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Society Register
|
2019
|
vol. 3
|
issue 3
159-166
EN
While more than ever we are discussing animal rights and considering the possibility to extend the circle of our moral consideration, we are also more than ever inflicting suffering on more animals than in any time in history. This is especially the case for farm animals. This article aims to demonstrate that introducing animal-based measures into the legal system can be a practical and realistic step towards changing the familiar perspective of farm animals as mere commodities into the sentient beings they are. Currently, legislation on farm animals builds on what are called resource-based measures. These measures are not based on the animals but on their environment and the conditions in which the animals are living. They are very compatible with the legal system being relatively easy to assess, less subjective and highly repeatable. However, compliance with resource-based measures does not always mean good animal welfare, since these measures are generally considered to be less well correlated to the experiences of the animal. Animal-based measures, on the other hand, measure the state of the animal based on the actual animal, its behaviour (e.g. repetitive behaviour, human-animal relationship) and/or appearance (posture, facial expression, body condition). A change where laws on animals actually require looking at the animals has the potential to improve the relationship to the animals and is an essential shift towards farm animals being regarded as someone and not something. By acknowledging animals as whole sentient beings, we do not just see a complex system of ‘behaviours’ (e.g. walking), but first and foremost we see a “behaver”, a dynamic living being, whose movements are always meaningful and psychological expressive. In conclusion, animal-based measures force us to look at animals and recognize that they are able to feel pain, love, joy, loneliness and fear. Implementing animal-based measures for farm animals makes us, in a practical and realistic way, take those animals that are mostly considered as mere commodities, into our moral consideration, and unveils aspects of their sentience, which are currently hidden by the law.
EN
A decree of the Flemish Region provided for the use of reversible stunning as regards ritual slaughter. The decree was challenged by several Jewish and Muslim associations, claiming that it breached the Council Regulation No 1099/2009. In this framework, the Belgian court made a reference to the CJEU for a preliminary ruling regarding the interpretation of this regulation. In the commented case the CJEU sought a balance between the protection of animal welfare, as set out in Article 13 TFEU and freedom of religion, as guaranteed by Article 10 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU. It ruled that Regulation No 1099/2009 does not preclude legislation of a Member State which requires, in the context of ritual slaughter, a reversible stunning procedure. The commentary discusses doubts about the motives of the CJEU’s ruling, in particular relating to unjustified prioritisation of animal welfare over freedom of religion, and concludes that the decree violates the right to freedom of religion protected by the Charter.
EN
In the face of a global pandemic, domesticated and companion animals are relegated to the most vulnerable stratification of society. Companion animals (pets) have been established as family members in a wide breath of cultures globally; thereby ensuring reliance on humans for maintaining care and wellbeing. Furthermore, those on social media are sharing animal stories, photos, memes, and videos as a mechanism of distraction, enjoyment, and humor. Animals are becoming the force to bring humanity together through crisis, and yet, they require human care and compassion. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, the world was confronted with three pertinent questions: 1. How do individuals provide physical and emotional care and enrichment for pets during a pandemic? 2. Are there zoonotic concerns in caring for a pet? 3. What are the mid- and long-term repercussions of the pandemic for pet care? To address these questions, this paper identifies avenues of support, and challenges that can be addressed in the midst of the pandemic to advance and ensure companion animal welfare. This is the moment we collectively challenge the notion of companion animals as family members and the importance of these very animals in our lives.
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EN
Ethical justification of the existence of zoological gardens has become a question in the context of our relation to animals. While the standpoint of animal rights rejects the maintenance of animals in captivity, the standpoint of welfare does not reject it in principle. However, after a consideration of the needs, abilities and prospects of the life of animals in captivity, this standpoint looks upon the maintenance and rearing (at least for some animals) as ethically unacceptable. Modern zoological gardens, however, make their case by pointing to the higher good and defend their existence – and thus also the sacrifice of animals – at the very least by the need for conserving species that are dying out or threatened (“Noah’s ark”). It thus places the ethics of the earth above biocentrism and the good of the whole above the good of the individual. Even this line of argument is subject to criticism, in particular if one points to the fact that the aims by which zoos justify their existence are open to doubt and unrealisable, and thus they do not provide ethical justification. It is not only that real conservation of species is not pursued, but the implementation of this aim also worsens the living conditions of animals. The message of this article is not only to unveil arguments showing that the picture of zoological gardens as having an almost unquestionably elevated mission is an illusory one, but it is also to point to the fact that, on the other hand, critics overlook the potential, more modest, less obvious (and mostly not yet obtaining) value of zoos – that is the possibility of providing people with the chance to meet with animals, teaching them respect and emotional connection. Where this value is recognised and realised, it is necessarily connected with the requirement that we do not harm animals, if it is not absolutely necessary. Thus it will also be connected with proposals for a significant transformation of the zoo such that it will no longer be a place of human dominance, but a place for a profound change in the attitudes of people and a workshop of compassion for animals.
DE
Die ethische Existenzberechtigung zoologischer Gärten ist seit einiger Zeit Thema unserer Beziehung zu Tieren. Während vom Standpunkt der Tierrechte die Haltung von Tieren in Gefangenschaft abgelehnt wird, so wird diese vom Standpunkt der Lebensqualität (Welfare) nicht prinzipiell abgelehnt, wobei jedoch nach Abwägung der Bedürfniss, Fähigkeiten und Möglichkeiten von Tieren in Gefangenschaft sich auch von diesem Standpunkt die Haltung und Aufzucht (zumindest bestimmter Tiere) als ethisch unannehmbar erweist. Moderne Zoos untermauern ihre Argumentation freilich mit dem Verweis auf das höhere Gut und verteidigen ihre Existenz und damit auch die Opferung von Tieren, mit der unbedingt erforderlichen Rettung vom Aussterben bedrohter und gefährdeter Arten („Arche-Noah-Prinzip“). Diese Argumentation stellt die Ethi der Erde über den Biozentrismus und das Gesamtgut über das Gut des Einzelnen. Aber auch dieses Argument wird durch Kritik erschüttert, insbesondere durch den Verweis auf die Tatsache, dass die Ziele, mit denen Zoos ihre Extistenz rechtfertigen, zweifelhaft und nicht realisierbar sind und damit auch keine ethische Rechtfertigung darstellen. Es geht nicht nur darum, dass es sich nicht um eine wirkliche Rettung von Arten handelt, sondern auch darum, dass die Umsetzung dieses Zieles die Lebensqualität von Tieren zusätzlich verschlechtert. Der Sinn dieses Beitrags besteht nicht nur darin, die Argumente aufzudecken, die zeigen, dass das Bild des zoologischen Gartens mit seiner nahezu über allen Zweifel erhabenen Berufung illusorisch ist, sondern gleichfals darin, auf die Tatsache hinzusweisen, dass auf seiten der Kritiker ein weniger offensichtlicher, potentieller, bescheidenerer (und meist bislang nicht existenter) positiver Beitrag zoologischer Gärten vernachlässigt wird: die Möglichkeit, Menschen die Begegnung mit Tieren zu vermitteln und den Menschen dadurch Respekt und emotionale Verbindung zu vermitteln. Soll dieser Beitrag anerkannt und realisiert werden, so ist er notwendigerweise mit der Forderung verbunden, Schaden zu vermeiden, sofern dieser nicht absolut notwendig ist, und damit mit Forderungen nach weitreichenden Veränderungen des Zoos, der von einem Ort menschlicher Dominanz zu einem Ort der teifgreifenden Ännderung der Einstellung des Menschen und zu einer Werkstatt des Mitgefühls mit Tieren werden könnte.
EN
The authors’ aim is not only to extend research, but also to assist in problem-solving actions in every-day veterinary practice. Material and methods: Legal and moral norms related to veterinary necrops and the consent of the owners were analyzed according to literary, teleological and comparative interpretation methods. Results: Professional ethical norms in connection with the civil law are ius semidispositivum (semiimperativum), the parties may regulate their rights and obligations in a manner different from the statutory provisions, if such changes are more favorable, e.g. provide higher ethical standards, strengthen ownership rights, and intensify animal protection. Conclusions: The case of any the diagnostic section (different from the forensic veterinary necropsies carried out at the ordinance of the court, prosecutor or the police, and administrative-sanitary necropsies), the veterinary surgeon is required to obtain the owner’s express, informed consent, preferably in written.
EN
In this article I will focus on animal welfare as an example of interdisciplinary (philosophy - food ethics and natural science) issue. Decisions about animal welfare have a scientific, political and ethical meaning. We can notice the increasing animal welfare standards in EU. Consumers in developed countries are concerned about the welfare of animals and demand the appropriate, healthy and safe food, which protects the environment. EU protocol obliging member states to pay full regard to animal welfare in forming relevant policy and legislation.
PL
W tym artykule skupię się na dobrostanie zwierząt jako przykładzie zagadnienia interdyscyplinarnego (filozofia – etyka żywności i nauki przyrodnicze). Decyzje dotyczące dobrostanu zwierząt mają znaczenie naukowe, polityczne i etyczne. Można zauważyć rosnące standardy dobrostanu zwierząt w UE. Konsumenci w krajach rozwiniętych troszczą się o dobrostan zwierząt i domagają się odpowiedniej, zdrowej i bezpiecznej żywności, której produkcja nie szkodzi środowisku. Także UE wprowadziła protokół zobowiązujący państwa członkowskie do pełnego uwzględniania dobrostanu zwierząt przy tworzeniu odpowiedniej polityki i ustawodawstwa.
EN
The paper aims to show how the Common Agricultural Policy implements the principle of animal welfare. It has been expressed in article 13 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, in the part of the Treaty devoted to general rules, which means that it occupies a special position in the hierarchy of values of the European legislator. This rule has a significant impact on the formulation and implementation of policies of the European Union, including the Common Agricultural Policy. The concept of animal welfare is not defined in any legal act, which can be problematic from the point of view of the enactment of this rule. It is fulfilled primarily through the establishment of standards of animals treatment, on the basis of European directives and regulations. This legal norms are often criticized, because they are inadequate from the point of view of the animal welfare. Commented rule has also a substantial impact on environmental protection and rural development.
PL
Opracowanie ma na celu ukazanie, w jaki sposób w ramach Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej realizuje się zasadę dobrostanu zwierząt. Została ona wyrażona w art. 13 Traktatu o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej w części poświęconej zasadom ogólnym, co oznacza, że zajmuje szczególną pozycję w hierarchii wartości prawodawcy europejskiego. Reguła ta istotnie wpływa na formułowanie i realizowanie polityk Unii Europejskiej, w tym na Wspólną Politykę Rolną. Pojęcie dobrostanu zwierząt nie zostało zdefiniowane w żadnym akcie prawnym, co może być problematyczne z punktu widzenia wcielenia w życie omawianej zasady. Jest ona wykonywana przede wszystkim przez ustanowienie standardów postępowania ze zwierzętami na mocy dyrektyw i rozporządzeń. Ustanowione w tym zakresie normy spotykają się jednak często z krytyką jako niedostateczne z punktu widzenia zasady dobrostanu zwierząt. Komentowana reguła ma także niebagatelny wpływ na ochronę środowiska oraz rozwój obszarów wiejskich.
EN
The awareness of animal welfare and animal well-being is growing all over Europe and the world. The concerns are related to the applied policy regimes, economic sustainability of the production methods, food quality and safety, consumers’ health and behaviour and their willingness to pay for animal products obtained in animal-friendly conditions. The paper aims to analyse the consumers’ awareness and its effect on consumers’ purchasing behaviour in Bulgaria. The data were collected under the WELANIMAL project, based on a questionnaire. Later a statistical analysis was done. At the end it is concluded that consumers still need to be educated and there are opportunities to enhance their awareness of animal welfare standards through marketing actions.
PL
The article explores the issues of circus performances involving animals based on the legal regulations in force in Poland. It contains a short history of the circus and outlines the development of legal institutions regulating its activity according to the legislation of various countries. Moreover, the article discusses current Polish legislation, pointing to its inaccuracies, and provides examples of ineffective law enforcement. It also presents the attempts of local authorities intended to limit circus shows with animals, advances arguments in favor of changing the existing regulations, and formulates de lege ferenda postulates.
IT
L’articolo si propone di rispondere alla domanda in quale modo si realizzi la tutela del benessere del bestiame al momento dell’abbattimento. L’analisi sia degli atti di diritto internazionale e europeo che di quelli di diritto nazionale permette di individuare un principio generale secondo il quale la vita degli animali è un bene giuridico protetto. Tuttavia, il legislatore ha previsto alcune eccezioni, tra le quali, vista la necessità di ottenere alcuni prodotti di origine animale, rientra l’abbattimento. La tutela del bestiame nel momento dell’uccisione si riduce a proteggere il loro benessere e ad assicurare loro un trattamento umano, ovviamente per quanto sia possibile viste le circostanze. Il principale strumento di tutela equivale all’obbligo di stordire gli animali, ovvero di renderli, nel modo più efficace, meno sensibili agli stimoli dell’ambiente circostante. La deroga è prevista solo in caso di abbattimento secondo riti religiosi. La tutela degli animali nel momento dell’uccisione, nonché un controllo effettivo di come ciò si svolge nella realtà pone certi problemi.
EN
The main objective of this article is to determine the level of protection of the welfare of farmed animals at the time of slaughter. The analysis of international, European as well as national laws indicates a general assumption that the life of animals is a legally protected good. However, there are certain exceptions to this principle, one of the being the slaughter of farmed animals for the purpose of obtaining certain products of animal origin. Generally speaking, protection of farmed animals during slaughter is reduced to the protection of their welfare and assurance of their most humane treatment, if such is at all possible in a situation of killing. The main protective instrument provided for this is the obligation to stun the animals to effectively render them insensible to environmental stimuli. A derogation from this requirement is only envisaged for ritual slaughter. As can be seen, protection of animals at the time of killing, as well as the effective control of such a procedure, poses certain problems.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie, w jaki sposób przejawia się ochrona dobrostanu zwierząt gospodarskich w momencie dokonywania ich uboju. Analiza zarówno aktów prawa międzynarodowego, europejskiego, jak i krajowego pozwala dostrzec zasadę, że życie zwierząt stanowi prawnie chronione dobro. Prawodawca przewidział jednak od niej pewne wyjątki, m.in. ubój zwierząt gospodarskich ze względu na konieczność pozyskiwania niektórych produktów pochodzenia zwierzęcego. Ochrona zwierząt gospodarskich podczas ich uśmiercania sprowadza się do ochrony ich dobrostanu i na tyle humanitarnego ich traktowania, na ile jest to możliwe w takiej sytuacji. Podstawowym środkiem ochrony jest obowiązek ogłuszenia zwierząt, czyli skutecznego uniewrażliwienia ich na bodźce otoczenia. Odstępstwo od niego przewidziane jest tylko w przypadku uboju rytualnego. Kwestia ochrony zwierząt podczas ich uśmiercania, a także skutecznej kontroli tej procedury nastręcza wielu problemów.
11
51%
RU
Предметом анализа являются условия жизни сельскохозяйственных животных в животноводстве в Польской Народной Республике, а также их отражение в тогдашнем животноводческом и зоотехническом дискурсе. Цель статьи – показать, какими были передовые методы животноводства до того, как понятие благополучие стало популярным, и как тогда понимался правильный уход за сельскохозяйственными животными. Автор утверждает, что эволюция практики животноводства повлекла за собой изменения в животноводческом дискурсе, и особенно в риторике, используемой для описания живых существ, не принадлежащих к человеческому роду, и их отношений с людьми. В то же время автор пытается отметить поворотные моменты, связанные с дискурсивными сдвигами, которые сформировали более поздние методы разведения.
EN
The subject of this analysis is what the life conditions of farm animals in the Polish People’s Republic looked like and how they were reflected in professional discourse. My main aim is to show how good practices in husbandry were understood before the rise of the notion of animal welfare. As I demonstrate, their evolution was strictly linked with rhetorical changes in the discourse. I delineate the main material-discursive historical shifts that shaped further breeding practices.
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszej analizy są warunki bytowania zwierząt w hodowli wielkostadnej w czasach PRL oraz to, jakie odbicie znajdowały one w ówczesnym dyskursie hodowlanym i zootechnicznym. Moim celem jest zrozumienie, czym były tak zwane dobre praktyki w hodowli przed upowszechnieniem się pojęcia dobrostanu i jak rozumiano wówczas właściwą opieką nad zwierzętami gospodarskimi. Dowodzę, że ewolucja praktyk hodowli pociągała za sobą zmiany w dyskursie hodowlanym, a zwłaszcza w retoryce stosowanej do opisu nie-ludzkich zwierząt i ich relacji z ludźmi. Próbuję zarazem wyznaczyć czasowe cezury definiujące przesunięcia dyskursywne, które ukształtowały późniejsze praktyki hodowlane. Artykuł pozwala ukazać warunki życia zwierząt gospodarskich w tamtej epoce, ale także „wejść w głowy” ludzi zajmujących się, bezpośrednio lub pośrednio, tworzeniem i nadzorowaniem ich dobrostanu. Uchwycenie, co rozumieli oni pod pojęciem dobrej opieki nad zwierzętami wydaje się fundamentalne dla prześledzenia zmian, jakie zaszły w opisywaniu relacji między ludźmi a zwierzętami hodowlanymi w czasie ostatnich 70 lat.
EN
The article focuses on the evolutionary trends of agricultural law in a European perspective, highlighting the challenges and problematic issues that have accompanied the choices made in the context of the Common Agricultural Policy in the 21st century. In this perspective, particular attention has been paid to the issues of the agricultural business and the subject of the limits of agricultural activity; these are issues raised in the Italian legal system, but also relevant to the Polish legal system, as Roman Budzinowski has repeatedly stressed in his works. The analysis considers in particular the reforms of the present century, from the Mid-Term Review 2003 to the reforms of 2013 and of 2021, when there occurred a rediscovery of agriculture as a productive activity; it also highlights the emergence of new systemic models that eventually formed the European agricultural codes. Then, the most recent innovations introduced by the Lisbon Treaty are recalled, starting from some recent regulations on official controls and Commission documents on the European Green Deal and animal welfare, to the protection of all forms of life and the environment in its complexity and unity, which leads to the conclusion that the complex events of the first two decades of the 21st century are marked by an increasing attention directed towards the life sciences seen as an essential and distinctive element of the activity of an agricultural enterprise in all its forms.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono ewolucję prawa rolnego w perspektywie europejskiej, ukazując wyzwania i problemy, które towarzyszyły decyzjom podejmowanym w ramach Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej w XXI wieku. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na zagadnienia przedsiębiorstwa rolnego oraz granic działalności rolniczej; są to ważne kwestie we włoskim prawie, ale istotne także dla prawa polskiego, co w swoich pracach wielokrotnie podkreślał Roman Budzinowski. W analizie uwzględniono reformy przeprowadzone w XXI wieku, od śródokresowego przeglądu z 2003 r. po reformę z 2013 r., gdy ponownie dostrzeżono w rolnictwie działalność produkcyjną, uwidoczniono także kwestię powstania nowych modeli systemowych, które doprowadziły do stworzenia europejskich kodeksów rolnych. W dalszej kolejności ukazano ostatnie zmiany wprowadzone przez Traktat z Lizbony, wychodząc od niektórych niedawnych rozporządzeń dotyczących kontroli urzędowych oraz dokumentów Komisji w zakresie Europejskiego Zielonego Ładu, z uwzględnieniem kwestii dobrostanu zwierząt, a także ochrony wszystkich form życia i środowiska w jego złożoności i jedności. Pozwoliło to stwierdzić, że wydarzenia pierwszych dwóch dekad XXI wieku skierowały uwagę na nauki o życiu jako ważny element działalności przedsiębiorstwa rolnego we wszystkich jego aspektach.
IT
Il lavoro indaga sulle linee evolutive del diritto agrario nella prospettiva europea, ponendo in evidenza le sfide e le criticità che nel XXI secolo hanno connotato le scelte operate nell’ambito della politica agricola comune. All’interno di questa prospettiva, specifica attenzione è assegnata ai temi dell’impresa agricola e della stessa perimetrazione dell’attività agricola; temi risalenti nell’ordinamento italiano, ma rilevanti anche nell’ordinamento polacco, come sottolineato più volte negli studi di Roman Budzinowski. L’analisi investe in particolare le riforme di questo secolo, dalla MTR del 2003 alle riforme del 2013 e del 2021 con la riscoperta dell’agricoltura come attività produttiva, sottolineando l’emergere di nuovi modelli sistemici, che finiscono per costruire Codici europei dell’agricoltura. Vengono poi richiamate le ultime novità introdotte dal Trattato di Lisbona, da alcuni recenti regolamenti in tema di controlli ufficiali e dai documenti della Commissione sul Green Deal europeo, con la connessa attenzione ai temi del benessere animale e della tutela di ogni forma di vita e dell’ambiente nella sua complessità e unità, per concludere che le complesse vicende di questi due primi decenni del XXI secolo si caratterizzano per la crescente attenzione verso le scienze della vita come elemento essenziale e connotante dell’attività dell’impresa agricola in tutte le sue diverse declinazioni.
EN
This article proposes to offer a model to draw a lexico-terminological profile of the two terms, relating to animal welfare, mentioned in the European legislation, those of conveyor and guardiano. From each term, we try to draw a lexico-terminological profile using a representation of the correspondences between the lexical unit and the terminological unit in order to determine its terminological relevance. Theories and models of lexicology analysis are indispensable. The results obtained will prove that terminology, as a discipline and as a set of activities aimed at the study and standardization of terms, is not entirely independent of a linguistic aim of its basic units.
PL
Artykuł zawiera propozycję modelu do wyznaczenia profilu leksykalno-terminologicznego dwóch terminów convoyeur i guardiano (‘przewoźnik’), dotyczących dobrostanu zwierząt, zawartych w ustawodawstwie europejskim. Dla każdego terminu został opracowany profil leksykalno-terminologiczny poprzez pokazanie odniesień między jednostką leksykalną i terminologiczną. Na podstawie tych analiz zostało wykazane, że terminologia, jako dyscyplina i jako całość działań mających na celu normalizację terminów, nie jest całkowicie niezależna od opisów językoznawczych jednostek podstawowych.
FR
Cet article se propose d’offrir un modèle pour tracer un profil lexico-terminologique des deux termes, relevant du bien-être animal, mentionnés dans la législation européenne, ceux de convoyeur et de guardiano. De chaque terme, nous essayons de tracer le profil lexico-terminologique à l’aide d’une représentation des correspondances entre l’unité lexicale et l’unité terminologique, afin de déterminer sa pertinence terminologique. Le recours à des théories et des modèles d’analyse de la lexicologie est indispensable. À partir des résultats obtenus, nous prouverons que la terminologie, en tant que discipline et en tant qu’ensemble d’activités visant l’étude et la normalisation des termes, n’est pas entièrement indépendante d’une visée linguistique de ses unités de base.
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