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Szabat. Odpoczynek formą świętowania

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EN
The author discusses an extremely important problem, namely, the significance of rest in our lives. Nowadays, most people tend to allow little or no time for appropriate and adequate rest in order to maximize their performance and achieve professional goals, which is often done at the expense of their own health. Therefore, the problem of rest, in the biblical sense, deserves special attention. Such an analysis of rest is conducted by the author based on the Israeli Sabbath, which, at present, is a day off work and a holiday. First, the author analyzes the terminology and theological content related to the Sabbath. Then, the theory of the origins and sacralization of the Sabbath is presented. Another important aspect is an attempt to describe the rites and rituals connected with the Sabbath day as a celebration day, and not as an obligation imposed on people. The last part of the work contains the following conclusions about universal inspirations related to the Sabbath: 1. An important aspect of the Old Testament Sabbath (and Christian Sunday) is physical and mental regeneration, which allows people to appreciate the value of their lives and enjoy them during both hard work and the time of rest. 2. Rest has an intrinsic value (a value for its own sake), a health value (physical, mental and spiritual regeneration) and an instrumental value that creates an opportunity to fulfill one’s needs and aspirations. 3. Rest (the Sabbath – Sunday) is a time for family and serves to strengthen both family ties and community relations.
The Biblical Annals
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1980
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vol. 27
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issue 1
5-14
PL
The sabbath is a typically Israeli holiday. There are no sufficient proofs that it has been adopted from other nations. It was either an old Israeli custom finally sanctioned by Moses, or Moses himself established it. Various definitions of the sabbath comprised in the traditions of the Pentateuch point to the fact, that the fundamental meaning of the sabbath was equal to stopping the work. The holiday of the seventh day was observed by the very fact of rest and in the epoch of ancient Israel it had nothig to do with a positive dipt of Jahwe. To the social motivation of the sabbath the religious m otivation was later joined, and with time it acquired the decisive role.
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Od soboty ku niedzieli

72%
EN
This article presents the reasons why the early christians abandonedthe practice of celebrating sabbath in favor of sunday. after a short outlineof the history of the institution of shabbat the article discusses four reasonswhich ordered the followers of christ to give up celebrating shabbat in favourof sunday. it also points to the new testament texts that explicitly mentionthe celebration of the eucharist on sunday. The replacement of the sabbathwith sunday was sealed by the decisions made by rabbis during the assemblyin Javneh.
PL
W niniejszym artykule ukazane zostały przyczyny, dla których pierwsi chrześcijanie zaniechali praktyki świętowania szabatu na rzecz niedzieli. Po skrótowym nakreśleniu dziejów instytucji szabatu omówiono cztery powody, które nakazały wyznawcom Chrystusa porzucić świętowanie szabatu na rzecz celebracji niedzieli. Wskazano także na teksty Nowego Testamentu, w których mowa jest wprost o celebracji Eucharystii w niedzielę. Przypieczętowaniem zamiany szabatu na niedzielę były decyzje podjęte przez rabinów podczas zgromadzenia w Jabne.
PL
Artykuł ujmuje temat leczenia w szabat od strony formalnej judaizmu rabinicznego sięgając niejednokrotnie do początków halachy. O uświęceniu szabatu i zakazie pracy w ten szczególny dla wyznawców judaizmu dzień poucza Tora w Księdze Wyjścia 20,9-11, a Miszna w traktacie Szabat 7,2 precyzuje ten zakaz wymieniając trzydzieści dziewięć rodzajów zakazanych prac, które z dzisiejszej perspektywy stanowią podstawę do dalszych zakazów. Czy wolno zatem leczyć w szabat? Żeby nie przekroczyć prawa szabatowego Miszna zabrania nastawiania złamania, konkludując „a jeśli się wyleczy, to się wyleczy” (Szabat 22,6). W innym miejscu ze względu na poród, pożar, obce wojska, tonącego w rzece czy przywalonego gruzem, w celu ratowania życia w szabat Miszna zezwala na przekroczenie granicy szabatu o dwa tysiące łokci w każdym kierunku (Rosz Haszana 2:5; Eruwin 4:3). Dopiero Gemara wypowiada się bardziej stanowczo na ten temat, a talmudyczna zasada pikuach nefesz (פיקוח נפש) – ratowanie ludzkiego życia stanowi w judaizmie nadrzędną zasadę znoszącą wszelkie przykazania religijne. Znana jest inna talmudyczna maksyma: „Kto ratuje jedno życie, jakby cały świat ratował” (Sanhedryn 37a). Artykuł przedstawia temat leczenia w szabat w świetle wybranych tekstów judaizmu rabinicznego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Miszny i Gemary oraz zbioru Szeelot Utszuwot.
EN
The paper deals with the problem of treatment on the Sabbath from the formal point of view of Rabbinic Judaism often reaching to the beginnings of Halakhah. The Torah teaches in the Book of Exodus 20:9-11 that the Sabbath is sanctified and that no work is to be performed on this particular day which is so special for the followers of Judaism; and the Mishnah in its Tractate Shabbat 7:2 provides more details of this prohibition by mentioning thirty-nine types of prohibited work which from today’s perspective form the basis for further bans. Is it permitted then to heal on the Sabbath? In order to avoid breaking the Sabbath law, the Mishnah forbids the setting of fractures by concluding: ”and if it heals, it will heal” (Shabbat 22:6). Elsewhere, in cases of childbirth, fire, foreign invasion, a person drowning in a river or being buried in debris, in order to save lives on the Sabbath, the Mishnah allows one to cross the Sabbath limits by two thousand cubits in each direction (Rosh Hashanah 2:5; Eruvin 4:3). It is the Gemara that speaks more strongly about this problem, and the Talmudic principle pikuah nefesh (……) – saving human life, constitutes the overriding principle in Judaism, taking precedence over all religious commandments. There is also another Talmudic maxim: ”Whoever saves one life, saves the entire world” Sanhedrin (37a). The article explores the topic of treatment on the Sabbath in the light of selected texts of Rabbinic Judaism with particular emphasis on the Mishnah and the Gemara as well as on the collection Sheelot u-Teshuvot.
Collectanea Theologica
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2020
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vol. 90
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issue 5
295-320
EN
The first part of the article deals with four different understandings of Hosea 6:6 in the context of that entire book: (1) the repudiation of the cult as such; (2) the rejection of a particular notion of cult; (3) the priority of ethics over the cult; and (4) the symbiosis of cult and ethics, i.e. that an authentic cult interweaves ethical values and proper ritual conduct. The author concludes that the fourth interpretation best fits the message of the Book of Hosea. The second part of the article deals with the problem of the textual Vorlage which would have been used by Matthew. He seems to have quoted the Hebrew text in a way that remains faithful to his contemporary hermeneutical rule, according to which each element of a biblical parallelism was to be interpreted separately, based on the belief that every single line carried equal weight and conveyed a new truth or a new law. The Matthean rereading of Hosea 6:6, the focus of the third part, is presented from two perspectives: the synchronic and the diachronic. In the synchronic presentation, the main point of concern is the contribution of the quotes in 9:13 and 12:7 to the understanding of those Matthean pericopes. Finally, the diachronic reading deals with the Matthean use of Hosea 6:6 within the context of the Matthean community and its dialogue with the Rabbinic Judaism of that day.
PL
Mędrcy talmudyczni określili zasady zwracania się do obcego, w szczególności w przypadku nastania szabatu, podczas którego Miszna (Szab 7,2) zabrania wykonania trzydziestu dziewięciu rodzajów prac. Powstało pytanie: Czy obcy może w szabat wykonać dla Żyda zabronioną pracę? Biblia hebrajska wyraźnie tego zabrania: „Pamiętaj o dniu szabatu, żeby go uświęcić. Sześć dni będziesz pracował i wykonywał swoje zajęcia. Siódmy dzień jednak jest szabatem dla Pana Boga twego, nie wykonasz żadnej pracy ani ty, ani twój syn, ani twoja córka, ani twój sługa, ani twoja służąca, ani twoje bydło, ani obcy, który jest w twych bramach” (Wj 20,9-10). Główna zasada talmudyczna głosi: „Żadnej pracy, której żydowi nie wolno wykonać w szabat, nie wolno mu zlecić jej wykonania obcemu”. Tora spisana stanowi zamknięty zbiór, do którego nie wolno nic dodać ani nic z niego ująć. Celem Tory ustnej jest wyjaśnienie Prawa spisanego i jego aktualizacja. Czy życie nie niesie sytuacji wyjątkowych i czy w takich przypadkach można zwrócić się do obcego o wykonanie zabronionej pracy, a jeśli tak, to jak to zrobić? Autor przedstawia talmudyczne opinie na ten temat oraz współczesne próby rozwiązania tego problemu.
EN
The sages of the Talmud determined the ways of treating aliens, especially in the case of the Sabbath during which Mishnah (Shab. 7:2) prohibits any of the thirty-nine types of labour. The question arose whether the alien may perform any type of prohibited work for the Jew. The Hebrew Bible most definitely prohibits this: “Remember the Sabbath day in order to sanctify it. Six days you shall work and you shall do your tasks. But the seventh day is the Sabbath to the Lord your God; on it you shall not do any work, neither you, nor your son or daughter, nor your male or female servant, nor your cattle, nor the resident alien who is within your gates” (Ex 20:9-10). The basic principle of the Talmud states: ”No work which the Jew is not allowed to do on the Sabbath may be done by the alien.” The Written Torah is a closed set which does not permit any addition or subtraction of books. The purpose of the Oral Torah is to interpret the meaning of the written Law and to bring it up to date. Doesn’t life bring extraordinary situations and may we ask the alien to do the prohibited work in such cases, and if so, how can it be done? The author of the paper presents the Talmud’s treatment of this subject and modern-day attempts to solve the problem.
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania jest kontrowersja o szabat w świetle Janowej perykopy o uzdrowieniu chromego przy sadzawce Betesda (5, 1 – 18). Ewangeliści są zgodni, że Jezus na równi ze swymi uczniami przestrzegał dnia świątecznego, ale na tle sposobu jego obchodzenia dochodziło do ostrych konfliktów z żydowskimi przywódcami religijnymi. Echa tych sporów odnajdujemy zwłaszcza w Janowej księdze. W opowiadaniu o uzdrowieniu paralityka (por. J 5, 1 – 18) Jezus reformuje szabat, a raczej przywraca świętu jego właściwe miejsce wyznaczone w akcie stwórczym. On jest prawdziwym Synem Stwórcy i Pana szabatu. Może uwolnić ów dzień z obostrzeń faryzejskich i przypomnieć, że to jest dzień radości i Bożego błogosławieństwa.
EN
The subject of the present study is the controversy surrounding the Sabbath in the light of St. John’s pericope about the healing of the lame man at the Pool of Bethesda (5, 1-18). Evangelists agree that Jesus adhered to the rules of the holy day in a equal manner to his disciples, but a serious conflict appeared between them and the Jewish religious leaders concerning the way it was celebrated. Echoes of these disputes are found in the gospel of John in particular. In the story of the healing of a paralytic (see J 5, 1-18) Jesus reorganizes the Sabbath, and by that he restores the holy day into its proper place designated in the act of creation. He is a true Son of the Creator and Lord of the Sabbath. He can free that day from the Pharisees’ restrictions and remind us that it is a day of joy and God's blessings.
DE
Der Gegenstand der Arbeit ist eine Kontroverse über einen Sabbat im Licht der johanneischen Perikope über die Heilung des Lahmen am Teich Betesda (5, 1-18). Die Evangelisten stimmen darin überein, dass Jesus – und auch seine Jünger – den Sabbat als heiligen Tag gewahrt haben. Wegen der der Art und Weise wie der Sabbat gefeiert wurde, kam es jedoch oft zu scharfen Konflikten mit den jüdischen religiösen Führern. Dafür findet man besonders bei Johannes die Bestätigung In der Erzählung von der Heilung eines Gelähmten (J 5, 1-18) reformiert Jesus den Sabbat, genauer gesagt, er stellt den Sabbat wieder an seinen richtigen Platz in der Schöpfungsordnung. Er ist der wahre Sohn des Schöpfers und Herr über den Sabbat (Mt 12,8). Er kann den Tag von den Pharisäern Einschränkungen befreien und erinnern daran, dass es ein Tag der Freude und Gottes Segen ist.
Collectanea Theologica
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2016
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vol. 86
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issue 4
103-124
EN
The first part of the article deals with four different understandingsof Hosea 6:6 in the context of this prophetic book: (1) repudiation of thecult as such, (2) the rejecting of a specific kind of cult, (3) the priority ofethics over the cult, and (4) the symbiosis of cult and ethics, i.e. that anauthentic cult interweaves ethical values and proper ritual conduct. Theauthor concludes that the fourth interpretation best fits the message of theBook of Hosea. The second part of the article deals with the problem of thetextual Vorlage which would have been used by Matthew. It seems that hequoted from the Hebrew text, being faithful to a then-current hermeneuticalrule by which each part of a biblical parallelism was interpreted separately,based on the belief that every single line carried equal weight and conveyeda new truth or a new law. The Matthean relecture of Hosea 6:6, the focus ofthe third part, is presented from two perspectives, namely synchronic anddiachronic. In the synchronic presentation the main point of concern is thecontribution of the quotes in 9:13 and 12:7 to understanding the Mattheanpericopes. Finally, the diachronic reading deals with the Matthean use ofHosea 6:6 within the context of the Matthean community and of its dialoguewith the Rabbinic Judaism of the day.
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