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Shall in Present-Day English

100%
Lubańska M.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
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2012
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vol. 1
65-74
EN
The paper aims at presenting the contemporary usage of the verb shall in Modern English. The traditional principles governing the usage of shall constitute a complex paradigm in which the implications of different forms change according to the person of the subject. The statistics show that the verb shall experienced a dramatic fall in frequency of use between the early 1960s and 1990s. The author is aiming at presenting the evolution of the verb shall throughout the centuries, its reorganization and the way it has altered. The Old English shall expressed obligation/necessity whereas the Middle English usage indicated to the predicative element of the verb in question. Furthermore, the author explores the difference in application between will and shall. The semantic shift of 'shall' appears to be a natural consequence of the competition it lost to will. Moreover, in 'shall' seems to be retracting to the narrow niche of seldom usage. The article also indicates to the use of shall in present-day English both in American and British varieties. In American English, which is commonly assumed to be more advanced and open to change than British English, 'shall' seems to survive in the contexts where it expresses deontic meaning.
2
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Vývoj slovosledu kondicionálového auxiliáru ve starších českých biblích

72%
Kosek P.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2015
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vol. 97
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issue 1
58-69
EN
The paper deals with the development of word order of the conditional auxiliary in Old and Middle Czech which has changed into a permanent enclitic form. The paper is based on data gained from the Old and Middle Czech Bible translations (The Gospel of Matthew). The aim of the paper is to detect all possible word-order positions of these auxiliary forms in Old and Middle Czech. The analysis shows that the conditional auxiliary behaves as a ′stable′ enclitic in the explored older Czech Bibles, except when it is an auxiliary in the function of a subjunctor. According to the explored data it seems that the post-initial (2P) word-ordering of the Czech enclitic became established in Old Czech and that verb-adjacent (VA) word- -ordering was retreating at that time.
3
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Podżeganie i pomocnictwo jako typy zjawiskowe przestępstwa

71%
Tokarczyk D.
Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
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2017
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vol. 79
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issue 4
95-106
EN
The article is an attempt at a different look at aiding and abetting in criminal law. The provisions of the Penal Code of 1997 are analysed against the background of model solutions of criminal liability for aiding and abetting and the modern modifications of this crime. It deals with deviations from the theory of crime, the participation in criminal acts committed by others and criminal acts perpetrated by individuals acting independently. While analysing the current wording of the provisions governing criminal liability for aiding and abetting, the author proposes that they be classified as certain types of criminal acts. Further, proposing a different view on the construction of types of prohibited acts, he identifies provisions of the existing Penal Code that ought to be amended.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę odmiennego spojrzenia na konstrukcję podżegania i pomocnictwa. Autor analizuje przepisy k.k. z 1997 r. na tle modelowych rozwiązań odpowiedzialności karnej za przestępne współdziałanie i ich współczesnych modyfikacji. W publikacji przedstawiono odstępstwa od teorii postaci zjawiskowych przestępstwa, udziału w cudzym czynie i jednolitego sprawstwa. Analizując aktualne brzmienie przepisów regulujących odpowiedzialność karną za podżeganie i pomocnictwo, autor proponuje ich ujęcie jako typów zjawiskowych przestępstwa. Proponując odmienne spojrzenie na konstrukcję typ typów czynów zabronionych, przedstawia propozycję zmian w przepisach obowiązującego kodeksu karnego.
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