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EN
St John’s Gospel identifies logos, translated as English ‘Word’, as the divine source of the wisdom or truth of the Christian message, if not with the godhead as such. However, given the cultural and intellectual influence of Greek thought on early Christian literature, one need not be surprised that these (and other) theological or metaphysical associations of Word are almost exactly replicated and prefigured in the dialogues of Plato, for whom formation of the divine aspect or element of human soul clearly turned upon access to or participation in the wisdom of logos. This paper explores the moral and spiritual connections between logos or Word, reason and soul in such Platonic dialogues as Gorgias, Republic and Theaetetus as well as the implications of conceiving education as the pursuit of such Word for ultimate human flourishing.
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The Human Being as Body and Soul

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Studia Ełckie
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2020
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vol. 22
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issue 3
313-324
EN
Under Hylemorphism, all composed beings are composed of form and matter. Accordingly, the human being is a unified substance of soul and body. Through the operations of a human being an immaterial power is manifested which demonstrates that the rational soul is immaterial and immortal. Through these elements of Thomistic metaphysics, a clear understanding of the person emerges as both in-itself and toward-others. After key metaphysical principles such as the principle of sufficient reason are defended, arguments against the thesis which claim the person is reducible to body or soul are rebuked and the Hylemorphic account is shown to stand. Leaning on the work of W. Norris Clarke, the person as body and soul is thus shown to be the frontier of being.
EN
The anthropological terminology of ancient authors is as rich as ambiguous. This article presents the reconstruction of Didimos’ teaching about the soul (psyche) from a perspective of early-Christian philosophy and philology.
ES
Este artículo presenta el resultado de la reconstrucción de las concepciones contenidos en el Comentario In Genesin de Didymos el Ciego de la idea de la „anima”. El autor no precisa, no define la terminología antropológica. La reconstrucción de la idea de la anima y de los aspectos múltiples de ella es posible gracias a un análisis detallado del texto de Comentario y gracias a incrustarlo en la tradición filosófica, con especial énfasis en influencia de Origenes, el maestro de Didymos.
Verbum Vitae
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2021
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vol. 39
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issue 3
831-848
EN
In the article the author interprets 1 Thess 5:23 from the point of view of stoic philosophy. This interpretation claims to answer two questions: Why is St. Paul referring to the tripartite constitution of human being from spirit, soul and body instead of the dualistic constitution of soul and body? What is the exact meaning of the term spirit (πνεῦμα) used in 1 Thess 5:23 as the key term? The usual exegesis understands the term spirit (πνεῦμα) in New Testament as theological description of the Holy Spirit. The interpretation of 1 Thess 5:23 from such a point of view is hardly possibly because it would mean a conflict with the dualistic (Plato, Aristotle) anthropology used by St. Paul in his writings. Moreover it could be interpreted as a pantheistic and monistic explanation of a human being. The proposed answer stems from the interpretation of the term spirit (πνεῦμα) in its philosophical source in stoic philosophy. St. Paul was educated in Hellenistic Tarsus and could have had contact with the stoic thinking taught traditionally in this city. Such an interpretation sufficiently explains the sense of the formula “your whole spirit and soul and body” but it does not mean that St. Paul understood the human being according to a materialistic interpretation of stoic spirit and soul. It means an adoption of the stoic anthropological formula for the expression of the totality of a human being needed in the theological description of the end (παρουσία) in 1 Thessalonians.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest interpretacja 1 Tes 5,23 z perspektywy filozofii stoickiej. Ta interpretacja chce dać odpowiedź na dwa następujące pytania: Po pierwsze, dlaczego Paweł z Tarsu odnosi się do trialistycznej konstytucji ludzkiego bytu złożonego z ducha, duszy i ciała, zamiast do dualistycznej konstytucji opartej o złożenie z duszy i z ciała. Po drugie, jakie jest znaczenie terminu „duch” (πνεῦμα) zastosowanego w 1 Tes 5,23. Dotychczasowa egzegeza tego fragmentu wyjaśnia ten termin przede wszystkim w odniesieniu do teologicznego opisu Ducha Świętego, który odzwierciedla hebrajski termin ruah. Taka egzegeza 1 Tes 5,23 wydaje się stać w konflikcie z dualistyczną antropologią (Platon, Arystoteles) stosowaną zwykle przez Pawła w jego listach (napięcie między duchem i ciałem). Ponadto taka interpretacja może być rozumiana jako panteistyczne i monistyczne wyjaśnienie ludzkiego bytu. Zaproponowana w tym artykule odpowiedź jest zakorzeniona w interpretacji terminu πνεῦμα w jego filozoficznych źródłach stoickich. Paweł z Tarsu był bowiem ukształtowany w hellenistycznym Tarsie i mógł mieć kontakt ze stoicką filozofią, która była tradycyjnie nauczana w tym mieście. Taka interpretacja wyjaśnia w wystarczający sposób sens formuły „duch wasz (τὸ πνεῦμα), dusza (ἡ ψυχὴ) i ciało (τὸ σῶμα)”, co jednak nie oznacza, że jej autor rozumiał ludzki byt w świetle materialistycznej interpretacji ducha i duszy filozofii stoickiej. Oznacza jedynie zastosowanie stoickiej formuły antropologicznej dla wyrażenia totalności ludzkiego bytu, która była Pawłowi potrzebna w teologicznym opisie końca (παρουσία) w Pierwszym Liście do Tesaloniczan.
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Anima forma corporis: problém interpretace

67%
EN
The article raises the question about the content of the Catholic dogma defined at the Council of Vienne stating that the rational human soul is the form of the human body and arrives at the conclusion that there is no single generally accepted meaning in the theological tradition, but rather two radically differing lines of interpretation: a “thomistic” one tending to a more “monistic” interpretation of human nature, and a “reistic” one, resulting in a strongly pronounced dualism. Both of the interpretations are found to be laden with serious difficulties; the author contrasts various aspects of these interpretations, exposing their problems, and finally suggests that further philosophical and theological work is needed to provide an acceptable interpretation of the dogma of Vienne.
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Pojetí člověka v teologii Hnutí víry

67%
EN
The paper focuses on an analysis of the anthropological Word­-Faith movement and its participation or identification doctrine which is closely connected to their understanding of redemption and human deification. A brief introduction and an overview of the current debate about the topic is also included in the analysis. The works of E. W. Kenyon, K. Hagin and K. Copeland represent the main source of material, as they all are considered the most influential representatives of this movement.
EN
The mystery of human being as a creature of God has been explored by many generations of philosophers and theologians. This article is an attempt to analyze of the some aspects of anthropological thought of famous contemporary Greek thinker – Christos Yannaras. The starting point is a depiction of the creation of human being as an act of God. His love constitutes man as an existential event of personal communion and relationship and a partaker in the freedom of love which is true life. The second part of the article relates to the issue of God’s image in human being. The Greek Fathers interpreted the image of God in humanity trying to avoid dualistic and monistic conceptual definitions. The patristic interpretation sums up the truth of the words “in the image” in the triadic character of personal energies (mind, reason, spirit) or in the “sovereignty” and “self- determination” which sum up the ontological differentiation of the person with regard to nature. The distinction between the sexes, namely the differentiation of man and woman, in relation to the image of God has been examined in the third part of the article. From the biblical narrative of man’s creation follows that man should realize life as communion with the other sex and it is the way for human life to be constituted in new personal hypostases and to have dominion over the earth (Gen 1:28). The distinction of sexes does not function in man as it functions in the animals where it is exclusively subordinate to the natural necessity of propagation. The distinction of the sexes has its foundation in human nature, but it is not identical with this nature, just as it is not to be identified even with the hypostasis of man. How to understand the reality of soul from the Christian point of view? Some possible answers for this question are presented in the four part of the article. There are many meanings of the word soul in the Bible and in Christian literature. The soul it is often identified in the Old Testament with the manifestation of life on earth, while in the New Testament it appears also as a bearer of eternal life. Today what we call soul is a dynamically effected event, a complex of ceaselessly effected functions which reveal and express the living existence of man. For these functions we use various names: we speak of reason, imagination, judgment, creativity, ability to love, etc. The final part of the article shows relations between soul and body. Yannaras underlines that soul and body do not determine the mode by which the human person is, but are determined and marked as differentiations of the result of natural energy, that is of the universal-ecstatic reference of the bicomposite essence or nature. Both the body and the soul are energies of human nature. What each specific man is, this inmost I which constitutes him as an existential event, is identified neither with the body nor the soul. The distinction between soul and body refers to the semantic differentiation of the result of natural energy and does not refer to the mode by which humanity is as nature and person.
EN
The following inquiry is derived from a 1994 experiential study in dreaming consciousness in which a series of thirty-eight interlocking dreams revealed Claudius Galen’s (c130-201) pneumatic doctrine of vision. The research centers on the relationship of light in the brain to vision and memory. The objective is to contribute to the understanding of consciousness by elucidating learning-related patterns of neural activity guided by associative recognition in dream-wake states. Scientific breakthroughs introducing photons of light to control brain activity strengthened the findings. Premises stemming from neuroscientific and spiritual insights: *Activation of light in the optic disc may open the visual field to access pre-natal memory. *A unified sixth sense merging Intuition-Insight-Instinct may have its locus in the infundibular recess of the third ventricle. *Memory matrix in the amygdala relays information to the sixth sense thereby serving all sense organs.
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