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EN
The main objective of the study is to determine which of the chosen environmental factors and selected groups of such factors alter the time of natural menopause in women living in the Małopolska region. Two hundred and thirty two women aged over 40 years were investigated in a cross-sectional survey in Cracow and the surrounding area. Among them 165 women who had undergone natural menopause and had their last bleeding at least 12 month prior to the interview were chosen. To estimate the age at menopause, a retrospective method was used. Univariate and multivariate methods were employed to estimate association of age at natural menopause with factors of interest. Mean age at natural menopause was 50.32 years (SD=3.82). Among biological and socio-economic factors, only the length of the reproductive period (H=106.07; p=0.000) and the age at the time of the first birth (R=0.18; p=0.020) turned out to be associated with the age at natural menopause in the studied group. The length of the smoking period (R=-0.17; p=0.031), the amount (F=3.25; p=0.04) and frequency of alcohol consumed (H=6.95; p=0.031) were the environmental factors related to the time of menopause. Women who drank more and smoked over longer period of time were likely to experience menopause earlier than their less drinking and shorter smoked counterparts. Three factors taken together, frequency of smoking, alcoholic intake and the age the tobacco addiction started (F=3.87; p=0.050), as well as the consumption of strong alcoholic drinks and the early start of tobacco addiction (F=2.85; p=0.026) were significantly related to the occurrence of natural menopause
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EN
Obesity is an epidemic in the UAE. The obesity level in the UAE is one among the highest in the world. It is one of the leading health concerns in the country affecting people of all ages. The fat-rich fast-food, sedentary lifestyles, and harsh climatic conditions are the important causes of obesity that creates severe negative impacts on health and wellbeing of people. However, it is a controllable problem. If people cultivate healthy lifestyles and say no to fat-rich fast-stood and calorie-rich soft drinks, they can prevent becoming obese to a great extent. Collective efforts by governmental organizations, voluntary organizations, service agencies, media and educational institutions appear to be imperative to offset the growing problem of obesity in country and cultivating healthy lifestyles among people.
EN
Health related quality of life assessment is an topic in public health, especially in socially meaningful chronic diseases. Chronic diseases such as asthma reduce the patient’s quality of life significant. The influence of environmental factors on health has been interested researchers for many years also in the public health area. Nowadays, we know that the clinical symptoms of the disease is a result of genotype-environment interaction. Despite our reach data of environmental threats, studying their influence on health or chronic diseases course seems insufficient. Thus, the analysis of relations and environmental factors influence on the quality of life assessment of patients with asthma may supplement the knowledge of environment influence on a human being. Previous research show that changing dust in the air and pollution causes increase or decrease of allergic symptoms, whereas the relations of life quality assessment of patients with asthma with the environment influence is not unequivocal.
EN
Objectives It is known that professional occupation affects the heart rate variability (HRV). However, most studies have not taken into account seasonal features of the HRV. The aim of this study has been to evaluate the HRV differences in winter and in summer in the case of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (EMERCOM) workers and scientific workers from the Komi Science Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Material and Methods The short-term HRV was examined for 13 EMERCOM workers and 13 scientific workers. The data was collected in winter (December) and summer (July) for the same groups of workers. The time domain and frequency domain HRV analyses were performed. The EMERCOM workers had more contact with the external environment than the scientific workers. Results The two-way analysis of variance with repeated observations on a single factor has shown that “Season” and interaction of two factors “Season” and “Profession” significantly influenced the HRV among volunteers. The “Profession” factor did not influence the HRV parameters (except for the heart rate in winter, p = 0.042). Seasonal changes in the HRV parameters were not significant in the case of scientific workers. In contrast, the EMERCOM workers showed significantly decreased parameters of parasympathetic activity (the root-mean-square of successive differences in RR intervals, percentage of consecutive RR intervals differing by > 50 ms and the relative value high frequency power, p = 0.001, p = 0.014 and p = 0.009, respectively) and increased parameters of sympathetic activity (the stress index and ratio of low-frequency power to high-frequency power, p = 0.012 and p = 0.006, respectively) in winter as compared to summer. Conclusions The results of our study indicate that, unlike the scientific workers, the EMERCOM workers showed significant changes in the HRV in contrasting seasons (winter and summer). A season of a year should be considered when assessing the HRV among workers of various professions. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2016;29(5):793–800
PL
Celem rozważań jest analiza stanu wiedzy na temat wpływu czynników środowiskowych na wybór żywności. W artykule oparto się na przeglądzie najnowszych doniesień publikowanych w czasopismach naukowych. Wyniki badań wskazują, że czynniki ekonomiczne są bardzo istotną determinantą wyboru żywności, zwłaszcza wśród osób o niskim statusie ekonomicznym. Obserwowano wpływ takich czynników społecznych, jak rodzina i szkoła lub media na zachowania żywieniowe. Były one także silnie zależne od kultury, zwłaszcza w ocenie zdrowej diety przez konsumentów różnych krajów. Na preferencje i wybór produktów czy posiłków istotny wpływ miał również kontekst, a wiec miejsce, czas i towarzystwo, w jakim spożywa się posiłek. Implikacje praktyczne znajomości czynników środowiskowych w wyborze i spożyciu żywności, to możliwość opracowania przez producentów żywności odpowiedniej strategii marketingowej, zmierzającej do zaspokojenia potrzeb konsumenta. Implikacja społeczna to możliwość kształtowania prawidłowych wzorców żywieniowych. Artykuł jest przeglądem literatury.
EN
An aim of consideration is to analyse the state of knowledge of impact of the environmental factors on food choice. In their article, the authors used a review of the recent news published in scientific journals. The research findings indicate that the economic factors are a very important determinant of food selection, particularly among individuals with low economic status. The authors observed impact of such social factors as family and school or mass media on nutritional behaviours. They also heavily depended on culture, especially in evaluation of healthy diet by consumers of various countries. The preferences and choice of products or meals were also substantially affected by the context, i.e. the place, time and company with whom the meal is consumed. Practical implications of awareness of the environmental factors in food selection and consumption mean the possibility to develop by food producers a relevant marketing strategy aimed at consumer’s needs satisfaction. The social implication is the possibility to shape correct nutritional patterns. The article is a review of the literature.
RU
Цель рассуждений – анализ состояния знаний о влиянии факторов окружающей среды на выбор продуктов питания. В своей статье авторы за основу приняли обзор последних сведений, публикуемых в научных журналах. Результаты исследований указывают, что экономические факторы – весьма существенный детерминант выбора продуктов питания, особенно среди лиц с низким экономическим статусом. Наблюдалось влияние таких социальных факторов, как семья и школа или СМИ, на поведение в отношении продуктов питания. Они тоже в большой степени зависели от культуры, в особенности в оценке здоровой диеты потребителями разных стран. На предпочтения и вы- бор продуктов или блюд существенное влияние оказывал также контекст, т.е. место, время и компания, в которой принимают пищу. Практические импликации знания факторов окружающей среды в выборе и потреблении продук- тов питания – возможность разработать производителями соответствующей маркетинговой стратегии, направленной на удовлетворение потребностей потребителя. Социальная импликация – возможность формировать правильные образцы питания. Статья представляет собой обзор литературы.
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PL
Celem badania jest ukazanie związku pomiędzy strategiami uczenia się a czynnikami środowiskowymi. Próbę badawczą stanowiło 371 uczniów uczących się języka angielskiego w liceach ogólnokształcących w województwie kujawsko -pomorskim, a do zebrania materiału wykorzystano kwestionariusz ankiety Inwentarz Strategii Uczenia się Języka (wersja 7.0) autorstwa R. Oxford. Badanie pokazuje, że istnieje związek pomiędzy zachowaniem strategicznym uczniów a znajomością języka obcego i wykształceniem ich rodziców. Wnioski mogą zainteresować teoretyków edukacji, nauczycieli oraz rodziców.
EN
The intent of the present study is to investigate the relationship between language learning strategies and environmental factors. For this purpose, a questionnaire The Strategy Inventory for Language Learning by R. Oxford (version 7.0) was administered to 371 secondary school students learning English in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. The research shows that there is a link between students’ strategic behavior and the knowledge of a foreign language and their parents’ education. The conclusions of the study may be of interest to education theorists, teachers and parents.
EN
The understanding of the collapse of ancient civilizations is important for the understanding of very complex process happening in our civilization. The Earth is put in danger due to many reasons and some of them do not change throughout history. Because of the global range of human actions, the power reached by contemporary man is much more dangerous than it used to be centuries ago. Therefore, the understanding of the past collapses is crucial for the safety of our global village. The article shows the reasons for the collapse of the Greenland Norse civilization. It seems that the main reason was climate change but it also seems that the Greenland Norse could have survived, or at least postponed the collapse. The author indicates that cultural factors were the roots of ecological degradation and the lack of economic adaptation. The Norse knew the Inuit and their adaptive strategies but did not learn from them. It seems that the collapse of the Greenland Norse civilization was the choice of the Norse’s elite. The leaders kept the society in a risky balance in order to rule over them, but finally, the fragile equilibrium was shattered and caused the collapse.
PL
Zrozumienie upadku starożytnych cywilizacji jest ważne dla zrozumienia bardzo złożonego procesu zachodzącego w naszej cywilizacji. Ziemia jest narażona na niebezpieczeństwo z wielu powodów, a niektóre z nich nie zmieniają się na przestrzeni dziejów. Ze względu na globalny zasięg ludzkich działań i potęgę jaką dysponuje obecnie człowiek Ziemia jest dziś bardziej zagrożona niż przed wiekami. Zrozumienie przeszłości jest więc kluczowe dla bezpieczeństwa naszej globalnej wioski. W artykule przedstawiono możliwe przyczyny upadku cywilizacji grenlandzkich Wikingów. Wydaje się, że główną przyczyną upadku były zmiany klimatyczne. Wydaje się jednak także, że grenlandzcy Wikingowie mogli przetrwać, a przynajmniej opóźnić swój upadek. Autor wskazuje, że czynniki kulturowe były źródłem degradacji ekologicznej i braku adaptacji ekonomicznej. Wikingowie znali Inuitów i ich strategie adaptacyjne, ale nie wykorzystali tej wiedzy w żaden sposób. Wydaje się, że upadek cywilizacji grenlandzkich Wikingów był wyborem ich elity. Przywódcy utrzymywali bowiem społeczeństwo w ryzykownej równowadze, aby nad nim skutecznie panować, ostatecznie jednak krucha równowaga została zaburzona i przyczyniła się do upadku tej cywilizacji.
EN
Maternal depression is one of the most common prenatal and postnatal complications. Such complications may seriously compromised the neuropsychological development of the new being. This paper provides an overview of potential biological, neurological and psychological factors that might be involved into the risk factors. Perinatal maternal depression is presented and reviewed as an example of the interaction of placental, epigenetic and early parenting factors elevating risk of poor fetus, neonatal, infant and child development. Available evidence points to the importance of in-utero influences as well as the importance of early attachment and parenting. It is pointed out that models of the early aetiology of mental disorders, such as perinatal depression, are complex with a range of potential factors from genetic and epigenetic to environmental influencing neurological, emotional and psychosocial development.
CS
Mateřská deprese je jednou z nejčastějších prenatálních a postnatálních komplikací. Takové komplikace mohou vážně ohrozit neuropsychický vývoj nového jedince. Článek poskytuje přehled možných biologických, neurologických a psychologických faktorů, které mohou být zahrnuty mezi faktory rizikové. Perinatální deprese matky je prezentována a diskutována jako příklad interakce placentárních, epigenetických a raných rodičovských faktorů, které zvyšují riziko narušení vývoje plodu, novorozence, kojence a dítěte v dalších věkových obdobích. Dostupné důkazy poukazují na důležitost vlivů, které působí na jedince již v děloze matky, stejně jako na význam časné citové vazby a mateřské péče. Je zřejmé, že modely rané etiologie duševních poruch, jakou je i perinatální deprese, jsou složité s řadou potenciálních faktorů od genetických a epigenetických až po faktory prostředí, jež ovlivňují neurologický, emoční a psychosociální vývoj.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł, na przykładzie analizy gospodarki miasta Łodzi, stanowi kolejny przyczynek w coraz obfitszej literaturze na temat czynników pobudzających wzrost gospodarczy. Autorzy pokazują, w jaki sposób czynniki geograficzne mogą stymulować bądź hamować rozwój gospodarczy w różnych okresach. W artykule omawiają przyczyny gospodarczej stagnacji miasta przez pierwsze cztery stulecia jego istnienia i następujący po tym jego szybki rozwój. W toku badań ustalili przede wszystkim, że w przypadku Łodzi długofalowy rozwój nie byłby możliwy bez kilku czynników środowiskowych, które pozwoliły podjąć dobre decyzje i zapewniły miastu stabilność instytucjonalną. Geography Matters. Environmental Factors that Affected the “Take-Off” of Lodz The paper contributes to a growing body of literature on factors triggering economic growth by providing an analysis of the case of city of Lodz. We demonstrate how geographical factors can play their roles as incentives or hindrances of economic development in different periods of time. The paper discusses the reasons for the city’s economic stagnation for the four first centuries of its existence and the subsequent rapid growth. The main finding is that in the case of Lodz, the long-term development would not be possible without a few environmental factors which supported to make good decisions and to impose institutional stabilization of the city.
EN
The needs of the company and the demands of the time are constantly changing and innovating. Future technical education teachers who, in our opinion and experience, are prepared toaddress pedagogical situations and are ready to ensure the technical literacy of young people andtheir correct relationship are expected to seek as much information as possible, to acquire theknowledge necessary to pursue the future profession and to take responsibility for their decisionmaking to technology. The paper is focused on defining factors that significantly influence the educational process. The overall climate of the educational process is created not only by pedagogical--didactic and organizational factors of education, but also by factors of the environment in whichthe educational process takes place.
SK
Potreby spoločnosti a požiadavky doby sa nepretržite menia a inovujú. Snaha získať čo najviac informácií, osvojenia si vedomostí potrebných na výkon budúceho povolania a niesť zodpovednosť za svoje rozhodovanie sa očakáva od budúcich učiteľov technickej výchovy, ktorí sú podľa nášho názoru a skúseností pripravení na riešenie pedagogických situácií a pripravení zabezpečiť technickú gramotnosť mládeže a jej správny vzťah k technike. Príspevok je orientovaný na definovanie faktorov, ktoré významne ovplyvňujú edukačný proces. Celkovú klímu procesu vzdelávania vytvárajú nie len pedagogicko-didaktickéa organizačné faktory edukácie, ale aj faktory prostredia, v ktorom sa vzdelávací proces realizuje.
PL
Zrozumienie upadku starożytnych cywilizacji jest ważne dla zrozumienia bardzo złożonego procesu zachodzącego w naszej cywilizacji. Ziemia jest narażona na niebezpieczeństwo z wielu powodów, a niektóre z nich nie zmieniają się na przestrzeni dziejów. Ze względu na globalny zasięg ludzkich działań i potęgę jaką dysponuje obecnie człowiek Ziemia jest dziś bardziej zagrożona niż przed wiekami. Zrozumienie przeszłości jest więc kluczowe dla bezpieczeństwa naszej globalnej wioski. W artykule przedstawiono możliwe przyczyny upadku cywilizacji grenlandzkich Wikingów. Wydaje się, że główną przyczyną upadku były zmiany klimatyczne. Wydaje się jednak także, że grenlandzcy Wikingowie mogli przetrwać, a przynajmniej opóźnić swój upadek. Autor wskazuje, że czynniki kulturowe były źródłem degradacji ekologicznej i braku adaptacji ekonomicznej. Wikingowie znali Inuitów i ich strategie adaptacyjne, ale nie wykorzystali tej wiedzy w żaden sposób. Wydaje się, że upadek cywilizacji grenlandzkich Wikingów był wyborem ich elity. Przywódcy utrzymywali bowiem społeczeństwo w ryzykownej równowadze, aby nad nim skutecznie panować, ostatecznie jednak krucha równowaga została zaburzona i przyczyniła się do upadku tej cywilizacji.
EN
The understanding of the collapse of ancient civilizations is important for the understanding of very complex process happening in our civilization. The Earth is put in danger due to many reasons and some of them do not change throughout history. Because of the global range of human actions, the power reached by contemporary man is much more dangerous than it used to be centuries ago. Therefore, the understanding of the past collapses is crucial for the safety of our global village. The article shows the reasons for the collapse of the Greenland Norse civilization. It seems that the main reason was climate change but it also seems that the Greenland Norse could have survived, or at least postponed the collapse. The author indicates that cultural factors were the roots of ecological degradation and the lack of economic adaptation. The Norse knew the Inuit and their adaptive strategies but did not learn from them. It seems that the collapse of the Greenland Norse civilization was the choice of the Norse’s elite. The leaders kept the society in a risky balance in order to rule over them, but finally, the fragile equilibrium was shattered and caused the collapse.
EN
The article was written by me and my students from the Faculty of Psychology and Humanities Academy of Krakow. Senior Clubs are a very good example of social capital as a network of social relationships between individuals who trust each other and have a reciprocal. People in the network tend to mutually support each other, help and exchange important information. Thanks to the participation in the Senior Clubs can contribute actively to prevent a serious threat occurring at the senior age, which is depression. According to the WHO, it is the fourth most serious health problem in the world, which are often the source of a signifi cant deterioration in mental functioning, physical and social disability, and suicide attempts. Depression in the elderly is more dependent on environmental factors than younger people. While younger people family burden found in about 80% in the elderly is at about 44%. This means that the depression at the senior age is much more driven by the social rather than biological factors compared with younger age groups. This also means that it is easier to prevent and treat using these social factors. One of the main causes of depression in the elderly is the depletion interaction with the environment, and reduced activity. Therefore, it is important to stimulate the activation of such persons, thereby reducing the risk of depression. Recent psychological research indicates a strong relationship of friendship with happiness and the length and quality of life. Friendship improves happiness through the creation of social support and a sense of belonging. The aim of our research presented in this article was to test the hypothesis that individuals who actively participate in the Senior Club are less depressed than those who do not participate. Our team conducted empirical research presented in this paper, allowed to confirm this hypothesis. Activity in the Senior Club provides activities, involvement and support of mental health, which may significantly prevent the development of depression. Of course, it is also probably the case that those who are already at risk of suffering from depression or her less likely to participate in the activities of the Senior Citizens Clubs. It is often associated with passivity, apathy and withdrawal from the social environment, and so often associated with symptoms of depression. However, even in such a situation, the primary treatment, usually bringing more interest in the world and people should encourage such people to actively participate in senior clubs. It is then treated as a kind of social therapy. Social and cultural activity in old age is a factor in increasing the quality of life, serving mental and physical health, increasing the level of happiness and reducing the level of suffering.
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