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EN
Fan fiction as a literary practice, or literary genre, has grown exponentially since the widespread of the Internet. Fan fiction is defined as literary spin off of culture texts wrote by fans to accompany their favorite TV shows, books, movies, or games. The article tries to characterize fan fiction in correspondence to its unique background combining both audiovisual and literary practices. It tries to decide whether fan fiction is a contemporary literary practice or is it a continuation of a much larger historical process. Additionally, the article looks at fan fiction from Barthes’s perspective, that makes fan fiction an evidence of his theory that texts are constantly re-read. John Fiske’s culture economy explains further why fans mostly work on texts coming from popular culture. The article also aims to place the fan fiction phenomenon in the area of culture studies’ interests. And that is why fan fictions are compared to fan videos, two different types of fannish practice that are sometimes examined as belonging to the same category. Fan fiction has rooted deeply into fans’ lives, and thus has developed a certain system of distribution and editorship. Before the age of the Internet they had been printed in zines and circled only among people that knew each other, nowadays such stories are published in the Internet. The lack of pre-print editing had created a system of beta-readers who check the written texts. The initial secrecy of fan fiction circulation was based on the fear of legal persecution, thus the history of legal struggles and authors’ stances is also addressed.
EN
The article presents various movie conventions inspired by MMORPG and made by the players. In order to characterize and describe this kind of fun fiction, the author divided the movies into several general categories due to the functions that, according to their makers, the movies are to fulfil. The criterion of production or technological differences was not, thereby, taken into consideration. Such an approach enables the author to accommodate not only machinima movies but also, to some extent, the MMORPG recordings (such as video tutorials). The article aims at general presentation and description of MMORPG players’ fan movies in order to make it more popular among both the game studies and fun studies scholars.
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Fanfikcja

71%
Forum Poetyki
|
2016
|
issue 4-5
114-123
EN
This keyword presents fan-produced literary work in the context of poetics, amateur literary production, and selected topics of cultural and media studies.
PL
Hasło prezentuje literacką twórczość fanowską w kontekście poetyki, literackiej twórczości amatorskiej oraz wybranych zagadnień kulturoznawczych i mediologicznych.
EN
Mass literature and its more modern branch — popular literature, tends to be described as „trivial”, „third-rate” and worse. Nowadays, there is a consensus among scholars that the name „popular” is the most neutral and non-evaluative, so in this sense the literary production can be addressed and one can give it the status of an academic discipline. Common plots, themes, topoi and solutions which a researcher in the field of his interests explores, are not perceived as worse, imitative, predictable or banal… Today, in the age of information and pleasure the culture drifts and it is not dependent on the economics of production but rather on more information and free imagination. The individual becomes free from the tragic conflict of values. Community experience, which it ensures, is a model of experience of being with others and what is perhaps even more valuable, being-in-the-world of unquestioned significance. Community contemplates the passage, does not seek to create „great narratives”, leaving a space for other parts/ fragments. It accounts for rooted local values, it is a place of their articulation. Fandom, in this perspective, becomes a post-modern form of diaspora.
EN
This paper examines the history and the shape of contemporary fanfiction repositories. The notion of an archive – one that is often used to describe such spaces, and appears in their names – is contrasted with Griselda Pollock’s proposal of a virtual feminist museum. Though for decades there have been attempts at preserving fan fiction (mostly created by women, non-canonical and transgressive), the stories had been subjected to selection and censorship. With the disappearance of such practices, the repositories start to embody Pollock’s notion. At the same time, however, as the lack of censorship causes economic problems, the virtuality of such ‘museums’ no longer denotes their digital nature but their evanescence.
EN
Some participants of popular culture do not confine themselves to a one-time contact with a favorite book or movie. Instead, they return to fictional worlds, creating literary texts based on original works and sharing these texts with other followers of the same pop-products. A number of these fan-made pieces contain idealized characters whose mentalities tend to be very similar to the personalities of their creators. Such characters, who are known under the name of Mary Sue, frequently become an object of harsh criticism on the readers’ part. The paper presents various forms of so strong a negative reaction and describes its possible causes, basing on the analysis of a discourse created by the users of Mirriel Literary Forum (a message board which attracts people who are interested in amateurs’ literary pieces). The main goal of the paper is to demonstrate how the information obtained in discourse analysis may shed new light on the rules which govern the lives of all kinds of fan communities – most importantly, the rule of staying faithful to the object of one’s passion, that is, to the worlds created by professional authors. Apart from that, the paper demonstrates a concise discussion of the strong and weak points of the method employed.
EN
One of the peculiar characteristics of the Sherlock Holmes fandom is that it has always had a tendency to blow innuendos in Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories out of proportion. One might argue that such is the case of Irene Adler, the most recognisable female character from the Sherlock Holmes canon. Although we are not given much information on her in the original story and she hardly speaks in her own voice, for the community of readers she has become the most significant woman that Sherlock Holmes had ever encountered. Thus, the creators who adapted her for the screen also treated the heroine of “A Scandal in Bohemia” symbolically, allowing themselves to freely portray her presence in their versions of the story. For certain reasons, Irene Adler has been interpreted in pop-culture differently at various times: as the woman who beat Holmes with her wit, the detective’s romantic interest, his nemesis or a femme fatale figure. This tendency seems to be pushed to the extreme recently and the adaptations of the heroine in question gravitate towards a sexually confident, overtly self-aware, as well as dominant (both sexually and mentally) rival to Holmes. The idea behind this paper is to investigate the transformation of Irene Adler’s character from the originally debatably scandalous adventuress to her modern portrayal as a dominatrix in the BBC miniseries, Sherlock. Hence, I will concentrate on this most recent take on the woman in the episode “A Scandal in Belgravia,” attempting to analyse in what ways the creators of the show go back to the roots and succeed in capturing the essence of Irene Adler’s figure, and conversely – in what measure does this adaptation epitomize the changes done to the character over the years of reinterpreting and diverting from its literary counterpart.
EN
One of the peculiar characteristics of the Sherlock Holmes fandom is that it has always had a tendency to blow innuendos in Arthur Conan Doyle’s stories out of proportion. One might argue that such is the case of Irene Adler, the most recognisable female character from the Sherlock Holmes canon. Although we are not given much information on her in the original story and she hardly speaks in her own voice, for the community of readers she has become the most significant woman that Sherlock Holmes had ever encountered. Thus, the creators who adapted her for the screen also treated the heroine of “A Scandal in Bohemia” symbolically, allowing themselves to freely portray her presence in their versions of the story. For certain reasons, Irene Adler has been interpreted in pop-culture differently at various times: as the woman who beat Holmes with her wit, the detective’s romantic interest, his nemesis or a femme fatale figure. This tendency seems to be pushed to the extreme recently and the adaptations of the heroine in question gravitate towards a sexually confident, overtly self-aware, as well as dominant (both sexually and mentally) rival to Holmes. The idea behind this paper is to investigate the transformation of Irene Adler’s character from the originally debatably scandalous adventuress to her modern portrayal as a dominatrix in the BBC miniseries, Sherlock. Hence, I will concentrate on this most recent take on the woman in the episode “A Scandal in Belgravia,” attempting to analyse in what ways the creators of the show go back to the roots and succeed in capturing the essence of Irene Adler’s figure, and conversely – in what measure does this adaptation epitomize the changes done to the character over the years of reinterpreting and diverting from its literary counterpart.
EN
Fan fiction is a fiction based on situations and characters that have been created by someone else. It is written by fans who use original texts to create their own art and culture. Writing fan fiction is something that fans do together. They discuss original texts, share their views and opinions about plot and characters, and create common interpretation that can be used by other fandom members. They also participate in creating new texts by commenting fanficks published by other fans. Writing is not only a way to express fans opinions about their favourite books and shows, but also an opportunity to spend time with people sharing their interests. Analysis of fan-created texts shows not only its importance to individual fans, but also a vital role writing fan fiction plays in building fan communities and creating bonds between their members.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zaprezentowanie sposobów recepcji polskiej klasyki literackiej przez przeciętnego odbiorcę polskiej kultury w ramach rosyjskojęzycznego środowiska fanfikowego. Ukazane zostały specyficzne cechy współczesnej rosyjskojęzycznej fanfikcji, będącej syntezą dwóch tradycji fan fiction – zachodniej i rosyjskiej. Dodatkowo artykuł jest próbą zapoznania polskiego odbiorcy z tradycją rosyjską, która powstawała niezależnie od zachodniej.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present ways of reception of Polish literary classics by an average recipient of Polish culture in the framework of Russian-language fan fiction community. The text shows specific features of the contemporary Russian fan fiction, which is a synthesis of two fan fiction traditions – Western and Russian. In addition, this article is also an attempt to introduce the Russian tradition, which arose independently of the Western one, to a Polish audience. 
PL
Wielu konserwatywnych literaturoznawców uważa, że nieograniczone możliwości publikacjitekstów literackich w internecie to wyraźna zapowiedź końca tradycyjnej literatury.Rzeczywiście, obecna kultura sieciowa pozwala twórcom na publikację tekstów literackich,które z wielu powodów prawdopodobnie nie mogłyby ukazać się drukiem. Jeślijednak dany twórca chce stać się członkiem internetowej społeczności autorów, zyskującw ten sposób konkretne grono odbiorców, musi podporządkować się wielu ograniczeniomi spełnić szereg warunków, nie zawsze pokrywających się z wymaganiami, jakiestawia się tradycyjnemu pisarstwu. Internetowe społeczności twórcze wytworzyły własnemechanizmy kontrolujące i dyscyplinujące, pozwalające na weryfikację, ocenę i eliminacjętekstów nieodpowiadających ustalonym standardom.Na podstawie kilkuletniej obserwacji Forum Literackiego Mirriel, zrzeszającegoprzede wszystkim twórców fan fiction (publikowane są tam również utwory oryginalne),wskazać można różnorodne mechanizmy służące ustalaniu hierarchii (rola i pozycjaadministratorów i moderatorów, regulamin), zasady przyjmowania nowych członków,sposoby tworzenia kolektywnej interpretacji tekstów kanonicznych (groupmind) oraz weryfikacjitekstów przeznaczonych do publikacji (beta-readerzy, reguły selekcji materiału,kary i sankcje). Stanowiąc grupę, która pierwotnie odegrała istotną rolę w dekonstrukcjitradycyjnych literaturoznawczych pojęć, twórcy fan fiction mogą być postrzegani jakobuntownicy i rewolucjoniści. Z drugiej strony – mimo ogromnej swobody, jaką daje internet– ich eksperymenty są w znacznym stopniu ograniczane, nie tylko konwencjonalnymiwymaganiami i zasadami pisarstwa jako takiego, ale również przez canon i fanon, które,stworzone przez członków danej społeczności w wyniku dyskusji i kolektywnej interpretacji,stanowią istotną instancję pozwalającą ocenić „odpowiedniość” tekstu fanowskiegodo tekstu bazowego.
PL
The subject of the article is the reception of Jane Austen in the sphere of e-culture – its fragment connected to websites and discussion forums concerning the writer. The phenomenon of “Austen mania” starts in Poland mainly because of the popularity of the movies based on Jane Austen prose. These sites and forums played not only a popularizing role, spreading the knowledge about the writers’ biography, work, film adaptations, or Regency, but they also grouped the society of fans who felt the need of being close to the other readers of Austen and some virtual companion in a feminine sphere created by numerous, common interpretation of the behaviour of the heroes of her prose, and also fans’ creativity in the area of gadgets, Regency costumes and literary tourism. The other form of activity is fan fiction, slightly represented on the forums and sites, especially in the comparison to fan fiction around the work of Austen in the English-speaking circle. They are most frequently the translations from The Republic of Pemberley, not prepared, unfinished, fragmentated, or personal attempts of a romance kind, in a style of Harlequin literature and a sentimental tone.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł stanowi przyczynek do szerszych rozważań na temat funkcjonowania literackiej twórczości użytkowników Internetu w przestrzeni nowego medium. Jest też kontynuacją prowadzonych przeze mnie badań na temat znaczenia literatury w sferze komunikacji internetowej. Dziś internet to nie tylko kanał informacji, ale także przestrzeń społecznej realizacji, we wszystkich jej obszarach, a więc także w kulturze. Artykuł jest próbą znalezienia odpowiedzi na pytanie, jaki ma wpływ działalność użytkowników sieci na obraz współczesnej kultury, przy jednoczesnym wskazaniu przemian kultury i internetu wynikających z interakcji tych dwóch przestrzeni. Rozważaniom tym posłuży analiza blogów, które zawierają literacką twórczość użytkowników internetu. Ten gatunek wypowiedzi daje możliwość badania relacji nadawczo-odbiorczych i ich kulturowych implikacji, co będzie głównym celem dalszych rozważań.
EN
This article is a supplement to a broader discussion about the functioning of the literary Internet users in the new medium. It is also a continuation of the author’s study on the importance of literature in Internet communications. Today, the Internet is not only a source of information, but also the space of social activity in all areas, including culture. This article is an attempt to answer, how does it affect the activity of network users on the modern culture, showing the transformation of the culture and the Internet as a result of the interaction of these two spaces. Analysis of blogs with literary works of internet users, facilitate discussion. Blog gives the the opportunity to study the relation of the sender and recipient and their impact on culture, which will be the main objective of further consideration.
EN
The article concerns the analysis of Fanfik, a young adult novel written by Natalia Osińska, especially a metaphorical meaning of its title. It is associated with studies of fan culture, that are using a metaphor as a research tool, such as Henry Jenkin's metaphor of the textual poacher, which organizes a kind of framework for better understanding fan creativity. Cultural studies are linked with radical feminism and its postgender thesis to inrterpret the title of the novel in an existential and phenomenological view. The plot of the novel challenges ideological postulates of identity politics based on a concept of narrative identity. Therefore, fan fiction is understood primarily as a social phenomenon. It is opposed to a traditionalist perception of a book itself, which is also analysed in a metaphorical sense, that is connected with the popular sentence: „people are like books”. A purpose of the article is to show that is more likely to say: „people are like fan fiction”.
PL
W artykule analizuję Fanfik, powieść młodzieżową Natalii Osińskiej, w kontekście metaforycznego znaczenia tytułu. Odwołuję się przy tym do badań kultury fanowskiej (Jenkins, Parrish, Stasi), spośród których szczególnie interesuje mnie użycie metafory jako narzędzia badawczego. W swojej analizie wykorzystuję więc między innymi metaforę „kłusowniczą”. Splatam je również z postgenderowymi tezami radykalnego feminizmu po to, aby zinterpretować tytuł analizowanej przeze mnie powieści w egzystencjalnym świetle. Fabułę utworu konfrontuję z ideologicznymi postulatami polityki tożsamości skupionej wokół koncepcji tożsamości narracyjnej. Tym samym fan fiction traktuję przede wszystkim jako zjawisko społeczne i przeciwstawiam je tradycjonalistycznemu pojmowaniu książki, również w kategoriach metaforycznych – poddaję krytyce popularną maksymę: „ludzie są jak książki”.
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