Search results

1

(Re)konstrukcja rodzinnej historii. Fotograficzny błąd w funkcji triku

100%

Budzik J. H.

Kwartalnik Filmowy

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2017

|

issue 99 Triki, numery specjalne, atrakcje

92-100

PL

Autorka zastanawia się nad trikowym charakterem dwóch zdjęć, w których nałożenie kadrów jest przypadkowe, a więc nie należą one do kręgu fotografii rekreacyjnej czy spirytystycznej. Interpretacja fotografii z archiwum rodzinnego zostaje wpisana w szerszy kontekst filozofii fotografii, z odwołaniami m.in. do teorii Rolanda Barthes’a, François Soulages’a, Pierre’a Bourdieu i Marianny Michałowskiej. Budzik porusza również wątek relacji między fotografiami a narracją rodzinną, zastanawiając się nad tym, w jaki sposób niezamierzenie trikowe zdjęcia wpływają na konstruowanie fantazmatycznej genealogii (określenie Joanny Bator).

EN

The author considers the trick character of two photographic images that accidentally overlap, and therefore do not belong to the category of recreational or spiritual photography. Interpretation of photographs from the family archive is inscribed in the broader context of the philosophy of photography with references to the theories of Roland Barthes, François Soulages, Pierre Bourdieu and Marianna Michałowska. Budzik also touches on the relation between photographs and family narration, wondering how unintentional imagery influences the construction of a fantasy genealogy (a term coined by Joanna Bator).

2

Unvermeidbares Fremdes in der Sprache und Translation: Der Fehler und seine Typisierung

100%

Maras T.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Germanica

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2016

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issue 12

49-58

EN

The paper focuses on showing the foreign phenomenon in language in translation, which are errors and mistakes. Various types of errors and mistakes were presented in the article: lingual as well as nonlingual (pragmatic, logical, objective), absolute, relative and others. Errors and mistakes from a didactical point of view were shown in the paper as well. Showing the typification of errors and mistakes as foreign phenomenon both in the language and in the translation is to be the most important purpose of this article.

DE

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3

O nauczaniu kultury języka polskiego za granicą. Świadomość normatywna ukraińskiego studenta polonisty

100%

Krawczuk A.

Postscriptum Polonistyczne

|

2012

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issue 2(10)

285-301

EN

The problems concerning teaching a culture of Polish language are analysed in the article, along with description of the ambiguity of the term ‘culture of language’ itself. Taking Polish Philology Faculty in Lviv as an example, the author of the article discusses the stages of cultural and linguistic education of Ukrainian students and presents the specific character of a didactic discipline called culture of a language at the Ukrainian university (the content, tasks, methods of working during the classes). She presents the results of research on norma-tive awareness of the Polish Philology students in Lviv at different stages of learning Polish language.

4

Wykrzyknik – istnienie – zmiana

100%

Karpiński M.

Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne

|

2011

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issue 14

15 - 42

EN

It, what exists, so to say, demands for the addressee – the thing exists in the face of (for) something (or somebody). In other words, the existence is the relation. The competitive conception of the existence outside the relation (existence isolated) leads to the contradiction. The existential proposition ‘Some A exists’, understood literally, is the pleonasm. It tends to treat the existential proposition as the conventional figure, expressing the simple act of an A affirmation (the exclamation ‘A!’). The existence’s relation should not be narrowed down only to the relation of perception (esse est percipi). It is needed to be understood widely, as very relation, in which something influences on whatever (that is, some change occurs). This influence (change) can take place both inside or outside the consciousness. The existing thing, the influence exerted by it, and the change, occurred as the result of this influence, are identical. Thanks to it, we can eliminate difficulties connected with finding ‘the point of contact’ between modules of the existence’s relation (that is, ‘the place’ where existing thing and its addressee are connected). The existence, as the relation of influence-change, is modal and gradual (as regards both intensity and extensiveness): the thing, in different aspects, can exist more or less. Theoretically, discussed relation can be symmetrical or antisymmetrical. The concept of error should be redefined. The error concerning the existence (resp. the nonexistence) of specified thing, must not mean the incompatibility between this thing and the perception (widely: between this thing and the change caused by this thing in its addressee). The existence is the unity of the thing-perception (resp. the thing-influence-change). That is why the incompatibility can occur only between the state of thing-perception (resp. the thing-influence-change) and the related state of duty. The conception of the existence as the relation of influence change allows to overcome the contrast between so-called the external world and the internal world. The bond created in the existence’s relation is the exact connection, in which two modules somewhat fuse mutually in the transcendent-immanent bi-unity. The existing thing is present inside its addressee, as the stir (the change), and the addressee leaves itself to the externality of the thing. Therefore some divisions lose its significance: objectivity and subjectivity, onticity and epistemicity. Traditional philosophical attitudes, realistic and idealistic, appear as one-sided, and the conflict between them, at least partially, as apparent.

5

Wykrzyknik – istnienie – zmiana

88%

Karpiński M.

Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne

|

2011

|

issue 14

15-42

EN

It, what exists, so to say, demands for the addressee – the thing exists in the face of (for) something (or somebody). In other words, the existence is the relation. The competitive conception of the existence outside the relation (existence isolated) leads to the contradiction. The existential proposition ‘Some A exists’, understood literally, is the pleonasm. It tends to treat the existential proposition as the conventional figure, expressing the simple act of an A affirmation (the exclamation ‘A!’). The existence’s relation should not be narrowed down only to the relation of perception (esse est percipi). It is needed to be understood widely, as very relation, in which something influences on whatever (that is, some change occurs). This influence (change) can take place both inside or outside the consciousness. The existing thing, the influence exerted by it, and the change, occurred as the result of this influence, are identical. Thanks to it, we can eliminate difficulties connected with finding ‘the point of contact’ between modules of the existence’s relation (that is, ‘the place’ where existing thing and its addressee are connected). The existence, as the relation of influence-change, is modal and gradual (as regards both intensity and extensiveness): the thing, in different aspects, can exist more or less. Theoretically, discussed relation can be symmetrical or antisymmetrical. The concept of error should be redefined. The error concerning the existence (resp. the nonexistence) of specified thing, must not mean the incompatibility between this thing and the perception (widely: between this thing and the change caused by this thing in its addressee). The existence is the unity of the thing-perception (resp. the thing-influence-change). That is why the incompatibility can occur only between the state of thing-perception (resp. the thing-influence-change) and the related state of duty. The conception of the existence as the relation of influence change allows to overcome the contrast between so-called the external world and the internal world. The bond created in the existence’s relation is the exact connection, in which two modules somewhat fuse mutually in the transcendent-immanent bi-unity. The existing thing is present inside its addressee, as the stir (the change), and the addressee leaves itself to the externality of the thing. Therefore some divisions lose its significance: objectivity and subjectivity, onticity and epistemicity. Traditional philosophical attitudes, realistic and idealistic, appear as one-sided, and the conflict between them, at least partially, as apparent.

6

The Point of Collapse, or How to Err is Non-human in Post-Digitality

88%

Wójtowicz E.

Sztuka i Dokumentacja

|

2020

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issue 22

37-46

EN

The aim of this text is to analyse various aspects of an error, understood as a collapse of form and content both in the 20th century and contemporary art, the latter influenced by post-digital (un)awareness. Art history teaches us that the avoidance of formal errors, crucial in the process of academic art education became irrelevant with the arrival of the first avant-gardes. This opened the way for artists to deal freely with the medium, or even act against the medium, not avoiding an error but rather embracing its surprising consequences. Therefore, a dilettante attitude disseminated rapidly across culture, allowing artists to make inspiring mistakes and find unexpected beauty in roughness and freedom in disorder. From the perspective of computing history, an error has always been a problem for coders and an annoyance for software users. The idea of making the most of technical limitations was discovered by net.art pioneers; later those mistakes were so appealing that a new genre was formed: glitch art. Nowadays artists produce so-called glitch art in their online and offline practice, using distortions resulting from errors in programming or the digital origin of images. Error-based artworks can be judged on criteria other than traditional, helping us find aesthetic joy in the collapse of forms. An intentional language mistake, just like the one made by Dada poets, reminds us that an imperfect message may reveal the hidden, conceptual framework of an apparently seamless structure. Post-digital error is, on the other hand, a paradox; being the creation from scratch of a seemingly erroneous object whose idea comes from digital vocabulary that is treated as a starting point to the planned collapse.

7

Pojęcie błędu medycznego i zdarzenia medycznego

88%

Korytkowska D., Łódzki U.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

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2012

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vol. 274

EN

In this paper, Author presents basic definitions found in the Polish literature concerning medical error and medical event. Author proposes her own definitions for the terms. The concept of a medical event was first used in the recent Act of 28 April 2011 amending the act on the patient's rights and Patient's Ombudsman, and the act on obligatory insurance, Guarantee Fund and the Polish Motor Insurers' Bureau, while the notion of a medical error has been used for long. Thus, Author examines differences between the two terms. Based on analysis, Author concludes that the occurrence of a medical event does not require us to demonstrate who has contributed its occurrence, while such demonstration is required in the case of a medical error. The two terms are associated with different scopes of liability for the occurred medical event or error, that is, a medical event is limited to therapeutic activities activity of hospitals while liability for a medical error may be attributed to all medicinal entities.

8

Zbieg uprawnień na gruncie instytucji błędu i rękojmi – glosa do uchwały Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 26 stycznia 2012 r., III CZP 90/11

88%

Mucha A.

Przegląd Prawniczy Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Studentów Prawa ELSA Poland

|

2013

|

issue 1

143-150

EN

The resolution passed by the Supreme Court indicates the issue of concurrence of powers on the basis of the error and warranty for the quality of a product. The Supreme Court found it reasonable to accept in this case the concurrence of legal rules, which in turn allows individuals to select respective legal instruments in the event of an error on the quality of the purchased item. This contention should be evaluated critically. First of all, the interpretation adopted by the court may result in an imbalance exists between the parties to the contract of sale, and ultimately lead to an excessive increase in the cost of sales operations and adversely affect the sphere of exchange of goods in the market. It is due to passing on the seller an overall risk of appearance of defects of the goods sold. The Supreme Court did not take these circumstances into account, focusing solely on protecting the interests of the buyer. However, the economic consequences of such a solution for all buyers may be quite different, leading to an increase in costs to society.

9

Identyfikacja i klasyfikacja błędów językowych na lektoracie języka niemieckiego

88%

Kawka J.

Forum Filologiczne Ateneum

|

2018

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vol. 6

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issue 1

159-169

EN

Knowledge of foreign languages constitutes one of the key competencies amongst graduates of the Bachelor of Economics. In the era of globalisation, the importance of a high level of proficiency in foreign languages has become self-evident. The empirical part of this article is devoted to the analysis of the most common language mistakes committed by first-year students of the B1 group of Marketing and Management at the University of Economics in Krakow. A portion of the final exams submitted by a group of 13 students has been analyzed. The study focuses on the identification and classification of errors and presents the frequency distribution, as percentages, of errors in individual categories. The author's intention is not to indicate the causes of errors and their assessment, but to present the problems faced by students of the Bachelor of Economics, who learn ‘business language’, which a specialism within the German language studies. The results of the study might act as a starting point for the development of appropriate educational materials to support the process of teaching a wide variety of German language courses.

10

СПЕЦІФІКАНАВЧАННЯ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ ІНОЗЕМНИХ ТЮРКОМОВНИХ СТУДЕНТІВ ІНЖЕНЕРНОГО ПРОФІЛЮ

75%

Гирич З.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2015

|

issue 1(45)

121-128

EN

The article deals with the specifics of teaching Russian to foreign students Turkic engineering profile with regard to their cognitive style and language. It is established that these students usually inherent an analytical cognitive style, according to which it is necessary to apply certain instructional techniques and learning strategies. The main of them can be considered: 1) the authenticity of the materials used; 2) the deductive, analyticpresentation of the material; 3) step by step, concentric presentation of the material; 4) work strictly on a pre-stated plan; 5) focus on the written aspect of speech; 6) consideration of the most difficult topics of grammar of the Russian language; 7) out of context grammar exercises; 8) emphasis on the clear guidelines that exclude footnotes; 9) numerous training materials for various engineering disciplines; 10) oral perform of all the exercises in the classroom and their subsequent recording from memory at home; 11) a teacher reading on tape all texts and exercises; 12) the analysis of the morphological structure of the words; 13) the thematic lists one root words and expressions; 14) the use of tables as illustrations; 15) summarizing, synthesizing the material at the end of the cycle. The posted strategy of learning Russian for teaching writing is based on the students’ cognitive style. It is proved that the differences in the Russian and Turkic languages have an interfering effect on the Russian speech of the students. It is found that grammatical difficulties are specific to a particular nation, namely Turkic audience, and relate to basic researches, which are of great theoretical and practical importance in teaching Russian as a foreign language. It is important to bear in mind that a number of phenomena of grammatical structure, texts in Russian and native languageshas a low frequency of a particular area of application in their native language, causing difficulties to the foreign Turkic-speaking students. The difficulties in the Russian and Turkic languages arise in the recognition of the semantic content of the live broadcast due to the interfering influence of the Turkic languages. To optimize teaching Russian to foreign students Turkic engineering profile it is expedient to use the principles, the methods and techniques relevant to develop the cognitive strategies, taking into account their cognitive preferences and typological differences in the Russian and native (Turkic) languages.

11

The Influence of Direct and Indirect Feedback on Accuracy in the Production of Selected Grammar Structures in Written Compositions

75%

Serafin M.

Anglica Wratislaviensia

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2014

|

issue 52

147 - 162

EN

Error correction is a burning issue in every classroom, since students tend to create numerous faulty structures. Those erroneous utterances should be corrected in such a way that would be supportive and useful for the pupil. Identifying the most effective feedback type is a considerable challenge for every researcher and English teacher. For many years, there has been an ongoing debate about correcting students’ grammatical errors. Nevertheless, this article can contribute to the development of research in its specific field of study mainly, because it deals with the influence of direct and indirect feedback on accuracy in the production of selected grammar structures in written texts. Most of the studies in this topic concern oral feedback; however, this paper gives some insight into written correction and its significant impact on grammar accuracy in written compositions. With the purpose of fully understanding this issue, the article includes not only the comparison of different forms of grammar instruction but also various types of feedback. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether direct or indirect feedback is more efficient in second language written compositions. In order to solve this problem, an experiment and an interview with the students had been conducted in Zespół Szkół Ekonomiczno-Turystycznych in Jelenia Góra. The results of this study may have some crucial implications for English teachers and methodologists.

12

Artykulacja polskich głosek u chińskich studentów uczących się języka polskiego

75%

Młynarczyk M.

Studia Linguistica

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2013

|

issue 32

133 - 145

EN

The article presents Polish vowels and consonants that Chinese students can have difficulties with. The research was based on three Chinese students’ examination speeches. The research focuses on some problematic aspects of Polish sounds articulation. A practical analysis indicates that Chinese students have several problems with pronunciation of some Polish sounds.

13

Kilka uwag na tema t istoty błędu (rozważania na tle polskiego prawa karnego)

75%

Burdziak K.

Acta Iuris Stetinensis

|

2018

|

issue 21

127-140

PL

W polskim prawie karnym błąd sprawcy odgrywa niezwykle istotną rolę. Niekiedy bowiem przyczynia się do przyjęcia takiej, a nie innej kwalifikacji prawnej zachowania się sprawcy bądź podstawy wymiaru kary za takie, a nie inne jego zachowanie się, odmiennej niż ta, którą przyjęto by w przypadku niewystąpienia po jego stronie błędu. Niekiedy zaś – z uwagi na dominującą rolę w polskim prawie karnym normatywnych ujęć winy (kompleksowego i czystego), których rysem charakterystycznym jest doszukiwanie się istoty winy w elemencie negatywnej oceny sprawcy i jego zachowania się – powoduje wyłączenie winy sprawcy czy też – mówiąc precyzyjniej – uniemożliwia jej przypisanie. Fakt ten znajduje odzwierciedlenie chociażby na gruncie czterech następujących przepisów kodeksu karnego: art. 28 § 1 k.k. (błąd co do okoliczności stanowiącej znamię czynu zabronionego z art. 28 § 1 k.k.), art. 28 § 2 k.k. (błąd co do okoliczności stanowiącej znamię czynu zabronionego z art. 28 § 2 k.k.), art. 29 k.k. (błąd co do okoliczności wyłączającej bezprawność oraz błąd co do okoliczności wyłączającej winę) i art. 30 k.k. (błąd co do prawa). Oczywiście, w zasadzie każdy ze wskazanych wyżej błędów budzić może pewne wątpliwości. Niniejsza praca nie została jednak poświęcona analizie poszczególnych błędów (i ich skutków) wyróżnianych na gruncie polskiego prawa karnego, lecz kwestii ogólniejszej, a mianowicie kwestii istoty błędu, a więc próbie udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytanie – czym jest błąd (na czym błąd polega). W następstwie przeprowadzonych rozważań ustalono, że z całą pewnością można mówić o czymś na kształt dwustronności błędu. Podkreślenia wymaga bowiem, że na każdy błąd składa się zarówno mylne wyobrażenie, że jest tak, a nie inaczej, jak i nieświadomość tego, że nie jest tak, jak to sobie wyobrażamy. Stwierdzono jednocześnie, że sama nieświadomość tego, jak jest, jest wyłącznie elementem towarzyszącym i niezbędną, acz nie jedyną, przesłanką błędu.

EN

Error of the perpetrator plays an important role in Polish criminal law. That is because at times it contributes to accepting a particular legal qualification of the perpetrator’s behavior or a basis of the penalty for their particular behavior, which would be different than the one accepted when there would be no error on their side. Whereas sometimes – because of the dominant role in the Polish law of normative approach to culpability (comprehensive and pure), which purpose is to find out the nature of culpability in the element of negative evaluation of the perpetrator and their behavior – it is used to exclude the perpetrator’s culpability, or – to be more precise – prevent from attributing the culpability to the perpetrator. This fact is reflected in at least the following four regulations of the Penal Code: art. 28 § 1 k.k. (error regarding circumstances of a criminal offense from art. 28 § 1 k.k.), art. 28 § 2 k.k. (error regarding circumstances of a criminal offense from art. 28 § 2 k.k.), art. 29 k.k. (error regarding circumstances excluding unlawfulness and error regarding circumstances excluding culpability) and art. 30 k.k. (error of law). Of course, each of aforementioned errors might rise some doubts. This work, however is not devoted to analyzing particular errors (and their effects) distinguished in Polish criminal law, but to a more general matter, specifically – the matter of nature of error, or trying to answer a question – what is an error, what it consists of. As a result of conducted deliberations, one can definitely distinguish some kind of bilaterality of error. It should be emphasized that each error consists of a false assumption that some matter presents itself differently than in reality, and on the other hand of ignorance of the fact that it doesn’t. At the same time it has been concluded that the ignorance of the real shape of things is just an accompanying element and a crucial, but not only required circumstance of an error.

14

Gli errori nell’uso delle preposizioni in italiano. Uno studio condotto sugli studenti universitari polacchi di livello A2

75%

Gandor B., Gandor B.

Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny

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2021

|

issue 1

15

Błędy wynikające z interferencji kulturowej popełniane przez Niemców uczących się języka polskiego jako obcego

75%

Skura M., Uniwersytet Warszawski W. P.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców

|

2013

|

vol. 20

PL

Punktem wyjścia jest stwierdzenie, że w trakcie nauki języka obcego dochodzi nie tylko do interferencji językowej, lecz także do kulturowej. Ta druga rozumiana jest jako przenikanie elementów zachowań i postaw z kultury rodzimej do wypowiedzi w języku obcym. Autorka podaje przykłady błędów popełnionych w pracach pisemnych Niemców uczących się polskiego jako obcego.

EN

The starting point of the paper is the idea that in the process of foreign language learning, there can occur not only language interference but also cultural interference. The latter can be defined as transferring the elements of behaviors and attitudes from the native culture into the utterances in a foreign language. The author gives examples of errors made in texts written by German learners of Polish.

16

Błąd w interjęzyku uczących się języka polskiego jako obcego a zakłócenia w komunikacji międzykulturowej

75%

Łątka-Likh E., Katedra Współczesnego Języka Polskiego W. P., lateczka@op.pl

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców

|

2015

|

vol. 22

PL

Tradycyjne rozumienie błędu językowego jako nieświadomego odstępstwa od obowiązującej normy językowej (Markowski 2011) nie zawsze jest pomocne w analizie wypowiedzi uczących się języka obcego, gdyż posługują się oni zmieniającym się dynamicznie interjęzykiem. W wypadku analizowania produkcji językowej studentów nabywających język obcy warto właśnie przez pryzmat interjęzyka ocenić odstępstwa od normy występujące w ich wypowiedziach. W swoim artykule odwołuję się do francuskojęzycznych publikacji prezentujących rozumienie błędu w perspektywie interjęzyka (Py, Masiewicz) oraz podejmuję próbę przeanalizowania potencjalnego wpływu odstępstw od normy językowej oraz od typowych zachowań językowych na skuteczność komunikacji międzykulturowej, rozważając możliwość wystąpienia zakłóceń. Jako korpus badawczy służą mi materiały zebrane podczas lekcji języka polskiego jako obcego na różnych poziomach zaawansowania.

EN

The language error is traditionally understood as an involuntary deviation from accepted rules of a language (Markowski 2011). This definition is not always helpful in the analysis of foreign language students’ statements, because they use tPhe interlanguage which is a dynamic phenomenon. The interlingual approach to the analysis of students’ errors enables to perceive those mistakes as an indispensable and creative process in language learning. In my article, I refer to French publications which present an error from the interlingual perspective (Py, Masiewicz). Taking into consideration the possible obstacles, I also analyze the potential influence of the deviation from accepted rules and typical language behavior on the effectiveness of intercultural communication. The students’ statements I have collected during Polish as a foreign language classes (at various language levels) serve as the data for the analysis.

17

Miejsce błędów w opisie gatunków internetowych

75%

Szczepaniak M.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica

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2022

|

vol. 56

191-204

EN

In this article, I present the placement of errors in the descriptions of Internet genres. Starting with genre descriptions created by other academics, I pinpoint for which genres errors are part of the description and for which they are not. However, my main focus is on the way they are described. I also include characteristics of genre descriptions that implicate the appearance of errors in the texts. In addition, I present how Internet guides created by users treat errors in text. I will also consider how useful it is to indicate them in the genre models - both normative and descriptive.

PL

W artykule prezentuję miejsce błędów w opisie gatunków internetowych. Wychodząc od opisów gatunkowych tworzonych przez innych badaczy, wskazuję na to, w jakich gatunkach kwestia błędów językowych się pojawia, a w jakich jest pomijana. Zwracam przy tym uwagę przede wszystkim na to, jak jest opisywana. Prezentuję cechy definicji i opisów gatunkowych, które implikują obecność błędów w analizowanych tekstach. Dodatkowo przedstawiam, w jaki sposób o błędach pisze się w internetowych poradnikach tworzonych przez użytkowników. Zastanowię się także nad zasadnością wskazywania tych cech w modelach gatunkowych, zarówno normatywnych, jak i deskryptywnych.

18

English Language Error Analysis of the Written Texts Produced by Ukrainian Learners: Data Collection

75%

Kotsyuk L. M.

Cognitive Studies

|

2015

|

issue 15

EN

English Language Error Analysis of the Written Texts Produced by Ukrainian Learners: Data CollectionRecently, the studies of second language acquisition have tended to focus on learners errors as they help to predict the difficulties involved in acquiring a second language. Thus, teachers can be made aware of the difficult areas to be encountered by the students and pay special attention and devote emphasis to them. The research goals of the article are to define what error analysis is and how it is important in L2 teaching process, to state the significance of corpus studies in identifying of different types of errors and mistakes, to provide the results of error analysis of the corpus of written texts produced by Ukrainian learners. In this article, major types of errors in English as a second language for Ukrainian students are mentioned.

19

Podstęp w stosunkach pracy

63%

Bomba K.

Journal of Modern Science

|

2016

|

issue 1(28)

195-216

EN

The Labour Code does not regulate the issue of defects of declaration of intent. In this respect, the provisions of the Civil Code to labour relations are applied under art. 300 of the Labour Code. The auxiliary application of the rules of civil law is therefore possible only in the case of loopholes in labour laws. In the case of the deception of the declaration of intent in labour law, the loophole is not obvious. To confirm its existence, the limits of its application to employment relationships of the institution terminating the employment relationship without notice (under art. 52 of the Labour Code), and the legal concept of the deception of declaration of intent regulated in art. 86 of the Civil Code, in conjunction with art. 300 of the Labour Code, need to be considered. For this purpose, the author distinguishes the effects of fraudulent declarations of intent at the stage of establishing and terminating the employment relationship as well as during its term. She analyses the reasons for avoiding the effects of declarations of intent made under the influence of deception of the other party of the employment relationship, or a third party. She considers the importance of silence and lies at the stages of the establishment, the duration and the termination of employment for the application of art. 86 of the Civil Code in conjunction with Art. 300 of the Labour Code to the employment relationship, and the consequences of avoiding the effects of a declaration of intent made under deception, as well as in the situation when work has been already exercised.

PL

Kodeks pracy nie reguluje problematyki wad oświadczenia woli. W tym zakresie do stosunków pracy na podstawie art. 300 Kodeksu pracy (dalej: kp) stosuje się odpowiednio przepisy Kodeksu cywilnego (dalej: kc). Posiłkowe stosowanie przepisów prawa cywilnego możliwe jest zatem jedynie w przypadku luki w przepisach prawa pracy. W przypadku podstępu w stosunkach pracy występowanie luki nie jednak jest oczywiste i wymaga rozważenia granic zastosowania do skutków podstępnego zachowania strony stosunku pracy instytucji rozwiązania niezwłocznego (art. 52 kp) oraz podstępu z art. 86 kc w zw. z 300 kp. W tym celu autorka odróżnia skutki podstępnego zachowania na etapie nawiązywania i rozwiązywania stosunku pracy od podstępu w trakcie trwania stosunku pracy. Analizuje przesłanki uchylenia się od skutków oświadczenia woli złożonego pod wpływem podstępu drugiej strony lub osoby trzeciej, rozważa znaczenie kłamstwa oraz milczenia na etapie nawiązania, trwania oraz rozwiązania stosunku pracy dla zastosowania na gruncie prawa pracy art. 86 kc w zw. z art. 300 kp oraz skutki uchylenia się od skutków oświadczenia woli złożonego pod wpływem podstępu, w tym także skutki uchylenia się od skutków oświadczenia o nawiązaniu stosunku pracy w sytuacji faktycznego wykonywania pracy.

20

Discovered by Diversity: Error in Art as a Tool of Metaphysical Cognition. Case Studies

63%

Solewski R.

Sztuka i Dokumentacja

|

2020

|

issue 22

47-55

EN

The text starts with the assumption that a mistake understood in various ways can serve cognition on many levels. Examples from the field of aesthetics and contemporary art are described and interpreted. It is picturesqueness as a beauty “spoiled” by a mistake constituting an aesthetic value, an accidental breakage of Marcel Duchamp's The Large Glass revealing an order different to the ordinary course of events and time, distortions in Stan Brakhage's structural film paradoxically revealing love, demonstrating cognitive imperfection of the senses in the interactive video staging of Samuel Beckett's Breath and in illusion constructed in Olafur Eliasson's Weather Project, critical use of ugliness to expose and criticize the system by Leon Golub's "bad drawing style", ironic music video by Laibach, or a subversive film by Martin Arnold, imbalances creating non-ordinary spaces in M. C. Esher's graphics, and errors programming new orders in the digital world of Jared Tarbell, and finally non-places exposed in in the "bad style" photographs of Edward Ruscha or used in installations by Grzegorz Sztabiński. Deliberate distortions, deformations, errors, mistakes, imperfections, accepted randomness or "parasitism" present in these works are presented as inquiries concerning cognitive possibilities and searches leading to the disclosure of spaces and orders different from those experienced daily, in which one can see the striving to achieve metaphysical cognition.

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Discovered by Diversity: Error in Art as a Tool of Metaphysical Cognition. Case Studies