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EN
The article analyzes seven translations of the poem 'Miniatura średniowieczna' written by the Polish poet and Nobel Prize laureate Wisława Szymborska. The translations are into five languages: Spanish (2), Portuguese, French, English (2) and German. The poem can be construed as an ekphrasis of the illuminated manuscripts of the Late Gothic. The 'Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry' are cited as a possible source of inspiration. The poem’s stylistics reflect – or rather deconstruct – the philosophical and aesthetic values of the Late Middle Ages. In translation, the main points to consider are the creative use of superlatives and diminutives, as well as that of idioms, which the poet transforms, drawing attention to their cognitive origins. The different morpho-syntactic properties of the target languages offer varied possibilities of rendering the key elements. However, the aptitude of the translator is of even greater importance.
EN
The article presents a juxtaposition of the following two brilliant poems Tamten (from the collection of poems entitled Napój cienisty, 1936) and Kilkunastoletnia (from the collection of poems entitled Tutaj, 2009) that employ the same idea of an encounter with oneself – an adolescent person (in the former poem) and a teenage girl (in the latter). The poems exceed the literary convention of just a lyrical reminiscence of the past, they rather form a particular dialogue with the narrator as he/she was years ago, or even propose a kind of a confrontation. Both poems  indirectly feature reflections on the passing time and on the author’s identity. The poem written by Leśmian fits perfectly into his poetical system, both in terms of the introduction of metaphysical threads and the application of the elements of a love poem and in terms of the plot outline, somewhat reminiscent of his ballads. Szymborska’s poem also concurs with her own poetics mostly due to the characteristic subtle auto-irony.
EN
Metaphorization in poems is a specific phenomenon. Poetry, having different function from that of everyday language, uses metaphorization through encoding and decoding a message. Unusual metaphors make communication between an author and a reader more difficult, but also more attractive. By dint of metaphor an idea concentrates greatly and a reception of a message, apart from the message itself, provides aesthetical values. Relations between time and space in a poem, where presented world is minimized, are always metaphorized. In order to define them, cognitive poetry uses the term of mental spaces. The author of this work is going to characterize these spaces in poems of two poets – in the Inna Lisnianskaya’s Иерусалимская тетрадь and Wisława Szymborska’s Tutaj.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zbadanie najważniejszych cech wiersza Wisławy Szymborskiej pt. Ktoś, kogo obserwuję od pewnego czasu, które powinny zostać zachowane w przekładzie, a następnie przeanalizowanie, jak cechy te zostały oddane w przekładach na język angielski i hiszpański. Poprzez zestawienie i porównanie dwóch przekładów nie tylko z oryginałem, ale również ze sobą nawzajem autorka stara się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, jakie strategie tłumaczeniowe zostały wykorzystane oraz czy podobne strategie mogą być wykorzystane w różnych językach. Ponadto artykuł stawia pytanie o to, w jakim stopniu użycie danej strategii jest uwarunkowane przez język docelowy, a w jakim zależy od decyzji tłumacza.
EN
This paper aims at identifying the most important aspects of Wisława Szymborska’s poem Ktoś, kogo obserwuję od pewnego czasu that should be preserved in the translation and then reflecting on how those aspects were rendered in the English and Spanish translations. By comparing and contrasting two translations not only with the original but also with each other the author attempts to answer the question what strategies are used and whether the similar translation strategies can be used in different languages. Furthermore, to what extent the use of a particular strategy is determined by the requirements of a target language or depends on the translator’s choice.
EN
In the paper, the author draws attention to the way in which the allegorical sense may increase the scope of text interpretation. She begins from the ambiguity of allegory in the modern literary studies connected with the relations between the process of analogy and identity. She then uses the role which allegory played in the transformation of the love image in the social conscience. Subsequently, in the interpretational material, the author points out the complications and the fatalistic stigma of love, both the love characterised by the  absolutism of connection (Dziady Part Four), and the love in which the bonds have disintegrated (On the Tower of Babel). As a result, the article indicates that on the one hand, the allegory has contributed to the absolutisation of love, and on the other, it unveils the fragility of love and consequently, its usurpation of durability.
EN
The article deals with the inspiration of Norwid’s thought in the works of the selected Polish contemporary poets. The major part is devoted to Różewicz, but Przyboś himself is also mentioned as well as Szymborska. In the case of Norwid and Różewicz, an important common element is the concept of poetic language. Paradoxically, despite the fact that the worldview starting points are in most cases different – finally, the closest link between the above mentioned poets and Norwid is the understanding of poetry as a concern for human salvation (understood in different ways).
PL
Artykuł dotyczy inspiracji myślą Norwida w twórczości wybranych polskich poetów współczesnych. Najwięcej miejsca poświęcono Różewiczowi, ale pojawia się też Przyboś i Szymborska. W przypadku Norwida i Różewicza istotnym elementem wspólnym jest koncepcja języka poetyckiego. Paradoksalnie, mimo że światopoglądowe punkty wyjścia są w większości przypadków odmienne – ostatecznie, najściślej łączy wskazanych poetów z Norwidem pojmowanie poezji jako troski o (różnie rozumiane) ocalenie człowieka.
EN
In Wisława Szymborska’s creative works the poetic humour links with philosophical investigations on the important problems, such as the place of people in the surrounding world. The poet exposures discrepancy between images in human consciousness and their realisation in reality. The both cathegories – humour and wisdom – create the complementary arrangment and belong to the domain of irony, self-irony and scepticism. Szymborska’s poetic humour has cognitive value. It verifies admitted truths. After the Nobel Prize (1996) the literaty „amusement switch” took place, because Szymborska published the humorous verses in periodicals – later collected in separate book Rymowanki dla dużych dzieci (Little Rhymes to the Adult Children, 2003). Here the aspects of social games and the creation of the new literary genres are very important. The poet continues the tradition of absurdity in poetry, modyfies the schemes of West and Polish limerick and developes the small „neo-genres”, such as „moskaliki” („Moscow little verses”), „lepieje” („better-do-something verses”), „altruitki” („altruistic verses”) and „podsłuchańce” („overheared pieces”) in the separate cycles. Also pay attension to Szymborska’s collages (forms linking pictures and words), in which the poet goes back to plays of the surrealistic artists. In this very short poems we have to admire poetic invention and cleverness of literary concepts.
PL
W twórczości Wisławy Szymborskiej humor poetycki łączy się z filozoficznymi dociekaniami poświęconymi tak ważnym problemom, jak bycie człowieka w świecie. Poetka ujawnia reguły sprzeczności między wyobrażeniami w ludzkiej świadomości a ich realnym spełnieniem. Dwie kategorie - humor i mądrość – tworzą uzupełniający się układ i należą do domeny ironii, autoironii oraz sceptycyzmu. Humor Szymborskiej ma wartość poznawczą, weryfikuje bowiem uznane prawdy. Po Nagrodzie Nobla (1996) następuje „zwrot ludyczny”, gdyż Szymborska ogłasza w periodykach wiersze żartobliwe, zabrane później w osobnej książce Rymowanki dla dużych dzieci (2003). Ważne są tutaj aspekty towarzyskiej zabawy, jak też tworzenia nowych literackich gatunków. Poetka kontynuuje tradycje poezji absurdystycznej, modyfikuje schematy zachodniego i polskiego limeryku, jak też w osobnych cyklach rozwija małe „neogatunki”, takie jak „moskaliki”, „lepieje”, „altruitki”, „podsłuchańce”. Warto też zwrócić uwagę na kolaże Szymborskiej (formy łączące obrazy i słowa), w których poetka powraca do zabaw surrealistów. W jej krótkich utworach podziwiamy poetycką inwencję oraz pomysłowość literackich konceptów.
PL
This article is of a comparative nature and attempts to contrast the poetic output of two Nobel prize-winners, i.e. Eugenio Montale and Wisława Szymborska. The author uncovers numerous similarities especially between Montale’s late works and Szymborska’s poetry. This is particularly visible on two planes, i.e. existential reflection and language, as well as poetic means. The Italian poet and Polish poetess focus on the individual presented as being under pressure from the modern world’s vast, impersonal forces, e.g. history, progress etc. They treat the traditional poetic means of expression with mistrust and instead favour the kind of language that is as clear as possible, subject to philosophical reflection, and infused with irony, allegory and paradox.
PL
The work aims to show a peculiar perspective of looking at photographs taken on the eve of the broadly understood disaster, which is specified in a slightly different way in each of the literary texts (Stefan Chwin’s autobiographical novel Krótka historia pewnego żartu [The brief history of a certain joke], a poem by Ryszard Kapuściński Na wystawie „Fotografia chłopów polskich do 1944 r.” [At an exhibition “The Polish peasants in photographs to 1944”] and Wisława Szymborska’s Fotografia z 11 września [Photograph from September 11]) – as death in a concentration camp, a general concept of the First World War or a terrorist attack. Upcoming tragic events – of which the photographed people are not yet aware – become for the subsequent recipient an inseparable element of reality contained in the frame. For the later observers, privileged with time perspective, the characters captured in the photograph are already victims of the catastrophe, which in reality was not yet recorded by the camera. It is a work about coexistence of the past and future in the field of photography.
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