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Pożegnanie Różewicza

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2014
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vol. 12
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issue (1)22
231-235
EN
Review: Tadeusz Różewicz, to i owo, ed. Jan Stolarczyk, Biuro Literackie, Wrocław 2012, pp. 105
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Dobranoc, Panie Tadeuszu

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2014
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vol. 12
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issue (1)22
15-18
EN
The article is a farewell to the poet Tadeusz Różewicz (1921-2014).
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Wystarczy uważnie czytać.

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Colloquia Litteraria
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2006
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vol. 1
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issue 1
133-143
PL
Recenzja książki Wojciecha Kruszewskiego pt. "Deus Desideratus. Sacrum w poetyckim dziele Tadeusza Różewicza", Lublin 2005.
EN
The article’s starting point is the necessity to alter the paradigm of Polish poetry, which is declared in the ‘contemporary Polish lyric poetry’ anthology Powiedzieć to inaczej [To say it in a different manner]. The author attempts to assess the chance of the project’s success.
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Apokaliptyczny cierń. Apofazy Różewicza

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2018
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vol. 72
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issue 3(322)
185-191
PL
W niepokojącym wierszu Nauka chodzenia, Tadeusz Różewicz oznajmia: „w ostatnich dwóch latach biorę lekcje/u pastora Dietricha Bonhoeffera”. Widziana z poziomu uklepanych frazesów na temat światopoglądu poety, ta deklaracja musi brzmieć dość zaskakująco. Poeta, którego uznawano za dyżurnego ateistę polskiej poezji, twórca, którego proklamowano jako nihilistę i proroka nicości, zwraca się oto, dość niespodziewanie, w stronę nauk ewangelickiego pastora. Ten gest – na pierwszy rzut oka, może niejasny, może wątpliwy, może samozaprzeczny – da się wszakże zrozumieć, trzeba tylko zacząć kopać poniżej obiegowych banałów. Mówiąc krótko: stawiam tezę, że twórczość Różewicza, zwłaszcza jej późna część, grawituje w stronę pewnej postaci poetyckiej teologii (w wersji mocno nieortodoksyjnej!) a postać protestanta Bonhoeffera jest tego zwrotu widomym śladem. Śladem może nie jedynym, ale na tyle wyrazistym, że warto go podjąć.
EN
In his disturbing poem: nauka chodzenia (Learning to Walk) Tadeusz Różewicz declared: “In the last two years I take lessons / from Pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer”. Seen from the level of banal phrases about the poet’s world outlook this declaration must sound rather surprising. An author regarded as the “on call” atheist of Polish poetry, a writer proclaimed as a nihilist and a prophet of nullity, now, rather unexpectedly, turns towards the teachings of an Evangelical pastor. This gesture - at first glance perhaps unclear, doubtful, and self-negating -– can be, however, understood once we begin to dig deeper beneath conventional banalities. In a word: I propose the thesis that the Różewicz oeuvre, in particular its later part, gravitates towards a certain form of poetic theology (in an extremely unorthodox version!) and that the person of the Protestant Bonheoffer is a discernible trace of that turn. Quite possibly it is not the sole trace but sufficiently conspicuous to make following it worthwhile.
EN
The subject of the article is the topos of garden (over time replaced more and more with that of a park) as presented in the broadly viewed poetry of Tadeusz Różewicz. The comparative context for the description of manifold meanings and functions of this topos is composed of references to the poetry of garden lyric masters i.e. Leopold Staff, Bolesław Leśmian, Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz. The reconstruction of the complexity of garden topos allows seeing it as one of the most important figures in Tadeusz Różewicz’s poetry, as it is the figure of reflection on the condition of spirit and the state of culture in the 20th century.
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2014
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vol. 12
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issue (2)23
231-144
EN
Is it possible to be late for the Parousia and the Last Judgment? Judging by the Tadeusz Różewicz’ line *** Einst hab ich die Muse gefragt – yes. Perhaps we live in a strange times of millennium after the "death of God" and therefore devoid of The Grace and therefore Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil withered in the "land of no light", and the Burning Bush is nothing, but ash (poem: heart goes to the throat). Presentation of "junk civilization" also arise in the context of the apocalypse realized as the manifestation of the power of the Prince of This World (poem: Creed). So this is the time after the good world had been stolen people. Secondary one is the name – "miserable time" (Hölderlin), "barren land" (Eliot) , "the land of Ulro" (Milosz) or "garbage world" (Różewicz) – it is always important state of powerlessness to find holiness in the modern world.
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The article is an overview of old women portrayals in dramas by Tadeusz Różewicz with the intent of establishing how the image of the title character of "The Old Woman Broods", considered to be the turning point in the playwright’s oeuvre in respect of this motif, was shaped. In earlier plays, old women are mostly housewives, functioning as substitute mothers and feeders who affirmatively support other people’s lives. Gradually, however, images of old age systematically pushed away from the social field of vision begin to appear ("Gone Out" and "The Little Garden of Eden"), emphasised by their subversive variants that portray oldwomen as paradoxically powerful, as in "Metamorphoses". In his subsequent works, Różewicz abandons stereotypical images of womanhood in favour of the increasing independence of female characters, and the Old Woman constitutes their mostradical variant as she is, unexpectedly, the one most fiercely attached to the fullness of being. References to Gaia, the primal goddess, have been made clear byhow the inside and the outside, absorbing and discharging (giving birth), and the qualities of youth and old age are combined and mixed in her resulting in a vision of a peculiar monster who – for her exceptionality and ability to set her own rules against all established norms (which are abided by the other characters even in the face of the imminent end of the world) – is the hope for new life. Finally, however, the Old Woman’s body becomes a sign of degeneration, signifying the end of civilisation and culture: on Różewicz’s diagnosis, despair and death turn out to be stronger then the urge to live and breed.
EN
The departure point of the analysis presented in this article is a poem written by Tadeusz Różewicz learning to walk (nauka chodzenia). The protagonist of the poem is Dietrich Bonhoeffer, who created the theory of “religionless Christianity”. According to Bonhoeffer, a modern Christian has to immerse himself/herself in the “godless” world so that – in tandem with the Saviour – he/she can be experience the final abandonment. The author of this article tries to prove that the theology of Bonhoeffer had a great impact on Różewicz, making him reconsider his viewpoint on faith. Due to Dietrich Bonhoeffer, the poet also found a solution for a basic contradiction that was explicated in the famous poem entitled Bez (Without): “life without god is possible / life without god is impossible”.
EN
In the article “‘No Metaphysics. Idiots!’” Marcin Kościelniak undertakes a reading of Tadeusz Różewicz’s open theatre, particularly The Interrupted Act and The Card Index, in accordance with the sequence defined in the subtitle: postdramatic theatre, atheism, and politics. Following a suggestion put forth by Mateusz Borowski and Małgorzata Sugiera that we look at the theatrical project underlying The Interrupted Act from the perspective of postdramatic theatre, the author points out that Hans-Thiers Lehmann’s conception of the postdramatic is based not only on aesthetic but also on political criteria, and the latter are as important and fundamental as the former. This makes it possible to pose the question about the epistemological and axiological criteria underlying the decay of dramatic form in Różewicz’s open theatre. Citing passages from Różewicz’s poetry and referring to interpretations by Ryszard Nycz and Aleksander Fiut, the author proposes that we see the political grounds of Różewicz’s postdramatic theatre in his atheism. Following this lead, the author views the central aesthetic categories of both postdramatic theatre and Różewicz’s open theatre, i.e. “the here and now,” reality in place of an illusion, as political gestures as well (rejection of metaphysics, materialism). In this light, the “brutal realism” proclaimed by Różewicz is as much about drawing the theatrical spectacle closer to performance as it is about the lack of transcendence. The author seizes upon the opinions expressed by Jan Błoński and Małgorzata Dziewulska who accused Różewicz of being too fond of decay, as it is precisely the most valuable quality of his creative work. “Różewicz as an atheist, materialist, and realist—this is a stupendous source of his art,” Kościelniak states and proposes that we reclaim the subversive potential of Różewicz’s theatre, which consists in its being radically apart from the dominant Romantic and Christian tradition of Polish theatre.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2019
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vol. 110
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issue 1
238-244
PL
Recenzja "Wyboru wierszy" Tadeusza Różewicza – wydanego w serii „Biblioteka Narodowa”, w wyborze i opracowaniu krytycznym Andrzeja Skrendy – koncentruje się na projekcie całościowej interpretacji tej twórczości, przedstawionym przez krytyka we wstępie. Skrendo dzięki zastosowaniu autobiograficznego trybu lektury ukazuje dzieło Różewicza jako swoisty splot egzystencjalno-tekstowy, przykłada także dużą wagę do wypowiedzi metaliterackich samego poety, starając się podążać za jego sugestiami interpretacyjnymi.
EN
The review of Tadeusz Różewicz’s “Wybór wierszy” (“A Selection of Poems”), issued within the series “Biblioteka Narodowa” (“National Library of Poland”) in Andrzej Skrendo’s selection and critical edition, concentrates on the project of a comprehensive interpretation of the poet’s poetic creativity explicated by the critic in the introduction. Employing the autobiographic mode of reading, Skrendo pictures Różewicz’s work as a peculiar existential-textual twine, pays much attention to metaliterary expressions of the poet, and strives to follow his interpretive suggestions.
PL
Zawarty w tomie szara strefa (2002) cykl Appendix, w którym Tadeusz Różewicz daje swoistą replikę dziewięciu późnych wierszy Leopolda Staffa jest w artykule punktem wyjścia do krytycznego spojrzenia na stosunek Różewicza do twórczości i osoby autora Wikliny, stosunek daleki od jednoznaczności, mimo deklaracji uwielbienia dla „Starego Poety”, jak Różewicz Staffa nazywał. Jednocześnie podjęta zostaje próba weryfikacji utrwalonych w historii literatury polskiej przekonań na temat wpływu twórczości młodego Różewicza na ostatnie tomy poetyckie Staffa, przekonań ukształtowanych nie bez udziału samego Różewicza, szczególnie jako autora antologii wierszy Staffa Kto jest ten dziwny nieznajomy (1964), zawierającej Posłowie, które jest jedną z najważniejszych wypowiedzi Różewicza na temat poezji.
PL
Wiersz Tadeusza Różewicza Czytanie książek wpisuje się w krąg autotematycznych i autoreferencjalnych utworów poety. Refleksji zostaje poddana granica między rzeczywistością a literaturą. Poruszany przez autora problem reprezentacji omawiam poprzez kategorie lektury (punktem wyjścia czyniąc wieloznaczność tytułowego „czytania”), oratury i tekstury. Spopularyzowane przez antropologię literatury kategorie oralności i piśmienności przyłożone do Czytania książek pomagają w „bliskim czytaniu”, stając się poręczną kategorią interpretacyjną. Wywołane przez nie problemy hermeneutyczne (w rozumieniu siebie, świata i tekstu) niekiedy potwierdzają, niekiedy zaś modyfikują obecne w krytyce odczytania całego dzieła Różewicza.
EN
Tadeusz Różewicz’s poem Czytanie książek (“The Reading of Books”) is part of a cy- cle of auto-thematic and self-referential works by the poet. The boundary between reality and literature is examined. I am discussing the problem of representation addressed by the author by categories of reading (making the starting point the am- biguity of the eponymous “reading”), orature and texture. Categories of orality and literacy, popularized by the anthropology of literature, applied to Czytanie książek facilitate a “close reading” and became a handy interpretive category. Hermeneutic problems caused by it (in understanding oneself, the world, and the text) some times confirm and sometimes modify the critical readings of Różewicz’s entire work.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą pokazania różnych odniesień do sfery sacrum w oparciu przede wszystkim o poetyckie dokonania Tadeusza Różewicza i Marcina Świetlickiego. W pierwszej części przywołuję perspektywy, które pojawiły się w dotychczasowych książkowych ujęciach problemu sakralności w twórczości autora Niepokoju (chrześcijaństwo, tradycja apofatyczna oraz słaby nihilizm). Ich zestawienie uwydatnia nieuchwytność projektu Różewicza. Tezę tę wspiera przesłanie Ostatniej rozmowy oraz analogie do (prób) malarstwa wykluczającego udział szerszej publiczności. Część druga jest skrótowym ujęciem projektu sacrum Marcina Świetlickiego, uwzględniającym najważniejsze różnice w odkrywaniu sfery świętości w twórczości obu poetów. W odróżnieniu od Różewicza, Świetlicki zamyka swoje poszukiwania w ramach porządku metafizycznego. Jego twórczość można odczytywać jako z góry zaplanowaną opowieść, transformującą wybrane historie biblijne (stwarzanie świata, nadawanie imion nowo narodzonym wzorem prarodziców, wygnanie z raju, oczekiwanie na odrodzenie w Babilonie). Głosy Różewicza i Świetlickiego, choć brzmią podobnie, obwieszczają prawdy odnoszące się do różnych doświadczeń, w odmienny sposób kształtujące przesłanie pozornie spokrewnionej twórczości obu poetów.
PL
Przedmiotem notatek są dwa późne wiersze Tadeusza Różewicza, wiersze o fundamentalnych Różewiczowskich problemach: o śmierci oraz o kondycji współczesnego człowieka. Pierwsza część notatek przynosi zwięzłą próbę określenia zasadniczych treści oraz kontekstów wiersza Wrota śmierci, poświęconego pamięci zmarłego w 2005 roku Henryka Bereski. Druga część — jest próbą interpretacji wiersza bez tytułu jako utworu, w którym poeta — na ład bilansu czy podsumowania — zapisał istotę swoich poglądów na naturę współczesnego człowieka.
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O dramatach Różewicza i metafizyce bycia

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EN
The text brings an attempt to grasp a basic set of conditions determining the dramatic work by Tadeusz Różewicz, the greatest Polish playwright of the second half of the 20th century. I set aside postmodernism as being insignificant as far as Różewicz’s plays and the proposed interpretation are concerned; I also leave off the viewpoint of avant-gardes because Różewicz has never been anavant-garde poet, even though it is obvious that avant-gardes are partly responsible for the condition of contemporary art. There are three basic contexts that I bring up in my reading: the first is the act of overcoming and discarding the traditional metaphysics of substantive being, concurrent with the emergence of new metaphysics of existence which has made it possible to grasp the hitherto overlooked truth of ordinary being and to ask about its sense; secondly, there is the situation of an author and his or her work after the end of the arts and letters when the old frameworks of poetry and theatre are in ruins; and thirdly, there is the total deficit of meaning, aggravated additionally by the totalitarian regime. In his search for the meaning of life – a meaning of small proportions, ordinary and absolutely conditional – Różewicz must concentrate on an individual being that exists in this regime, with the influence it exerts on how the meaning is sensed, whether it is lacking or misapprehended. He does so using forms that are for various reasons crippled, negated, or amalgamated, because the only forms that he has at his disposal are burdened with tradition and he tries to scrape off their veneer. He does not care about their canonicity and aesthetic categories, but it is obvious that for Różewicz the question about the meaning of life includes the question about the sense of creating. Faced with the ruin of meanings and values, he has found his chance to restore meaning by turning to the human body, to what has been inscribed in it by both nature and culture, which is to say that it is a turn towards both physiology and writing. Generally speaking, Różewicz’s (not only dramatic) work is the furthest reaching consequence of the process overriding various traditions in life and art and the process of looking for substitutes for the things that have been lost beyond saving.
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Chińska porcelana

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EN
The article uses the example of The Card Index by Tadeusz Różewicz to pose some questions concerning the identity of a literary text that exists in several authorial versions, which in turn forces one to pause and think which of these versions should be a basis for a critical edition or interpretation of the work. The case of The Card Index is particularly complicated because as many as three different texts in which the recurring Card Index is the key element exist; there are two manuscript versions published as autograph reproductions, and a video footage, published on DVD, of open rehearsals to the unfinished production of Kartoteka rozrzucona (‘The Scattered Card Index’). Interpretation of the drama must take the interrelatedness and complementariness of these versions into account.
EN
The departure point of the analysis presented in this article is a poem written by Tadeusz Różewicz learning to walk (nauka chodzenia). The protagonist of the poem is Dietrich Bonhoeffer, who created the theory of “religionless Christianity”. According to Bonhoeffer, a modern Christian has to immerse himself/herself in the “godless” world so that – in tandem with the Saviour – he/she can be experience the final abandonment. The author of this article tries to prove that the theology of Bonhoeffer had a great impact on Różewicz, making him reconsider his viewpoint on faith. Due to Dietrich Bonhoeffer, the poet also found a solution for a basic contradiction that was explicated in the famous poem entitled Bez (Without): “life without god is possible / life without god is impossible”.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2015
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vol. 106
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issue 3
233-236
PL
Recenzja omawia książkę Tomasza Żukowskiego "Obrazy Chrystusa w twórczości Aleksandra Wata i Tadeusza Różewicza", wskazując z jednej strony na trafność wyboru klucza interpretacji poezji Wata i Różewicza oraz trafność zestawienia tych poetów, a z drugiej na szereg metodologicznych niespójności prowadzonego w niej wywodu. W konsekwencji wysokiej ocenie wielu fragmentów interpretacyjnych książki towarzyszy krytyczna ocena warsztatu metodologicznego jej autora, deklarującego przywiązanie do postrukturalnych kierunków myślenia, a głęboko zakorzenionego w tradycji hermeneutycznej.
EN
The review discusses Tomasz Żukowski’s book "Obrazy Chrystusa w twórczości Aleksandra Wata i Tadeusza Różewicza" ("Images of Christ in Aleksander Wat’s and Tadeusz Różewicz’s Writings") and points, on the one hand, at the correctness of choosing an interpretive key to Wat’s and Różewicz’s poetry and accuracy of confronting the two poets and, on the other hand, at a series of methodological inconsistencies in the book’s line of reasoning. In consequence, high evaluation of the study’s numerous interpretive fragments is accompanied by a criticism of the author’s methodological technique who declares his adherence to post-structural thinking but is deeply rooted in hermeneutical tradition.
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Autoportret niemożliwy

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EN
This sketch deals with Różewicz’s feeling that identity issues are unresolvable. This feeling, which became increasingly strong in the poet’s later works, led him to lose control over poetic form and employ more rhetoric as well as caused his works to be similar to performing arts. A description of the similarities between Różewicz’s cultural ideas and the ones that are present in popular rock music is an important part of this article.
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