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Divine Wrath in Ancient Egypt

100%
Joseph A.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
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2018
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vol. XXXI
27-65
EN
This article aims at examining the theme of divine wrath according to Egyptian religious beliefs, in connection with deities and worshippers. It is a matter of theological concern to examine the theme of divine wrath in various texts describing the rage of deities. The paper thoroughly discusses the theme of divine wrath, its addressees, effects, purposes, provocations, and the possibility of avoidance and pacification, as well as the linguistic expressions of wrath. It discusses the notion of wrath, its perceived consequences and infliction on the deities, living humans and the deceased. It also examines divine wrath in relation to the experience of suffering and affliction as well as that of protection and welfare. The analysis provides information on the core of the Egyptian religion investigated from the perspective of wrath.
2
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Wykorzystanie żelaza w starożytnym Egipcie do początku okresu późnego

88%
Napierała M.
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
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2022
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vol. 27
131-161
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the use of iron in ancient Egypt up to the beginning of the Late Period. The presentation of the development of metallurgy of this metal will be possible through the analysis of the preserved objects and their fragments, which show the subsequent stages of learning about the new raw material and the gradual adoption of various methods of iron processing. Due to the fact that no traces of iron processing workshops have survived from the times preceding the Late Period, the analysis of the preserved iron artifacts will enable the reconstruction of subsequent stages of the development of this metal metallurgy. Equally important as objects are the sources from which the Egyptians could obtain iron and the routes by which they imported it, because their presence is one of the basic requirements for metallurgy to develop and spread. I in studying the development of iron treatment the texts in which there is terminology describing iron will be also helpful. Furthermore, by reviewing the contexts of its use, it will be possible to enrich knowledge about the metallurgy of this metal. The analysis of the above points will allow to present a complete picture of iron metallurgy in Egypt.
3
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Przełom VII w. p.n.e. w metalurgii żelaza w starożytnym Egipcie

88%
Napierała M.
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
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2023
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vol. 28
273-297
EN
The aim of the article is to present a breakthrough time for iron metallurgy, which was the beginning of the Late Period, in particular the reign of the XXVI Dynasty. Presentation of this issue will be possible through the analysis of preserved artifacts from this period It shows the variety of used forms of objects and the methods of iron processing. The key to this article is the presence of iron processing workshops in the Greco-Egyptian centers, which are the oldest – discovered evidence of the processing of this metal in Egypt. The analysis of the workshops themselves, the tools used there and the remnants of metalworking preserved will be helpful in studying the development of iron metallurgy in the discussed period. An important part of the work is also an attempt to answer the questions: where did the impulse that introduced workshop iron processing in Egypt come from, and whether the Nubians or maybe foreigners, e.g. the Greeks appearing at the end of the Third Intermediate Period and at the beginning of the Late Period in the country on the Nile? The analysis of the above points will emphasize the groundbreaking nature of the discussed topic.
4
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Zagadka Beroesa

87%
Bourkane M.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka
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2017
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issue 31
321-332
EN
The sketch concerns spiritualism and mediumship in the novel Faraon by Bolesław Prus. Object of analysis is especially Beroes, Chaldean magician and sage, who is one of the characters appearing in presented world. The main question in the aricle is, why Prus, positivist writer, decided to introduce to his novel such uncanny hero and such untypical problems.
5
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Wstępne uwagi o językowym obrazie stwórcy w Tekstach Piramid – najstarszej religijnej „księdze” świata

87%
Popielska-Grzybowska J.
Poznańskie Spotkania Językoznawcze
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2015
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issue 30
EN
The author of the paper will attempt to scrutinise, with reference to contextual arguments, a linguistic image of the Egyptian creator in the Old Kingdom religious texts which will be analysed with use of linguistic worldview method. An important inspiration for the author were the studies of Slavonic antiquity conducted by V.V. Ivanov and V.N. Toporov within the structural paradigm using the notion of opposition and the Egyptological, philosophical, anthropological and linguistic studies of J.P. Allen, J. Assman, H. Altenmüller, E. Hornung, P. Tillich, P. Wheelwright and R.A. Rappaport, and Polish scholars – T. Dobrzyńska, M. Makuchowska and the late philosopher L. Kołakowski. The paper is, however, solely an introduction to a further study. The author of the paper is making efforts to define an image of the creator expressed through and in the Egyptian language, reconstituted from fragmentary verbal messages, pictures recorded and preserved in language. It seems crucial that the Egyptian creator-god as “completed one”, comprising in himself all living beings, is embodied in his children and the whole created world.
6
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Żelazo meteorytowe w starożytnym Egipcie przed okresem późnym

75%
Napierała M.
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
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2021
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vol. 26
241-279
EN
The aim of the article is to present an unusual raw material, which is the meteorite iron and its specific status in the culture of ancient Egypt. The presentation of this extraordinary material, highlighting the features allowing to recognize it, the interpretation of the artifacts made of it (taking into account the physicochemical analyzes), and the development of the results of experimental works recreating the methods of its processing allow us to obtain the necessary information about the delineation of meteorite iron metallurgy in ancient Egypt up to the beginning of the Late Period. An important source for achieving the article’s goal are also texts. Text analysis highlights the ambiguity of the terminology used to describe meteorite iron. By reviewing the contexts of its use, they allow us to enrich knowledge about its metallurgy and help to characterize the status of this metal in the consciousness of the Egyptians.
7
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Pain Infliction, Inflictors and Healers in Egyptian Religious, Magical and Literary Perceptions

75%
Joseph A.
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
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2018
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vol. XXXI
67-99
EN
This paper aims at discussing the aetiology, etymology, characteristics and phraseology of pain feeling, infliction and healing in ancient Egyptian religious, magical and literary texts. It examines the roles of the inflictors of pain and their effect on those who were vulnerable to their infliction. It also discusses the roles of the pain healers. Furthermore, it explains the notion of pain infliction and analyses the types of pain, revealing its experience in ancient Egypt. It discusses how it felt, was conceptualised, generated, assessed, how deities, demons, dead and living individuals inflicted and healed it. In relevant contexts, it discusses the places where pain was inflicted and the consequences of such infliction.
8

Selected Administrative Principles and Their Regulation in Sapiential Literature in Ancient Egypt

63%
Knollová M.
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa
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2013
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vol. 6
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issue 4
317–326
EN
The paper is focused on the area of Ancient Egyptian administration with an emphasis on the central person – the official. The clerical profession was considered very lucrative , the official, an educated person taking into account the illiteracy of most people, enjoyed great respect. The highest officer, being the vizier, was (in some cases) the most powerful person in the state. However, there were certain boundaries that were not supposed to be exceeded in the practice of official functions. Today we still call them the same way: “the principles of good governance”. These principles are contained in a number of documents, mostly in so-called learnings, as well as in some non-legal documents. These principles were not merely recommended behaviour patterns − those who breached them were severely punished. Upon closer examination of the principles governing official functions it becomes clear that despite the fact that many of them are centuries old they are still used today. This paper is based on religious, educational, and literary text but also on legal texts which are reactions against above mentioned situations when the principles were breached.
9
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Homoseksualizm w starożytnym Egipcie

51%
Ćwiek A.
Verbum Vitae
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2021
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vol. 39
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issue 1
49-74
EN
The issue of homosexuality in ancient Egypt has been studied for less than a century. Both the attitude towards, and the methodology regarding, this issue changed constantly over time. The author presents a critical review of the literature, together with some original interpretations. The most important sources, which are relatively not numerous and often ambiguous, are described. The written sources include religious and literary texts e.g. the tale Horus and Seth, the story of King Nefer-ka-Ra and “General” Sa-senet, mentions in the instructions of Peteh-hetep, the Book of the Dead (the “negative confession” in the Chapter 125), the Coffin Texts and dream-books. Analysis of the texts reveals many controversial questions concerning the context of the message, as well as the phraseology and proper meaning of the terms related to the issue of sexuality. Two categories clearly appear: homosexual rape, with the intention to dominate and humiliate an enemy, and a emotional relationship leading to sexual acts. The iconographic sources are less numerous, and their interpretations much disputable. They include the images of Ni-ankh-Khenemu and Khenemu-hetep in their shared tomb at Saqqara, the depictions of same-sex couples, graffiti, and drawings on ostraca depicting (homosexual?) couples having sex. A large part of the sources in unequivocal, and in the case of lesbian love simply vague. Data on the attitude of the ancient Egyptians towards homosexual relations are ambivalent at best. They were considered socially incorrect but not penalized.  
PL
Zagadnienie homoseksualizmu w starożytnym Egipcie od kilkudziesięciu lat jest przedmiotem badań naukowych. Zmieniał się zarówno stosunek do przedmiotu badań, jak i ich metodologia. Autor przedstawia krytyczny przegląd literatury przedmiotu, uzupełniony o własne interpretacje. Omawia najważniejsze źródła, stosunkowo nieliczne, a często niejednoznaczne. Wśród źródeł pisanych są teksty religijne i literackie, m.in.: opowiadanie Horus i Seth, historia króla Nefer-ka-Ra i „generała” Sa-seneta, wzmianki w maksymach Peteh-hetepa, Księdze Umarłych („spowiedź negatywna” w rozdziale 125), Tekstach Sarkofagów i sennikach. Analiza tekstów ujawnia wiele kwestii dyskusyjnych dotyczących kontekstu przekazów, a także frazeologii i właściwego znaczenia terminów odnoszących się do seksualności. Wyraźnie wyróżniają się dwie kategorie: gwałt homoseksualny, mający na celu zdominowanie i upokorzenie wroga, i relacja emocjonalna, prowadząca do zachowań o charakterze seksualnym. Źródła ikonograficzne są jeszcze mniej liczne, a ich interpretacja mocno dyskusyjna. Należą do nich przede wszystkim przedstawienia Ni-anch-Chenemu i Chenemu-hetepa we wspólnym grobowcu w Sakkarze, wizerunki par jednopłciowych, graffiti i rysunki na ostrakonach, ukazujące (homoseksualne?) pary w trakcie stosunku płciowego. Znaczna część źródeł jest niejednoznaczna (a w przypadku żeńskiego homoseksualizmu po prostu niepewna). Dane na temat stosunku starożytnych Egipcjan do relacji homoseksualnych są co najmniej ambiwalentne. Niewątpliwie były one społecznie postrzegane jako niewłaściwe, ale nie były penalizowane.
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