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Prawosławne parafie Pińska w XVI wieku

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EN
The main centre of the diocese of Turov and Pinsk in the XVI century was Pinsk. In the XVI century Pinsk became the local economic-politic metropolis. The greatest services to the development of the Church life were rendered by the rulers of the principalities: Ann Svidrigellova Horodecka, Semen, Maria, and Vasyl Olelkovich, Ivan, Fiodor, and Helen Yaroslavovich, Semen and George Holshansky, and Vasyl Fedorovich Ostrogsky and Constantine Ivanovich Ostrogsky. Thanks to their foundations and bequests more than 16 orthodox parishes and a few monasteries were founded. They were also the patrons of many iconographers, cantors, copyists and others artists.
EN
The point of this article is to show Belarus selections between the eastern neighbor (Russia) and the West. This refers aspects functioning of the country such as economy, politics, military (security) or national identity. Being under the influence of Western civilization and largely Russian-Orthodox civilization, Belarus has difficulty to make clear choices. According to the „multi-sector” policy, for Belarus Russia is an important strategic partner but also individual western countries are too (Belarus depends mainly on cooperation in the economic sphere). The analysis of Belarusian politics shows that it turns to the Eastern direction, that is Russia: the most refers to the military (security), political-economic and cultural spheres. It can be observed large Russian influences (Belarusians still prefer the Russian language). Cooperation with the West is seen most often in the economic sphere, financial help, awarding grants whether project realization. On the other hand, cultural and political influences are perceived as interference in the internal affairs of the country and negatively evaluated by the current authorities. It is unlikely that the direction of cooperation will change during the current president’s government.
EN
In the study, we pay attention to the Orthodox Church calendar of 1928, which was published in Yu Lajo’s printing house, based in the village of Ladomirovo in Eastern Slovakia, by Orthodox missionaries who had emigrated from Russia. We consider the calendar as a genre of the religious sphere of communication. The object of the research is georthonyms as a peripheral lexical-semantic field of the onomastic space of the Russian language used in ‘Orthodox calendars’ in the last century. They make one of the constituent parts of the Christian sacred onomasticon, a reflection of the religious linguistic picture of the world in the early 20th century. The appeal to onomastics as a material for ethnolinguistic and linguoculturological research seems quite logical, since “...in onomastics the most significant and stable quanta of ethnocultural information are encoded” (Berezovich 2001: 34). The article uses onomastic research methods such as: descriptive, comparative, synchronous and diachronous.
EN
The aim of the paper is to analyze religious discourse with the use of the instruments of semantics and pragmatics. Essentially, it sets out to identify the linguistic elements which enable the illocutionary force in the Romanian orthodox sermons, especially in the discourse of some important figures which have influenced and still influence the Romanian orthodox theology and the religious life in Romania: Father Cleopa, Father Nicolae Steinhardt, and, nowadays, Father Teofil Pârâianu. It is usually assumed that a sermon implies, on the one hand, a kerugmatik action, that of annunciation, and, on the other hand, a translating action of the biblical induce the human will to practice the words in order to Christian precepts. Mutatis mutandis, the perlocutionary effect depends on the illocutionary act and of the illocutionary force. In theory, the illocutionary force of an utterance is strictly motivated by the pragmatic (Ionescu-Ruxăndoiu 2003). But there are linguistic elements which function as efficient markers of the illocutionary force (Austin 1962: 73-76), for example performative verbs, verbal moods and some adverbs. The criteria proposed by Searle in order to differentiate the illocutionary acts (illocutionary point of utterance, direction of fit, psychological state, intensity, etc.) resulted in the identification of several types inside this class. Searle's taxonomy serves the research purposes: the identification of illocutionary acts found in this kind of religious discourse and, finally, outlining a pattern of manifestation of the illocutionary force inside the sermon.
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Kościół jako Eucharystia

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PL
W teologii prawosławnej refleksja na temat istoty Kościoła zawsze była i pozostaje jednym z najczęściej podejmowanych zagadnień. Szczególnie owocny w tym względzie był XX wiek, gdyż zrodził wielu wybitnych prawosławnych teologów, którzy przyczynili się do dynamicznego rozwoju myśli eklezjologicznej. Ich trud był skierowany w tym celu aby w oparciu o analizę teologiczno-historyczną pierwszych wieków chrześcijaństwa, tradycję apostolską i św. św. Ojców przybliżyć istotę Kościoła. Powyższa tendencja była dyktowana swego rodzaju niedosytem i zastojem w teologii prawosławnej, wynikającym z silnego wpływu teologii scholastycznej. Dzięki trudowi i ogromnej pracy naukowej teologów z Instytutu Teologicznego św. Sergiusza w Paryżu, na czele z o. Mikołajem Afanasjewem można mówić o renesansie eklezjologii prawosławnej. To o. M. Afanasjew jest twórcą „eklezjologii eucharystycznej”. On wskazał na ścisły związek pomiędzy Kościołem i Eucharystią, pomiędzy Kościołem - Ciałem Chrystusa a Ciałem Eucharystycznym. Przy tym podkreślił wyjątkowe znaczenie Eucharystii w życiu Kościoła, który jest stale kontynuowaną, wiecznie trwającą eucharystyczną koinonią. Samo zaś słowo „kościół” – gr. ekklēsia oznacza eucharystyczne zgromadzenie ludu. Słowa zaś ap. Pawła „Gdy schodzicie się jako Kościół…” (1 Kor 11,20) zarówno dla niego jak i wczesnego chrześcijaństwa – nie odnoszą się do świątyni, lecz do natury i celu zgromadzenia. Jego celem jest urzeczywistnienie Kościoła. Od samego początku bezsporna i oczywista była trójjednia – Zgromadzenia, Eucharystii i Kościoła, o której za ap. Pawłem świadczy tradycja Kościoła pierwszych wieków. Eucharystia jawi się tutaj nie jako jeden z siedmiu sakramentów, jak traktują ją podręczniki dogmatyki i katechizm ale jako „Sakrament Zgromadzenia” (gr. areiopagos) w myśl określenia św. Dionizego Areopagity. Zgromadzenie eucharystyczne było i powinno być traktowane jako podstawa bytu Kościoła.
EN
In Orthodox theology, reflection on the nature of the Church has always been and still remains one of the most frequently discussed topics. The 20th century was particularly fruitful in this regard, because it produced several notable Orthodox theologians, who contributed to the dynamic development of ecclesiological thought. Their labor was dedicated to explaining the nature of the Church on the basis of theological and historical analysis of the first centuries of Christianity, the Traditions of the Apostles and of the Holy Fathers. This tendency was dictated by a kind of need and stagnation in Orthodox theology which resulted from a strong influence of scholastic theology. Thanks to the labour and great academic work of theologians of the Theological Institute of St. Sergius in Paris, chiefly Fr. N. Afanasjev, it is possible to speak of a renaissance in Orthodox ecclesiology. Fr. N. Afansajev is the creator of “Eucharistic ecclesiology”. He indicated the close relation between the Church and the Eucharist, between the Church (the Body of Christ) and the Eucharistic Body. At the same time, he emphasized the exceptional significance of the Eucharist in the life of the Church, which constantly continues as the eternally lasting Eucharistic koinonia. The word “Church” (Greek: ekklēsia) means the Eucharistic gathering of the people. The words of St. Paul “when you come together as Church…” (1 Cor 11,20), both for him and the early church, did not refer to the church building, but to the nature and purpose of the gathering. Its purpose is to actualize the Church. From the very beginning, the triune Gathering, Eucharist and Church were undisputed and obvious, and also confirmed by the tradition of the Church of the first centuries on the basis of St. Paul’s writings. The Eucharist appears here not only as one of the seven Sacraments, as Dogmatic and catechetical textbooks treat it, but as the “Sacrament of Gathering” (Greek: areiopagos) in the thought of St. Dionysius the Areopagite’s terminology. The Eucharistic gathering was and should be treated as the foundation of the Church’s being.
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2015
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vol. 7
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issue 2
230-242
EN
The aim of the present article is to analyse the way in which the main Christian traditions define the charismata, or the gifts of the Holy Spirit. As we shall see, the definitions provided by the Catholic, the Eastern Orthodox or the Reformed Theologies are very broad, while in Pentecostal theology charismata have a rather technical meaning. Finally, we will observe that a good clarification of the concepts in question could help the development of the interfaith theological dialogue, from the pneumatological point of view.
EN
The views of Canon Law on mixed marriages have recently changed and this paper takes a look at some selected issues of a mixed marriage under that law. In particular, the permissibility of a marriage between a Catholic and an Orthodox is analysed from the point of view of the currently binding Latin and Eastern Catholic law. The attitude of the Church to Catholic-Orthodox marriages has been changing over the centuries, and until recently mixed marriages have been regulated by the provisions of the Code of Canon Law of 1983. Those provisions have now been substantially amended, but two important questions still remain unanswered: (i) what is the nature of the prohibition to conclude a mixed marriage under the Code of Canon Law of 1983 and (ii) is a Catholic-Orthodox marriage permitted?
PL
Niniejszy artykuł z uwagi na zmianę prawa kanonicznego o małżeństwach mieszanych, podejmuje problematykę wybranych zagadnień z zakresu zawarcia małżeństwa mieszanego. W szczególności autorka zajmie się dopuszczalnością zawarcia małżeństwa mieszanego katolików z prawosławnymi według obecnego stanu prawa łacińskiego i katolickiego prawa wschodniego. Stosunek Kościoła (ustawodawcy kościelnego) do zawierania wskazanych powyżej małżeństw zmieniał się na przestrzeni wieków. Kwestię małżeństw mieszanych uregulował Kodeks prawa kanonicznego z 1983 r. Przepisy, a tym samym zasady prawne, dotyczące zawarcia małżeństwa przez osoby wyznania rzymskokatolickiego i prawosławnego zostały zasadniczo zmienione. Istotna jest odpowiedź na pytania: Jaki charakter ma zakaz zawierania małżeństw mieszanych wynikający z Kodeksu prawa kanonicznego z 1983 r. i czy małżeństwo katolicko-prawosławne jest dozwolone?
8
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Zmienne barwy Lipska

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PL
Artykuł pokazuje złożoną historię unitów w Lipsku nad Biebrzą. Autor pokazuje także stosunki międzywyznaniowe na tym obszarze na przestrzeni wieków. Analizuje również genezę kształtowania mozaiki kulturowej i religijnej w tym regionie. Bada stan wiedzy mieszkańców regionu o przeszłości. Autor pisze o tym, jak wieloetniczna i wielokulturowa przestrzeń stopniowo przekształciła się w obszar jednolity religijnie i kulturowo.
EN
The article presents the complex history of the Uniates in Lipsk. The author also shows inter-faith relations in this area over the centuries. Shows the genesis of shaping the cultural and religious mosaic. Analyzes the state of knowledge of the region’s inhabitants about the past. The author writes about how the multi-ethnic and multicultural area gradually turned into a unifi ed religious and cultural area.
EN
This paper analyses the life’s work of this Catholic priest and writer, in particular aiming to evoke his interventions and role in the Catholic clergy reform movement which, following the end of the First World War and establishment of an independent Czechoslovak Republic, demanded reform of the Church and its transformation into a national church community. Already at the turn of the 19th and 20th century, he was one of the critics of ultramonatism and Austro- Catholicism and changes in social and legal conditions put him amongst the protagonists of the Union of Czech Catholic Clergy. He set up its radical faction and in 1920 was one of the founders of the Czechoslovak Church. In the process of seeking out the church’s doctrinal focus, he promoted its orthodoxisation. The study places his efforts within a wider context and besides the introduction and conclusion evokes this in three differently-focused sections – in a biography, in a summary of his efforts in Czech literature and in his operation in the Church sphere.
EN
The article analyzes the Greek Catholic prayers and use of the honorific category therein. To appeal to the Lord, Theotokos and the saints, the form You (sg.) is used. It is a special lexical form of politeness. The well-known traditional you (pl.) where respect for the addressee is expressed in religious texts (sermons, prayers) is replaced by the honorific form of You (sg.). The article emphasizes the role of the honorific in religious communication, its functioning in the religious text since honorific (respectful) forms are used to describe the actions of individuals commanding respect (from the speaker’s point of view). The researched material consists of the texts of the prayers and Slavonic Akathists which are used in the Eastern Worship.
RU
В статье анализируются греко-католические молитвы и использование категории гоноратива в них. По отношению к Господу Богу, Богородице, к Святым в обращении к ним используется гоноратив формы Ты – Вы. Это особая лексическая форма вежливости. Известное традиционное Вы, несущее значение уважения к адресату в религиозных текстах (проповедях, молитвах), заменяется гоноративной формой – Ты. В статье подчеркивается роль гоноратива в религиозной коммуникации, его функционирование в религиозном тексте, так как гоноративные (почтительные) формы применяются для характеристики действий уважаемых (с точки зрения говорящего) лиц. Материал исследования представляют тексты молитвословий, текстов славянских акафистов, которые используются в Восточном богослужении.
PL
Patriarcha Miron był jedną z najważniejszych osób w Rumuńskim Kościele Prawosławnym. Jego dokonania mają charakter historyczny. Jako przykład wspomnieć należy spowodowanie ogromnego zaangażowania osób świeckich w życiu kościelnym. Doprowadził do otwarcia Rumuńskiego Kościoła Prawosławnego na świat przez organizowanie szeregu konferencji międzynarodowych, liczne podróże do Ziemi Świętej i aktywną pomoc siostrzanym Kościołom. Jakkolwiek docenić należy jego zdolności organizacyjne, w szczególności jednak podkreślić trzeba jego głęboką duchowość. Był znany, jako postać wspierająca prawosławie w Polsce; dobrym przyjacielem hierarchów Kościoła prawosławnego w Polsce. Jego śmierć została odnotowana długimi dniami żałoby kościelnej w naszym państwie.
EN
The Patriarch Miron was one of the most important person in Rumanian Orthodox Church. His achievements influenced in the History. For instance: his Orthodox Reform permitted laics become more active participant in the religious life. He opened the Rumanian Orthodox Church in the world by organising conferences, especially travels to the Holy Land, helping to the neighbour Churches and so on. His organising possibilities were very important, but more significant was His spiritual life. As a Patriarch he was also a great Supporter to the polish Orthodox and amicable friend polish Orthodox Hierarchy. So his dead caused in Poland a long period of funeral days.
PL
Artykuł traktuje o losie ks. protoprezbitera ppłk Szymona Fedorońki, kapelana wojskowego wyznania prawosławnego w odrodzonym Wojsku Polskim. Duchowny znakomicie zapisał się w dziejach Kościoła prawosławnego i sił zbrojnych II Rzeczypospolitej. W oparciu o źródła archiwalne Autor omawia kolejne etapy jego służby duszpasterskiej w wojsku – od szefa duszpasterstwa wojskowego w Przemyślu i Lublinie do naczelnego kapelana wyznania prawosławnego Wojska Polskiego i męczeńskiej śmierci w niewoli sowieckiej. Szlaki żołnierski i kapłański duchownego zostały ukazane na tle wydarzeń politycznych, które wówczas się dokonywały w kraju. Autor ukazuje m.in. najważniejsze problemy, z którymi musiał zmierzyć się kapelan pracujący na mieszanym narodowościowo i wyznaniowo terenie.
EN
The article deals with the fate of Fr. Protopriest Lt Col Szymon Fedoronko, who was was an Orthodox military chaplain in the reborn Polish Army. Th e priest has gone down in the history of the Orthodox Church and the armed forces of the Second Republic. Based on archival sources, the Author discusses the successive stages of his pastoral ministry in the army beginning with the head of the military chaplaincy in Przemysl and Lublin through the Orthodox chief chaplain in the Polish Army to his martyrdom in Soviet imprisonment. His life’s path as a soldier and priest is presented against the background of the political events that were taking place in the country at the time. The author shows, among other things, the most important problems the chaplain had to face working in an ethnically and religiously mixed area.
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2015
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vol. 7
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issue 2
198-210
EN
The question of the place of the Holy Spirit in the Orthodox Ecclesiology is not a new one, but it still remains open. In this article special attention is devoted to the Eucharistic Ecclesiology of Nicholas Afanasiev, in which he has tried to give to the Person of the Holy Spirit an essential place, and to the ecclesiological ideas of George Florovsky, who in his theological constructions has been extreme Christocentric and has avoided to give a special place to the oikonomia of the Spirit. A particular remark is made also about the possibility of using the neo-patristic synthesis in the discussion (with special reference the texts of St. Basil the Great, St. Athanasius of Alexandria and Didymus the Blind).
EN
The reviewed book is the eleventh in the series devoted to the “Culture of the First Polish Republic in dialogue with Europe. Hermeneutics of values”. This series is the aftermath of an interesting research project, whose aim is both to comprehensively present the cultural relations of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with Europe, as well as to recognize the ways and forms of mutual communication of literary, aesthetic, political and religious values. In addition, it aims to present in a broad comparative context the structure of Early Modern culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Apart from the introduction, the book contains the dissertations of 11 authors originating from various scientific centers in Poland and abroad (Toruń, Białystok, Vilnius, Venice, Padua, Cracow, Poznań, Rzeszów) and representing different research specialties: philology, history, and history of art. The general and primary goal of the text it is to analyze various aspects of the Ruthenian culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, both in its dynamic connection with the Polish-Latin culture and the processes occurring in Eastern European Orthodoxy after the fall of the Byzantine Empire and in connection with the strengthening of the Moscow state. The key issues developed in the volume relate essentially to: values of the Ruthenian culture, some of which coincide or are identical to those recognized by Western-Polish citizens of the Commonwealth, while depend on the centuries old tradition of Eastern-Christian culture.The articles focuses on the values displayed in the Orthodox and Uniate spheres and around the polemics between them, punching with axiological arguments. The most frequently and basic problems that were raised are: determinants of identity, faith (religion), language (languages), social status, origin; the policy of rulers, the problem of ecclesiastical jurisdiction; tradition and change in culture – biblical studies, patristics, liturgy, theology; printing, translations, education; apologetics and polemics, preaching, iconography; a renewal program for the clergy that was to become the vanguard of the renewal of the entire Eastern Church; Bazylian Uniate ( Greek- Catholic) clergy: the idea of cultural integration, education, translation and publishing.
EN
Byzantine temples were richly equipped with polychromes, mosaics and frescoes, constituting a very carefully thought-out ideological complement to the church. In each artistic era, they were an expression of their times. In the modern era, sometimes there were polychromes referring to Byzantine works or – in Uniate churches – corresponding to the spirit of the era, as in the church in Czyże in Podlasie. In the mid-twentieth century, Adam Stalony-Dobrzański, an artist associated with Krakow, undertook the creation of new polychromes in new Orthodox churches in Podlasie, corresponding to the challenges of contemporary art. The content of the article is, above all, an attempt to introduce this masterpiece in the first place.
PL
Powszechne na wielonarodowej i wielowyznaniowej Białorusi przekonanie o tolerancyjności Białorusinów w świetle analizy źródeł historycznych, tekstów folkloru i analizy wypowiedzi ustnych zarejestrowanych na wsi okazuje się błędne. Dane tej analizy świadczą o łączeniu w świadomości ludowej pojęć `naród’ i `wiara’ i kształtowaniu się stereotypów etnokonfesyjnych, jednak obecnie daje się zauważać rozróżnianie tych pojęć, a identyfikacja konfesyjna może być sprzeczna z poczuciem przynależności narodowej. Dalej w artykule omawia się stosunki i wzajemne stereotypy poszczególnych grup wyznaniowych. Stosunki wzajemne prawosławnych i katolików można scharakteryzować jako podobne, niekonfrontacyjne, choć niejednakowe, bowiem w odróżnieniu od prawosławnych katolicy nie podkreślają przewagi czy słuszności swojej wiary. Przeciwstawienia „stary nowy”, „pierwszy drugi” są pozbawione elementu oceny. Staroobrzędowcy wyraźnie przeciwstawiają się prawosławnym i podkreślają wzajemną obcość. We wzajemnych wyobrażeniach prawosławni i staroobrzędowcy są od siebie bardziej oddaleni niż to wynikałoby z pokrewieństwa ich wiary, a staroobrzędowcom przypisuje się skłonność do grzechów (zwłaszcza złodziejstwa), które następnie z łatwością zostają odpuszczone. Jednocześnie w stereotypie staroobrzędowców główne miejsce zajmują ich wiara, zdrowie i zamożność, a częste wspólne obchodzenie głównych świąt chrześcijańskich i wzajemne wizyty z tym związane świadczą o wysokim stopniu tolerancji. Jako znacznie bardziej obcy postrzegani są baptyści i żydzi. Szczególną niechęć wywołuje tu brak kultu Matki Boskiej i świętych, przypisuje się im też niewiarę w Jezusa Chrystusa. Jednocześnie we współczesnej wsi białoruskiej stereotyp baptystów zmienia się na korzyść, dzięki uznaniu, jakie wzbudza ich abstynencja. Autorzy podkreślają konieczność rozszerzania badań stereotypów etnokonfesyjnych na Białorusi z wykorzystaniem głównie nagrań wypowiedzi ustnych.
EN
In the light of historical sources, texts of folklore and spoken data recorded in villages, the multiethnic and multi-confessional Belarus is not so tolerant as is commonly believed. In folk mentality, the concepts of a “nation” and “faith” are combined and thus ethno-confessional stereotypes emerge. However, one may observe that nowadays the two notions are being distinguished and need not tally. The article discusses the relationships between and mutual stereotypes of particular confessions. The relationships between Catholics and members of the Orthodox Church are non-confrontational but nevertheless asymmetrical because the latter tend to underscore the “correctness” of their faith. The oppositions “old–new” or “first–second” are devoid of valuation. Old Believers clearly oppose the Orthodox and emphasize the mutual “foreignness”. Mutual images of the Orthodox and the Old Believers are more distant than would seem on the basis of the common religious ground; the latter are said to be prone to sin, especially theft, which is then easily forgiven. At the same type, the stereotype of Old Believers contains as major components faith, health and affluence, while a frequent common celebrations of major Christian holidays and the accompanying mutual visits point to a high degree of tolerance. Baptists and Jews are viewed as much more alien. Particularly disturbing is their lack of cult of the Virgin Mary and saints, sometimes also the lack of belief in Jesus. At the same time, the image of Baptists is becoming more positive in Byelorussian villages due to the former’s abstinence. The authors suggest that it is necessary to extend the research on ethno-confessional stereotypes in Belarus mainly with analyses of recordings of oral data.
EN
The article singles out the defining element of the Orthodox singing practice – liturgical. The example of the Belarusian Orthodox liturgical singing practice shows the result of assimilation of introduced (new) traditions into culture. The Byzantine type of liturgical singing and the intonational content of the Slavonic early-traditional (folklore) singing practices became the basis of the famous chant. Understanding this phenomenon makes it possible to restore the intonational features of the ancient canonical liturgical singing practice. The change in the cultural paradigm in the culture of the Commonwealth in the 17th and 18th centuries led to a gradual change in the intonational content of the liturgical singing practice of the Eastern Christian tradition and the birth of a new choral style. New changes occurred in the 19th century and are associated with the unification of Belarusian and Russian liturgical singing practices. The author analyzes the result of the interaction of the Byzantine, folklore, Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox traditions, which characterizes the modern Belarusian Orthodox liturgical singing practice.
EN
The article deals with the Orthodox cult of Saint Tryphon in the Balkans, focusing mainly on the liturgical and ritual holiday held in Bulgaria on the 1st, and in Macedonia on the 14th of February. The analysis of these cases has been carried out on the basis of the field study conducted in 2016 in Kavadarci and Negotino towns, belonging to the winery region of Tikves. The environment for that research was set by the Greek tradition of celebrating the Dionysus holidays, particularly the Lenaia. All the documentation collected by the authors include the following manifestations of the cult: 1. Liturgy and Orthodox Church rituals, 2. Rituals conducted in the winaries, 3. Ludic forms of Saint Tryphon’s cult. On the basis of this material, it has been attempted to reconstruct the course of the ceremony in the historical, religious and ethnographical aspect. The conclusions drawn from this study make it possible to understand that many Christian elements of the celebration in honor of Dionysus refer to the pagan traditions adjusted to the Orthodox or ritual needs. It proves the longevity of ancient tradition in the contemporary Balkan folklore and also makes it applicable in the comparative research concerning cultural sciences in their broadest scope.
PL
As the prophet of the Gentiles, Job states, the life of Man upon earth is a warfare. During the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries war against the Tatars and later the Turks and increasingly the Muscovites impinged considerably on the Catholic and Orthodox populations of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. War and its consequences made their mark on devotions (to St George, St Casimir, the Ten Thousand Military Martyrs) and church and chantry building; pilgrimage contributions were sidelined for rebuilding churches as well as castles destroyed by the Tatars. The spoils of war were displayed publicly in Vilnius (Wilno) cathedral and thanksgiving for victory and intercession for the fallen took physical form in the building of churches by both Catholic and Orthodox leaders. Personal and patriotic memory of the dead was visualised publicly in religious buildings. Growing traditions of organising public processions around the city of Vilnius placed the Kletsk (Klecko) memorial church of St George clearly on the annual calendar. In the documentary record war was both a literary topos and a harsh everyday reality. Jak głosi prorok Hiob: „Bojowanie jest żywot człowieczy na ziemi”. W XV i XVI w. walki z Tatarami, a później Turkami i coraz częściej Moskwą znacznie utrudniały życie katolickich i prawosławnych społeczności Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Wojna i jej skutki wywierały wpływ na kult świętych (Jerzego, Kazimierza, Dziesięciu Tysięcy Rycerzy Męczenników) i budownictwo kościelne; datki pielgrzymie były przeznaczane na odbudowę zarówno kościołów, jak i zamków zniszczonych przez Tatarów. Łupy wojenne wystawiane były na widok publiczny w katedrze wileńskiej, a dziękczynienie za zwycięstwa i modły za poległych wyrażały się w fundowaniu kościołów przez przywódców tak katolickich, jak i prawosławnych. Osobiste i patriotyczne formy upamiętnienia zmarłych znajdowały materialny wyraz w obrębie budowli kościelnych. Umacniająca się tradycja organizowania procesji wokół miasta Wilna i uroczystości w kościele św. Jerzego (pomniku zwycięstwa bitwy pod Kleckiem) zajęły stałe miejsce w roku liturgicznym. W źródłach wojna ukazuje się nam jako literacki topos, a także jako codzienny znój. Karas ir dievobaimingumo išraiškos Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje vėlyvesniais viduramžiaisSantraukaXV–XVI a. sandūroje padaugėjus totorių, turkų bei maskolių užpuolimų prieš Lietuvos didžiosios kunigaikštystės teritoriją, pastarosios katalikų ir stačiatikių bendruomenės susidūrė tiesiogiai su karo smurtu. Karas turėjo nemažų pasekmių ir tuomet jau gyvybingam vietiniam religiniam gyvenimui. Padidėjo pagarba karingiems šventiesiems Jurgui, Kazimierui, šventiesiems 10 000 karių-kankinių; vyko bažnyčių bei altorių steigimas; maldininkų aukos Bažnyčiai perleidžiamos totorių išniokotų šventyklų ir pilių remontui. Vilniaus katedroje viešai kabo užkariautų priešų vėliavos, o padėkos Dievui už pergalę, maldos už žuvusiųjų išganymą akivaizdžiai įsikūnijo bažnyčių, vienuolijų, cerkvių statybose. Vilniaus mieste įsitvirtinus tradicijai vesti viešas procesijas tarp dvasinių įstaigų; Klecko mūšio paminklas, šv. Jurgio bažnyčia įsišaknijo miestiečių istorinėje atmintyje.
PL
God’s Names in the Religious, Cultural and Sociological-Historical AspectsThe article analyzes the names given today to the children of inhabitants of Przemyśl - followers of Catholicism and Orthodoxy, at the same time showing their differences and similarities within both religions. In the same urban, communication and cultural community, Catholic and Orthodox live side by side (often for many generations). Despite everything, they to some extent retain their own identity (culture, traditions and customs), which also manifests itself in the names given to children. For a more complete picture of the situation, the names of the two older generations (parents and grandparents) were also presented.
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