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Rusíni v České republice: „revitalizace“ národnostně menšinové identity

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Sulitka A.

Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)

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2017

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vol. 27

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issue 1

60 - 71

EN

The contribution points to selected activities and their role that they play in constructing the national self-identity of Ruthenian minority. It is the Rusíni.cz – rusínská iniciativa v ČR (Ruthenians.cz – a Ruthenian initiative in the Czech Republic) association, founded in 2011, that initiates the regeneration of club life. In contrast to the members of the Společnost přátel Podkarpatské Rusi (Society of Carpathian Ruthenia Friends), who come from older generations, the members of the new association come from young generations of Ruthenians, immigrants from Eastern Slovakia. The Rusíni.cz association set themselves a target to develop the activity in the field of the community life of Ruthenians in Prague, to maintain and promote cultural traditions of Ruthenians and to inform the Czech public about Ruthenians. As resulting from the attitudes of the Rusíni.cz representatives, the revitalisation of “ruthenianism” is based on the safeguarding of customary traditions, calendar cycle and language in the form of Ruthenian dialects spoken in Eastern Slovakia. From the Rusíni.cz perspective, the national identity of Ruthenians is declared as a culturally and ethically determined matter-of-fact.

2

Rusíni a problém vymedzenia ich územia v druhej polovici 19. a na začiatku 20. storočia

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Švorc P.

Acta historica Neosoliensia Vedecký časopis pre historické vedy

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2015

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vol. 18

180-198

EN

In the second half of the 19th and in the early 20th centuries the Hungarian Ruthenians belonged to the least developed European nations in terms of national, cultural as well as economic life. They considered confessional identity more important than ethnic identity. The Ruthenians claimed allegiance to the Greek Catholic religion. However, they had three different answers to the question of what nationality they belonged to: Ruthenian – as the indigenous population of north-eastern Hungary, Ukrainian and Russian. This ethnic dilemma also complicated the issue of the determination of their territory, especially in relation to the Slovak population. In the 19th and early 20th centuries the ethnicity as well as the settlement of the Ruthenian population attracted the attention of the scholars of other nationalities rather than Ruthenians themselves. Their findings were often inconsistent, especially as far as the determination of their western ethnic boundary was concerned. The scholars were confused by the Greek Catholic faith of the population as well as the ambiguous census results. These were factors that complicated the demarcation of the provincial boundary in the new state of Czechoslovakia between the Subcarpathian Ruthenia and Slovakia after the collapse of Austria-Hungary and Subcarpathian Ruthenia’s joining of the newly established Czechoslovak Republic.

3

The Jewish World in the Prose Works of Mychajlo Šmajda

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Amir A.

Slovo a smysl - Word & Sense

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2022

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vol. 19

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issue 39

223-241

EN

In this contribution we analyse images of Jews in two prose works by the writer Mychajlo Šmajda. These are the novel Lemkos (1964) and the short story Contraband (1989), both of which are written in Ukrainian. Ukrainian literature in Slovakia is represented by members of the Ukrainian (previously Ruthenian-Ukrainian) minority, who are considered the indigenous population of the northeastern part of Slovakia. These hitherto unexplored literary monuments reflecting the legacy of the Jewish minority represent a source of intangible wealth and the only mementos of this ethnic group, which once constituted an integral component of the history of Europe.

4

Zarys historii obrządków wschodnich na północnych obszarach Królestwa Węgier

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Rapacki F.

Adeptus

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2013

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issue 2

EN

Eastern rite churches in the northern areas of the Kingdom of Hungary – historical outline The article provides an overview of the history of Eastern rites in the northern areas of the Kingdom of Hungary, focusing chiefly on the historical-graphic position of Karpatho-Rusyn The lands belonging today to Slovakia and Carpathian Ukraine from the Middle Ages, and the division of Christianity into two branches, were populated by a large group of believers who did not recognize the supremacy of the Roman Church. It was only in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that the power of the popes was recognized in exchange for the preservation of their traditional, religious rites. The text reconstructs the specific societal fate of the region. The article discusses the issues of the colonization of the territory, the history of the local church institutions, the fate of this area of Europe during the times of the Reformation, the establishment of the union between the Orthodox Church and Rome, and finally the era of the emergence of modern nationalisms. This study clarifies the discourse of today’s social and national activists. It reconstructs contemporary narratives and myths and proposes an overview of the creation of the cultural and political amalgam on the slopes of the Carpathian Mountains while asking questions concerning the origins of religious syncretism.

5

POSTAVENIE RUSÍNSKEJ A UKRAJINSKEJ MENŠINY NA SLOVENSKU V PODMIENKACH ČESKOSLOVENSKA (1918–1992)

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Gajdoš M., Konečný S.

Міжнародні зв’язки України: наукові пошуки і знахідки

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2018

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issue 27

EN

The authors of the study present the development of legal and social status of the ethnic minority of Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Slovakia during the existence of the Czechoslovak state. Based on recent scholarship, in the first part of the study the authors characterize basic features of the minority and explain factors and circumstances which contributed to the annexation of the territories populated by this minority by the Czechoslovak state. The fact that Ruthenians and Ukrainians lived continuously on the annexed territory, as well as the factor of establishing of the formally autonomous region of Subcar- pathian Ruthenia, meant that members of this minority were characterized by several specifics which are dealt with in detail in the study. The democratic regime of the Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) enabled development of self-governed minority bodies in the benefit of the members of the community. After the restoration of Czechoslovakia and the definitive separation from the majority of ethnicities, the new political conditions leads to artificial inter- ventions in the ethnic minority ethnogenesis. This has led to a decline in its number and weakening of national attributes. After the collapse of the communist regime, the development of the minority is limited, especially, by its partition and some temporary consequences of social transformation in Slovakia.

6

Polacy i Rusini o Zjeździe Słowiańskim w Pradze w 1848 roku

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Świątek A.

Historica: revue pro historii a příbuzné vědy (Historica: Review in history and related sciences)

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2016

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vol. 7

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issue 1

23-52

EN

This article shows the narrations of Polish and Ruthenian participants of Prague Slavic Congress of 1848. The main sources include diaries, memoirs, correspondence and other publications published after 1848. This publication attempts to answer the following questions: What political objectives did Poles and Ruthenians have in Prague?; What hopes did delegates associate with the congress?; How did they describe or remember events of 1848?; and finally How did they refer to the other nationalities represented at the congress?

7

Rola tradycji w procesie zacieśniania więzi etnicznej Łemków (druga połowa XIX - początek XX wieku)

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Wójtowicz B.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2008

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vol. 6

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issue 1

507-516

8

Konštruovanie tradícií prostredníctvom činnosti folklórnych súborov

63%

Mušinková M.

Studia Ethnologica Pragensia

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2017

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issue 1

118-126

EN

This study deals with constructing folk tradition by means of activities of local folklore ensembles whilst paying attention to continuous, interrupted and invented traditions. It also deals with terms folk and folklorism and interaction between them while focusing on the activity of a folk ensemble (= folklorism) which repertoire is based on folk origins, and its influence on preservation and development of local folklore. The research was conducted in two Ruthenian villages in the northeast Slovakia; in one of them operates a folklore ensemble. The starting point of the study is a hypothesis that a folklore ensemble helps to revitalize local traditions. From methodological point of view the study is based on field research. The main goal of the work is confirmation or disproval of the hypothesis using an example of a local tradition — wedding ceremony. Using detailed analysis, the study is looking for analogical and differential elements between the individual weddings in one locality while paying attention to the change of wedding in time (comparison of current weddings from the recordings with traditional Ruthenian wedding described in literature by folklorists) and comparing this ceremony in both localities. The study is also trying to determine to what extent is a group/absence of a group affecting the individual wedding ceremonies.

9

Problematyka szkolnictwa Rusinów Karpackich na Słowacji i Ukrainie po 1989 roku

63%

Zakrzewska K.

Przegląd Środkowo-Wschodni

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2016

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vol. 1

245-277

EN

The article concerns the education situation of Carpatho-Rusyns in Slovakia and Ukraine. The author has analyzed the policy of those countries towards Rusyn minority, political and cultural function of education and prospects for its development.

10

Mezi slovanskou vzájemností a orientalismem : české zobrazování Podkarpatské Rusi a jejích obyvatel v publicistice dvacátých let minulého století

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Holubec S.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

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2016

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vol. 23

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issue 4

529-562

EN

a2_Czechs, according to the author, often described themselves as rational and efficient bearers of Western Civilization, but were, they felt, sometimes excesively lenient or idealistic. A quite different picture of Carpathian Ruthenia, the author argues, was offered by the journalism of the Czechoslovak Communists. In the 1920s, the Communists were the strongest political party here and it was mainly their discourse that established the narrative about a Czech bourgeois dictatorship, occupation, and colonial practices. In the concluding sections of the article, the author presents a summary of how, from the 1930 to the present, Carpathian Ruthenia was present in Czech cultural memory and Czechoslovakia was present in the cultural memory and history of Carpathian Ruthenia.

CS

a2_Další dvě zdejší etnické skupiny, Maďary a Židy, naproti tomu Češi zobrazovali převážně negativně, jako orientálce protikladné Evropanům, jejichž vliv je nutné marginalizovat. Podobně záporné hodnocení platilo také pro podkarpatské komunisty, ukrajinské emigranty a řeckokatolickou církev. Sami Češi se podle autora často charakterizovali jako racionální a efektivní nositelé západní civilizace, avšak někdy též jako příliš mírní nebo idealističtí. Zcela odlišný obraz Podkarpatské Rusi, jak ukazuje autor, nabízela publicistika československých komunistů. Ti zde byli ve dvacátých letech nejsilnější politickou stranou a jejich diskurz nastoloval především narativ české buržoazní diktatury, okupace a koloniálních praktik. V závěrečných kapitolách studie podává autor přehled o tom, jak byla od třicátých do současnosti Podkarpatská Rus přítomná v české kulturní paměti a jak je Československo přítomno v kulturní paměti a historii Zakarpatí.

11

Międzyobrządkowe małżeństwa mieszane na pograniczu polsko-ruskim w Galicji w świetle prawa kanonicznego

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Osadczy W.

Roczniki Nauk o Rodzinie

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2011

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vol. 3

155-163

EN

Many centuries of co-habitation of Poles and Ruthenians in common areas of the borderland created an exceptional denominational situation. Both nations were often joined within one family. Problems caused by the meeting of Greek Catholic and Latin traditions should have been regulated by special Church documents of a local character, as well as by ones promulgated by the Holy See.

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The image of “Ruthenians” presented in the nationaldemocratic press between 1918 and 1926

63%

Szwed-Walczak A.

Wschód Europy. Studia humanistyczno-społeczne

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2022

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vol. 8

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issue 1

57-74

PL

Narodowi Demokraci za Romanem Dmowskim popierali inkorporacyjną koncepcję odbudowy państwa polskiego. Z tego powodu ich stosunek do mniejszości słowiańskich był jednoznaczny. Postulowali o ich polonizację, a argumenty za instytucjonalną asymilacją prezentowali na łamach prasy. Celem badań była rekonstrukcja obrazu Rusinów w najpopularniejszych magazynach związanych z Narodową Demokracją. Analiza treści periodyków pozwoliła na wskazanie, że obraz Rusinów ewoluował z postrzegania ich jako ludu potulnego, skłonnego do polonizacji w stronę agresywnych przeciwników politycznych. Obraz Rusinów w prasie endeckiej miał kilka wymiarów: 1) cywilizacyjny, 2) polityczny oraz 3) wizerunkowy. W wymiarze cywilizacyjnym wskazywano, że Rusini są na niższym poziomie rozwoju niż Polacy, stąd asymilacja kulturowa będzie dla nich awansem cywilizacyjnym. W wymiarze politycznym ukazywano Rusinów jako burzycieli porządku publicznego. Oskarżano ich o współpracę z wrogami Polski. Wraz z rozwojem politycznej reprezentacji Rusinów i ich wstąpieniem do Bloku Mniejszości Narodowych wzrastała liczba artykułów ukazujących ich jako separatystów, nawołujących do obalenia granic państwa polskiego.

EN

The National Democrats, following Roman Dmowski, supported the incorporation concept of rebuilding the Polish state. For this reason, their attitude towards the Slavic minorities was unambiguous. They called for their Polonization, and presented arguments for institutional assimilation in the press. The aim of the research was to reconstruct the image of Ruthenians in the most popular magazines related to the National Democracy. The analysis of the content of the periodicals allowed to indicate that the image of the Ruthenians evolved from perceiving them as a docile people, prone to Polonization, to aggressive political opponents. The image of Ruthenians in the national-democratic press had several dimensions: 1) civilization, 2) political, and 3) image-relate on. In the civilization dimension, it was pointed out that Ruthenians are at a lower level of development than Poles, hence cultural assimilation will be a civilization advance for them. In the political dimension, Ruthenians were portrayed as destroyers of public order. They were accused of collaborating with Poland's enemies. Along with the development of the political representation of the Ruthenians and their accession to the National Minority Bloc, the number of articles showing them as separatists, calling for the overthrow of the borders of the Polish state, increased.

13

Troska metropolity Szeptyckiego o ukraińskich emigrantów w Ameryce Północnej i Południowej

51%

Kubasik A.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

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2016

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vol. 1

250-262

XX

At the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century a large group of Galician Ruthenians emigrated to North America and the United States and Canada, South America - mainly to Argentina and Brazil. Sheptytsky visited North America in 1910. He met with Ukrainian Greek Catholic immigrant communities in the United States and Canada. In 1921, he visited the USA and Canada again. In 1922 he arrived to Argentina and Brazil. He did not conduct open political agitation. However, some of his speeches have an anti-Polish character.

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Rusíni v České republice: „revitalizace“ národnostně menšinové identity

Rusíni a problém vymedzenia ich územia v druhej polovici 19. a na začiatku 20. storočia

The Jewish World in the Prose Works of Mychajlo Šmajda

Zarys historii obrządków wschodnich na północnych obszarach Królestwa Węgier

POSTAVENIE RUSÍNSKEJ A UKRAJINSKEJ MENŠINY NA SLOVENSKU V PODMIENKACH ČESKOSLOVENSKA (1918–1992)

Polacy i Rusini o Zjeździe Słowiańskim w Pradze w 1848 roku

Rola tradycji w procesie zacieśniania więzi etnicznej Łemków (druga połowa XIX - początek XX wieku)

Konštruovanie tradícií prostredníctvom činnosti folklórnych súborov

Problematyka szkolnictwa Rusinów Karpackich na Słowacji i Ukrainie po 1989 roku

Mezi slovanskou vzájemností a orientalismem : české zobrazování Podkarpatské Rusi a jejích obyvatel v publicistice dvacátých let minulého století

Międzyobrządkowe małżeństwa mieszane na pograniczu polsko-ruskim w Galicji w świetle prawa kanonicznego

The image of “Ruthenians” presented in the nationaldemocratic press between 1918 and 1926

Troska metropolity Szeptyckiego o ukraińskich emigrantów w Ameryce Północnej i Południowej