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Socio-lingual Phenomenon of the Anti-language of Polish and American Prison Inmates

100%
Zarzycki Ł.
Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies
|
2015
|
vol. 8
EN
The aim of this paper is to compare Polish and American prison slang terms as well as their inmate codes. This paper is devoted to the phenomenon of prison subculture from the perspective of the Polish prison slang so called the secret grypserka language (from gryps – a slang word meaning a letter smuggled into or out of a jail). Grypserka is the anti-language of Polish prison inmates. Prisoners are people, too, like doctors, policemen and undertakers but when being in prison they lose their friends or often family and then there is nothing left for them but to learn words (grypserka slang) in order to communicate secretly with one another. Perhaps, nobody wants to be sentenced to prison apart from those who are broken-down. A lot of people regard imprisonment as the end of the world. In spite of their dislike or even fear of prisons, they do not close the way to experience power, wealth, sex and addiction. In order to gain so many conveniences, prisoners have to develop their language skills and learn grypserka which allow many desires to be met in their “second world” relieving the pains and inconveniences of incarceration. All in all, it was agreed that “the distinctive argot of inmates gives an insight into the institutions, preoccupations, and style of prison life” (Michaels and Ricks, 1980: 525). Unfortunately, the prison slang has a negative effect on the rehabilitation process because it carries subculture “essence” – rules and norms. It is due to unique expressions, words and phrases that the way of thinking and outlooks of the group members are shaped. When penetrating such a composite phenomenon as the prison slang one should take into consideration its specific attribute – secrecy – and, moreover, the fact that its chief goal is to fight against law.
2
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A Socio-Cultural Aspect of Anti-language

72%
Piechota M.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
|
2019
|
vol. 8
165-172
EN
The article has been devoted to the phenomenon of anti-language and the focal point of the paper refers to the analysis of socio-cultural processes involved in the formation and reception of anti-language. The analysis has been aimed at defining the circumstances of the occurrence of anti-language as well as determining its role and functions at both individual and collective levels. My general approach to the study of anti-language outlines the social functions which govern the emergence of anti-languages with the explicit reference to language, context and text. Kenneth Burke (1966) defines man as a symbol-using animal. In his “Definition of Man”, Burke draws attention to the concept of negativity when he argues that negatives do not occur in nature and they are solely a product of human symbol systems. According to Burke, “(...) language and the negative ‘invented’ man (...)” (Burke 1966: 9). The study has begun with the premise that anti-language permanently depicts an antagonistic attitude towards the official language, whereas the negative attitude towards anti-language translates directly into stigmatisation of its users. The negativity of the affix anti—in anti-language has been culturally and socially structured as antithetical to language. Nevertheless, language and anti-language do not necessarily forge a typical antithesis in a polar sense. Victor Turner (/1969/ 1975) employs the affix anti—for his term anti-structure and explains that the affix has been used strategically and does not imply radical negation. This paper seeks to revise the one-dimensional attitude towards anti-language and fortify its social significance with a new quality. The basis for the study of anti-language has been its multi-functionality and multifaceted character. A small corpus of anti-languages has been analysed in order to illustrate a complex and polysemic nature of this phenomenon.
3
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Kościół Janowy jako „antyspołeczność” w socjolingwistycznej perspektywie Bruce’a J. Maliny

58%
Nalewaj A.
Studia Warmińskie
|
2016
|
issue 53
161-177
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego studium jest wspólnota Janowa w ujęciu takich dyscyplin, jak lingwistyka i socjolingwistyka. Stosując teorię akomodacji mowy oraz perspektywę języka i antyjęzyka, amerykański egzegeta, B.J. Malina, odnajduje w tekście czwartej Ewangelii charakterystyczne cechy grupy zgromadzonej wokół umiłowanego ucznia. Grupę wyróżnia język chrystologii odgórnej, czyli antyjęzyk, a także postawa izolacji od społeczeństwa, w jego szerokim rozumieniu. To pozwala Malinie określić Janową wspólnotę mianem „antyspołeczności” lub „grupy alternatywnej”.
EN
This study discusses John’s community in the view of disciplines such as linguistics and sociolinguistics. Using the speech accommodation theory and the perspective of language and anti-language, B.J. Malina, an American exegete, finds characteristic traits of the group gathered around the beloved disciple in the text of the fourth Gospel. These traits include isolation from the society in the broad sense, as well as the language of high christology, that is, the anti-language. This allows Malina to refer to John’s community as an „anti-community” or an „alternative group”.
DE
Den Gegenstand der vorliegenden Studie bildet die Johannesgemeinde im Blickfeld solcher Disziplinen wie Linguistik und Soziolinguistik. Der amerikanische Exeget B. J. Malina entdeckt im Text des vierten Evangeliums charakteristische Züge der um den geliebten Jünger versammelten Gruppe mit der Verbindung mit der Theorie der Sprachakkomodation und mit der Perspektiven der Sprache und der Antisprache. Zu diesen Zügen kann man die im weiteren Sinne verstandene Isolierung von der Gesellschaft und die Sprache der Christologie von oben, d.h. die Antisprache zählen. Dies erlaubt es Malina, die Johannesgemeinde als „Antigemeinschaft” oder „Alternativgruppe” zu bezeichnen.
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