the Fathers of the Church, are also fundamental for theological studies. At first, I only consider one fact: the author of Rozmyślania created his own harmony of the gospels, solely for the purpose of this particular text. As a result, we might differently perceive the language of many portions of Rozmyślania (in particular, its syntax). We may be interpreting some stylistic issues differently, or differently transcribe the text (and therefore differently interpret the tension between the text, which remains to the present day, and the supposed original text, the process of creating which we are now trying to reconstruct).
EN
The paper describes adverbial numeral expressions used to quantify events, to indicate their specific number, that can be found in the largest text of Polish Middle Ages, i.e. in Rozmyślanie przemyskie. Based on the traditional division of numerals, the article identifies multiplicative, ordinal, and manifold numerals, and indicates their function in specific contexts. The analyzed text, even though it is a 16th century copy, preserves such shapes of multiplicative numerals as jedną/jednąc or dwojc/dwojcy which were archaic already from the perspective of the Middle Polish period. Likewise, the text conserves adverbial ordinal numerals. The material also proves that, before the popularization of adverbial forms of the dwukrotnie-type, and of compound constructions with the element raz, the stock of numerals used as adverbs was limited primarily to derivatives from numerals of the lower order, related to values between one and four.
EN
The article presents preliminary findings concerning the legal vocabulary found in medieval Latin-Polish court books. On the basis of various entries related to the lien law, it has been shown that many Latin fragments of monuments abound in names derived from the Roman law, which then were replaced with the equivalent Polish names. However, the way writers have used them makes it very difficult to determine their contextual meaning.
EN
The article presents a description of the Old Polish nominal derivatives with the suffix -ota in terms of their etymology, word–formation and semantics. In addition, the issue of the productivity of nouns was raised – the words that retain lexical continuity in the history of the Polish language from Old Polish to modern Polish were discussed along the derivatives that have not survived in the Polish lexicon until today.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia interferencje semantyczne, do których doszło na styku łaciny średniowiecznej i staropolszczyzny w obrębie leksemów opisujących usankcjonowany prawem i zwyczajem akt pokory, to jest publiczne upokorzenie się winowajcy, najczęściej zabójcy, połączone z prośbą o przebaczenie. Są to: humiliatio, humilitas, a dodatkowo homagium, venia) oraz staropolska pokora. Po dokonaniu diachronicznej analizy rozwoju wyrazów współdzielących rdzeń humil* sięgnięto do materiału porównawczego z łaciny średniowiecznej innych narodów, staropolszczyzny oraz języka staroczeskiego. Starano się w ten sposób ustalić, jakie zmiany językowe i społeczno-kulturowe się przyczyniły do wyłonienia się znaczenia prawnego leksemów humiliatio, humilitas w łacinie średniowiecznej ziem polskich, wysuwając ostatecznie hipotezę, że doszło tu do kalki językowej jednego ze znaczeń polskiego terminu pokora.
EN
The paper discusses cross-linguistic interference observed while studying Latin humiliatio, humilitas (and additionally homagium, venia) and Old Polish pokora, referring to the statutory and customary legal practice of ‘public humiliation of the culprit, most often the murderer, and their request for forgiveness’. The research focuses on the linguistic and socio-cultural changes that made the juridical meaning of humiliatio, humilitas emerge. The paper offers a diachronic analysis of the development of a set of words that share the root humil*, followed by a synchronic study of the vocabulary attested in Old Polish, Old Czech, and in Medieval Latin used in other countries. The article discusses linguistic and socio-cultural factors that might have contributed to the development of the juridical sense of humiliatio, humilitas in Medieval Latin in Poland, and concludes with a hypothesis that the described sense emerged as a calque of one of the senses of the Polish word pokora.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu są wstępne rozważania dotyczące obrazowości jako cechy polszczyzny średniowiecznej. Uwzględniono dwa obszary funkcjonowania kategorii: struktury analityczne o różnym stopniu ustabilizowania oraz złożenia jako typ derywatów stanowiących przekształcenie konstrukcji składniowej. W wypadku pierwszego obszaru wyróżniono wykładniki obrazowości. Są to: dosłowność, analityczność, redundancja i ekspresywność. Obrazowość złożeń natomiast manifestuje się w ich dosłowności lub metaforyczności semantycznej. Konstrukcje uznane za wyraz obrazowości języka staropolskiego mają swe współczesne odpowiedniki, które zostały szkicowo przybliżone.
EN
The article presents preliminary remarks concerning picturesqueness as a feature of medieval Polish. Two fields of the category of picturesqueness were taken into account: analytical structures of various stability levels and compounds as a type of derivates originating as a result of syntactic structure transformations. In the first field a few exponents were distinguished, such as: literality, descriptiveness, redundancy and expressiveness. The picturesqueness of the analysed compounds demonstrates itself in their semantic literality or figurativeness. The structures recognized as an expression of picturesqueness of Old Polish have their contemporary correlates, which were also briefly presented.
EN
The main problem presented in the article and its title revolves around the term emendation. The author presents this problem from two perspectives. The first is the interference of the medieval scribe into the text which is evidenced by the deletions and corrections introduced by the writer. The second perspective is the activity of the researcher-editor who reads the manuscript, interprets, and publishes it, using imprecise publishing rules. This, in turn, leads to a distortion of the source text. The conducted analyzes showed that the adopted principles of publishing medieval texts should be such as to preserve all the features of the manuscript that relate to the writer's understanding of the text, and which are blurred in the process of interpretation by a modern publisher.
PL
Główny problem przedstawiony w artykule skupia się wokół tytułowego terminu emendacja. Autor przedstawia ów problem z dwóch perspektyw. Pierwsza – to ingerencja średniowiecznego skryby w tekst, czego śladem są skreślenia i korekty wprowadzane przez pisarza. Drugą perspektywą jest działalność badacza-edytora, który odczytuje rękopis, interpretuje go i wydaje, stosując przy tym nieprecyzyjne zasady wydawania, co w konsekwencji prowadzi do zniekształcenia tekstu źródłowego. Przeprowadzone analizy pokazały, że przyjęte zasady wydawania tekstów średniowiecznych powinny być takie, by zachować wszelkie cechy rękopisu, które dotyczą rozumienia tekstu przez pisarza rękopisu, a które są w procesie interpretacji przez współczesnego wydawcę zacierane.
EN
The article is devoted to the understanding of epidemics in the Old Polish and Middle Polish periods in the light of the terms mór and morowe powietrze ‘plague’. It is divided into three parts: naming, understanding, and evaluation. The first part analyzes the occurrence of the lexemes mór and morowy, as well as their derivatives in Old Polish and Middle Polish texts, with particular emphasis on their connectivity. The second part attempts to reconstruct the understanding of epidemics by the speakers of the language at the time. The analysis has shown that an epidemic called with the lexemes mór, morowe powietrze is primarily seen in two ways: as God’s punishment for sins and as a catastrophe, especially a natural disaster. Its perception is strongly influenced by the Christian worldview and anchored in the biblical tradition. The third part, devoted to the evaluation of epidemics, indicates the linguistic means by which negative evaluation was expressed in texts, including its use in comparisons and metaphors characterized axiologically.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest przedstawianiu i pojmowaniu epidemii w dobie staro- i średniopolskiej w świetle jej nazw: mór, morowe powietrze. Podzielony został na trzy części: nazywanie, pojmowanie, wartościowanie. W pierwszej części analizie poddano występowanie leksemów mór, morowy i pochodnych w tekstach staro- i średniopolskich, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ich łączliwości. Druga część jest próbą rekonstrukcji pojmowania epidemii przez użytkowników ówczesnego języka. Analiza pokazała, że epidemia nazywana leksemami mór, morowe powietrze i podobnymi jest ujmowana przede wszystkim w dwóch kategoriach: kategorii kary Bożej za grzechy i kategorii katastrofy, zwłaszcza katastrofy naturalnej. Jej postrzeganie jest silnie zależne od chrześcijańskiego światopoglądu i umocowane w tradycji biblijnej. W trzeciej części, poświęconej wartościowaniu epidemii, wskazano środki językowe, jakimi wyrażano negatywną ocenę epidemii w tekstach, w tym wykorzystywanie jej w porównaniach i metaforach nacechowanych aksjologicznie.
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2013
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vol. 8
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issue 1
61-69
EN
The subject of the article is the analysis of the archaic and obsolete vocabulary in Jan Pawel Woronicz’s 19th-Century Hymn do Boga. The vocabulary of the poem can be divided into two groups: 1)Vocabulary cited by Doroszewski’s Dictionary of the Polish Language (SJPD) - 77.4%; 2)Vocabulary not cited in SJPD - 22.6%. The majority (69.3%) of vocabulary cited by SJPD are obsolete, archaic and historic words with relevant qualifiers in the Dictionary. Only a handful (8.1%) of words have the expressive qualifier literary. The vocabulary not cited by SJPD constitute a separate group. Only a few of them can be found in Linde’s Dictionary. Those words were created by Woronicz himself, whose poetry, in Klemensiewicz’s words, „is abundant with neologisms”. In Hymn do Boga the poet used a number of neologisms, not cited by the dictionaries of general Old Polish and contemporary Polish. Klemensiewicz mentions them in vol. 2 of his Historia języka polskiego.
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