Search results

1

A cognitive semantic investigation into grammatical elements of related function: Possibilities of expressing lack in Hungarian

100%

H-Varga M.

Magyar Nyelvor (Hungarian Language Guardian)

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2004

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vol. 128

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issue 2

212-242

EN

This paper surveys possible means of expressing 'the lack of something'. Various solutions are available for that purpose (using an independent word, circumscription, derived adjectives, postpositional adjectives, anterior or posterior constituents of compounds, as well as adjectives with derivational suffix-like posterior constituents). Of these, a detailed description is given of the meanings and mutual relationships of words involving the denominal privative suffix '–talan /-telen' (-less), the derivational suffix-like posterior constituent '-mentes' (-free), the postpositional adjective 'nélküli' (without), or the posterior compound constituent '-szegény' (poor in). For determining the meanings and semantic relations of various realisations expressing the lack of something, the author employs a method of categorisation based on the notion of prototype as in cognitive semantics in order to find out whether these data can be appropriately explored within the theoretical framework chosen.

2

LOOKING FOR A DEFINITION OF 'MUSIC'

63%

Zurowski S.

LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa

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2008

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issue 1(5)

17-25

EN

The article deals with the problem of the possibility of defining lexical unit of contemporary Polish language 'muzyka' (music) as a specific kind of non-material artefact. The author attempts to prove that 'muzyka' can be defined as 'somethingi made by someone (j) to be heard by someone (k) who (because of the act of hearing) would feel something (l)'. The author suggests that the meaning of natural language units such as 'literatura' (literature), 'film' (film), 'malarstwo' (painting) and 'reklama' (advertisement) can be explained in a similar way.

3

IS THERE SUCH A THING AS HUNGARIAN SEMANTICS?

63%

Kiefer F.

Magyar Nyelv (Hungarian Language)

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2005

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vol. 101

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issue 2

129-140

EN

The author's answer to the question asked in the title is that Hungarian semantics does exist, just like Hungarian phonology, Hungarian morphology, and Hungarian syntax do. Following Zoltán Gombocz, one can say that the task of Hungarian semantics is to explore whatever is characteristic of Hungarian among general semantic considerations and to account for the specific linguistic devices that implement those general features. The author dwells on the morphology-semantics interface and on the syntax-semantics interface at some length since, as far as we know today, it is in these areas that generalizations can be drawn more safely. But this does not mean that research on Hungarian semantics should be restricted to those two areas: with an appropriate typological background, the structure of semantic fields or the lexicalization patterns attested in that language can be explored, too; another rational problem for semantics could be the study of the way the mental image of the world is reflected in linguistic expressions, and so forth. However, beyond morphosemantics and syntactic semantics, we do not as yet possess reliable knowledge in the area of Hungarian semantics.

4

K ETIMOLOGII BALTO-SLAVJANSKOGO *ŠAMA- SILURUS GLANIS

51%

Khramov Y.

Slavica Slovaca

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2011

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vol. 46

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issue 2

156 - 160

EN

The article discusses the Balto-Slavic word *šama- ‘sheat-fish, Silurus glanis’ > Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian сом, Serbo-Croatian сȍ м, Slovenian sòm, Czech, Slovakian sumec, Polish sum, Low Sorbian som, Lithuanian šãmas, Latvian sams, which is problematic from the point of view of etymology. Giving an in depth analysis of previous hypotheses, the article suggests turning to the already known lexical material recorded in dictionaries. On semantic concretisation of the examples and drawing from the dialects of the Slavic and Baltic languages, the old etymology of this word (Proto-Indo- European *k’em- ‘stick, pole, horn’) becomes linguistically well-reasoned.

5

RETHINKING SLURS: A CASE AGAINST NEUTRAL COUNTERPARTS AND THE INTRODUCTION OF REFERENTIAL FLEXIBILITY

51%

Damirjian A.

Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu

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2021

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vol. 28

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issue 3

650 – 671

EN

Slurs are pejorative expressions that derogate individuals or groups on the basis of their gender, race, nationality, religion, sexual orientation and so forth. In the constantly growing literature on slurs, it has become customary to appeal to so-called “neutral counterparts” for explaining the extension and truth-conditional content of slurring terms. More precisely, it is commonly assumed that every slur shares its extension and literal content with a non-evaluative counterpart term. I think this assumption is unwarranted and, in this paper, I shall present two arguments against it. (i) A careful comparison of slurs with complex or thick group-referencing pejoratives lacking neutral counterparts shows that these are in fact very hard to distinguish. (ii) Slurs lack the referential stability of their alleged neutral counterparts, which suggests that they are not coreferential. Developing (ii) will involve introducing a new concept which I regard as essential for understanding how slurs behave in natural language: referential flexibility. I shall support my claims by looking at historical and current ways in which slurs and other pejorative terms are used, and I shall argue that both etymological data and new empirical data support the conclusion that the assumption of neutral counterparts not only is unwarranted but obscures our understanding of what slurs are, and what speakers do with them.

6

A COGNITIVE GRAMMAR ANALYSIS OF SELECTED POLISH REFLEXIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

51%

Berlinska M.

Linguistica Silesiana

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2008

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vol. 29

119-139

EN

The authoress main aim in this paper is a semantic analysis of Polish reflexive constructions conducted within the framework of Langacker's (1987, 1991) cognitive grammar with a view to showing that the great diversity of such constructions is only apparent as, at a more abstract level of conceptualization, they all function as contextual realizations of certain basic schematic notions. The analysis focuses on four of Wilczewska's (1966) twelve classes of Polish reflexive verbs: directly reflexive verbs, passive-resultative-spontaneous verbs, passive verbs, and reciprocal verbs. In the analysis she shows that whenever Polish speakers make use of a reflexive construction, they convey one of the following three types of information: an entity acts on itself, two (or more) entities act analogously on each other (one another), and an event seemingly happens on its own. Furthermore, she claims that it is the relational reflexive marker 'sie', which, by dint of its several profiling options, brings different elements of a transitive-construction action chain into focus and makes the above-enumerated information types possible to be communicated. Consequently, the authoress postulates three broad senses of Polish reflexive constructions: those expressing (1) reflexive relationships, (2) reciprocal relationships, and (3) seemingly spontaneous events-each constituting a separate, though closely related, grammatical category. In turn, these three senses/grammatical categories are said to form a crucial part of the schematic network model of Polish reflexive constructions.

7

PATRILO SA HODOVAŤ ALEBO ZABÁVAŤ? (LK 15,32). SÉMANTICKÉ SKÚMANIE SLOVESA ΕὐΦΡΑίΝΩ V LUKÁŠOVOM EVANJELIU

51%

Jančovič J.

Verba Theologica. Teologický časopis

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2020

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vol. 19

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issue 2

22 – 35

EN

This article focuses on the semantic and pragmatic aspect of specific Greek verb εὐφραίνω in the Gospel of Luke. The verb dominates in Luke especially in the parabolic motif of the feast (12:19; 15: 23, 24, 29, 32; 16:19), in which it acquires some characteristic features that were often overlooked in previous Slovak translations. The aim of this article is to suggest a more accurate and contextoriented translation of the verb in the new Slovak translation of Luke.

8

PREDIKÁTY VKUSU A ICH SÉMANTIKA

51%

Zouhar M.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2012

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vol. 67

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issue 7

518 – 529

EN

The paper deals with the so-called predicates of taste. There seems to be the following conflict concerning such predicates: Let “…P…” be a sentence involving a predicate of taste, P. It may happen that one speaker, A, utters “…P…” and another one, B, utters “It is not the case that …P…” without contradicting each other. On the other hand, it may also happen that if A utters “…P…” and B utters “It is not the case that …P…” they do contradict each other. The purported conflict is solved within a theory called minimal indexicalism. It is claimed that the conflict disappears when we admit that, in the first scenario, A and B, though using the same words, express different propositions and that, in the second scenario, A and B adopt different criteria for evaluating the same proposition.

9

ALGORITMICKÁ MEDIÁCIA

51%

Lévy P.

Filozofia (Philosophy)

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2014

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vol. 69

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issue 1

42 – 51

EN

The analysis of the inner structure of algorithms makes the analysis of the development of the semantics of an algorithmic medium possible. The objective of the paper is to show the important stages of the development of the latter as related to new systems of addressing and encoding intended for backing up files as well as for operators. The author argues, that contrary to previous typographic medium, which endorsed the reproduction and automatic expansion of symbols, the new algorithmic medium endorses manipulating and automatically transforming the symbols. This difference enables us to understand the new pattern of communication in a data-driven society.

10

TWO LEVELS OF THE GRAMMATICAL (= MORPHO-SYNTACTIC) CONTACT-INDUCED CHANGE

51%

Topolinska Z.

Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego

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2006

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vol. 62

147-156

EN

The authoress argues that contact-induced morpho-syntactic changes should be discussed and interpreted separately at the functional and at the formal level. She argues that pragmatic and/or semantic changes in every multilingual environment are triggered by the same factors: the need for successful communication between interlocutors speaking different languages and possessing insufficient knowledge of the language of the 'other'. These changes are defined by the universal hierarchy of information needed for successful communication. Referential information enabling identification of the spoken of events and their protagonists comes to the fore. On the other hand, formal changes depend directly of the inherited grammatical structure of the languages in question. In order to prove her thesis she analyses the so-called Balkanisms in Slavic-Balkan languages, i.e. contact-induced changes deriving from the contact with the non-Slavic members of the Balkan 'Sprachbund'.

11

ORDINARY EXPRESSIONS HAVE NO EXACT AND SYSTEMATIC LOGIC. SOME REMARKS ON STRAWSON'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO LOGICAL THEORY

51%

Dumitru M.

Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu

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2009

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vol. 16

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issue 4

542-551

EN

The general slogan in the title of this paper (which is taken from Strawson 1952, 57) gives a general, but nevertheless accurate, expression of Strawson's view concerning the nature of formal logic per se in relation to natural language. What is at stake here is the extent to which the formal methods and the formal semantics of contemporary symbolic logic can render the meanings of natural language expressions. Strawson sets up an agenda for logical theory, which, although rather dated for a logic text, is what one naturally expects from an introduction to elementary formal logic and a systematic analysis of certain crucial meta-logical concepts, most notably entailment. However, the author own reading is that Strawson's approach to logic makes a lasting contribution to understanding the inner workings of natural language through his critical discussion of the limits of the formal renderings of the semantics of natural language expressions via canonical first-order notations. One can recognize in this critical attitude towards the limits of formal methods a consistent generalization of Strawson's own strategy from his critical response to Russell's theory of descriptions. In the paper author focus on certain examples which illustrate the general slogan that characterizes Strawson's views on the nature of logic in connection with ordinary language and talk.

12

THE 'NON-NEGATING' NEGATION IN SCALAR EXCLAMATIONS

51%

Roguska M.

Lingua Posnaniensis

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2007

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vol. 49

135-149

EN

In many languages there are sentences that contain a 'non-negating' negation i.e. negation that seemingly not really negates the sentence. In this paper we analyse scalar exclamations, such as 'How many people did you not deceive in your youth'! This exclamation can be uttered in the same context as the corresponding exclamation without negation. The speaker of this exclamation is amazed about the amount of people his addressee deceived. Despite of such behaviour, we assume the negation to be truth-functional and the sentence to denote a set of negated propositions, in accordance with the semantics of Karttunen (1977). We explain the 'non-negating' effect through a reversal of the inference associated with the sentence. Positive exclamation allows downward scalar inference and as such refers to the maximum among positive instances. Negated exclamation allows upward scalar inference and as such refers to the minimum among negative instances. We show that these two kinds of reference are two sides of the same coin. That's why one can express his amazement about some state of affairs both with positive and with negated exclamation. The analysis proceeds at the borderline of pragmatics and semantics.

13

NAMES OF OPEN FISHING WATERS OF SELECTED LAKES IN THE DISTRICT OF ELK

51%

Famielec M.

Onomastica

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2003

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vol. 48

159-172

EN

The article presents a semantic and structural discussion of 113 names of open fishing waters, selected from four lakes lying within the area of the district of Elk. The toponyms in this article were classified and analyzed according to the model proposed by H. Gornowicz in a work on the names of the Borzechowskie lakes in the Kociewie region. Among the names gathered and presented, the most, 93, are topographic, while the names of 14 are connected with their exploitation, and 7 are commemorative. Structural classification allows to note that compound names predominate among the names of these waters (97). Represented in the greatest numbers are prepositional phrases, with the preposition 'na', very characteristic of directional localizational toponymic names, combined with an allative accusative.

14

Lexikální prostředky vyjadřující negativní postoje a emoce v projevech současné mládeže

51%

Hradilová D.

Bohemistyka

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2010

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vol. 10

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issue 3

EN

Our treatise attempts to describe lexical resources currently used by young people to express negative emotions and attitudes. The study is based on a questionnaire survey (600 respondents). While creating the questionnaire and assessing its results we focused on the characteristics of situations that may cause negative attitudes and emotions. We obtained samples of lexis and analyzed them from lexical and functional-stylistic points of view.

15

Триада «дорога, переправа и заречье» в восточнославянском обрядовом тексте: лексика, семантика, прагматика

51%

Iliadi A. I., Zhyhora I. V.

Slavica Slovaca

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2022

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vol. 57

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issue 1

3 - 20

EN

The paper offers detailed consideration of actional and verbal aspects of the triad of the ritualized actions «road», «crossing» and (reaching of) «lands beyond the river», which forms the basis of the East Slavic burial rite. Due to the linguistic specifics of the study the authors put their preferential attention to the language of the burial ritual, which is folklore texts (keening, spells, ritual precepts), their vestiges, separately existing as idiomatic phrases and separate words with peculiar semantics. Being the verbal counterpart of the ritualized action, textual information not only shows the interconnection between three stages of the burial ritual, but also encourages thinking about possible existence of mythological texts in the past, where the path of the dead is described – starting from gathering to the road, ritual precepts, and entering the Paradise extents.

16

NAMES OF DISEASES IN CLASSICAL ARABIC

51%

Michalski M.

Lingua Posnaniensis

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2006

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vol. 48

67-83

EN

The aim of the paper is to comment on different strategies of coining the names of the diseases in classical Arabic and on their semantics. Every language has its own means of naming diseases. To some extent, ways of understanding the nature of pathological states are encoded in each language in a manner specific to it. This question was approached by the Classical Arab grammarians together with the rise of the linguistic thinking in this civilization. Sibawayhi is interested mainly in the morphological aspect of words that denote diseases wheras Al-Ta'alibi represents a lexicographer's point of view. Two principal verbal patterns expressing pathological states, KaTiBa and KuTiBa, must be taken into consideration when speaking of naming diseases in Classical Arabic. Some interesting semantic implications result from formal affinities with other verbs which do not denote diseases. Also adjectives can be informative of how Arabic speakers conceive of diseases. There are numerous strategies of coining names of diseases in this language, many of which are based upon interesting metaphors.

17

Why Don't I Like Possible Worlds

51%

Talasiewicz M.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2008

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vol. 17

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issue 2(66)

211-218

EN

The author argues that possible worlds semantics is counterintuitive and fails to achieve its goals. The definition of the meaning of a sentence as the set of possible worlds in which the sentence is true is criticized as inadequate; the semantics of modal expressions is claimed uninformative. Truth-conditions of counterfactuals on one hand, and definitions of law-like expressions (or statements expressing causal connection) on the other hand, are regarded as circular. A further development of indexical semantics - a more fine-grained one, involving interdisciplinary research into the relations among the indices - is advocated as an alternative.

18

Cechy myślenia językowego Polaków na Litwie w warunkach trójjęzyczności

51%

Zav'jalova M. V.

Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury

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2003

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vol. 15

187-194

PL

Tezę o związku obrazu świata z językiem weryfikuje autorka eksperymentalnie na materiale pozyskanym od trójjęzycznych Polaków urodzonych na Litwie. Badanych proszono o wymienianie spontanicznych skojarzeń z hasłami z tej samej semantycznie grupy (‘stół’, ‘dom’, ‘kobieta’, ‘chleb’, ‘głowa’ itp.), podawanych im kolejno w języku polskim, litewskim, na koniec – w rosyjskim. Okazało się, że skojarzenia w dużym stopniu zależą od języka: tylko 30% odpowiedzi pokryło się. Oznacza to, że struktura pola semantycznego w świadomości językowej osób trójjęzycznych różni się zależnie od języka, którym one mówią. Mając do swej dyspozycji trzy układy językowe, które są różnie zorganizowane semantycznie i strukturalnie, osoby trójjęzyczne wybierają w ramach współrzędnych podsuwanych przez określony język. W pewnym stopniu wybór języka wpływa na sposób myślenia i system skojarzeń.

EN

The hypotesis of the relationship between one's worldview and language has been experimentally verified on the basis of data obtained from Lithuania-born trilingual Poles. The subjects were asked to provide spontaneous associations with items from the same semantic area (table, home, woman, bread, head' etc.) presented to them in Polish, Lithuanian and Russian, in that order. It appears that one's associations to a large extent depend on the language chosen: only 30% of the responses overlapped. The structure of a semantic field in the linguistic consciousness of trilingual speakers depends on the language used on a particular occasion. Having at their disposal three linguistics systems, each with a different semantic and structural organization, trilingual speakers choose the options offered by a given language. In a sense, the choice of language influences the way of thinking and the system of emerging associations.

19

THE LINGUISTIC ASPECT OF A BRAND NAME. CASE STUDY BASED ON BRANDING STRATEGY OF OPEL

51%

Mamet P.

Linguistica Silesiana

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2008

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vol. 29

51-65

EN

The creation of a good brand name involves many branches of human knowledge. Linguistics is one of them and a very important one. Phonetics, sound symbolism, semantics, word formation and comparative studies of different languages have a considerable contribution to creating a good name of a product. The aim of the research, presented in the article is to apply this kind of knowledge to analyse the names of currently available OPEL cars.

20

ON CONTEXT SHIFTERS AND COMPOSITIONALITY IN NATURAL LANGUAGES

51%

Briciu A.

Organon F. medzinárodný časopis pre analytickú filozofiu

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2018

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vol. 25

|

issue 1

2 - 20

EN

The aim of this paper is to prove certain relations between some type of hyper-intensional operators, namely context shifting operators, and compositionality in natural languages. Various authors (e.g. von Fintel & Matthewson 2008; Stalnaker 2014) have argued that context-shifting operators are incompatible with compositionality. In fact, some of them understand Kaplan’s (1989) famous ban on context-shifting operators as a constraint on compositionality. Others, (e.g. Rabern 2013) take context-shifting operators to be compatible with compositionality but, unfortunately, do not provide a proof, or an argument in favour of their position. The aim of this paper is to do precisely that. Additionally, the author provides a new proof that compositionality for propositional content (intension) is a proper generalization of compositionality for character (hyper-intensions).

Refine search results

A cognitive semantic investigation into grammatical elements of related function: Possibilities of expressing lack in Hungarian

LOOKING FOR A DEFINITION OF 'MUSIC'

IS THERE SUCH A THING AS HUNGARIAN SEMANTICS?

K ETIMOLOGII BALTO-SLAVJANSKOGO *ŠAMA- SILURUS GLANIS

RETHINKING SLURS: A CASE AGAINST NEUTRAL COUNTERPARTS AND THE INTRODUCTION OF REFERENTIAL FLEXIBILITY

A COGNITIVE GRAMMAR ANALYSIS OF SELECTED POLISH REFLEXIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

PATRILO SA HODOVAŤ ALEBO ZABÁVAŤ? (LK 15,32). SÉMANTICKÉ SKÚMANIE SLOVESA ΕὐΦΡΑίΝΩ V LUKÁŠOVOM EVANJELIU

PREDIKÁTY VKUSU A ICH SÉMANTIKA

ALGORITMICKÁ MEDIÁCIA

TWO LEVELS OF THE GRAMMATICAL (= MORPHO-SYNTACTIC) CONTACT-INDUCED CHANGE

ORDINARY EXPRESSIONS HAVE NO EXACT AND SYSTEMATIC LOGIC. SOME REMARKS ON STRAWSON'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO LOGICAL THEORY

THE 'NON-NEGATING' NEGATION IN SCALAR EXCLAMATIONS

NAMES OF OPEN FISHING WATERS OF SELECTED LAKES IN THE DISTRICT OF ELK

Lexikální prostředky vyjadřující negativní postoje a emoce v projevech současné mládeže

Триада «дорога, переправа и заречье» в восточнославянском обрядовом тексте: лексика, семантика, прагматика

NAMES OF DISEASES IN CLASSICAL ARABIC

Why Don't I Like Possible Worlds

Cechy myślenia językowego Polaków na Litwie w warunkach trójjęzyczności

THE LINGUISTIC ASPECT OF A BRAND NAME. CASE STUDY BASED ON BRANDING STRATEGY OF OPEL