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EN
Flooding is a phenomenon whose can cause high losses of material and immaterial. Negative effects such as harm to life, health and property, both residents, businesses and state governments require organizations such aid, which would reduce the size of the damage. The article presents the forms of state aid to victims of flooding on the example of Flood 2010. The aid was sent to residents, businesses, farms and local governments. It consisted of such assistance as: simplified building procedures, resignation of various charges, protection of employees, financial assistance in the form of grants, loans and credit. Government support in the event of a disaster of national scale is indispensable. Very important now is flood protection, which in Poland is insufficient.
EN
This article describes issues connected with the crisis management, its essence and stages in relation to the crisis situation of the flood. There are four phases of crisis management prsented: prevence, preparation, reaction and reconsctruction in the context of the flood that happened in Poland in 1997 and its consequences.
EN
The flood of 1947: from studies on the contexts of natural disasters in Poland after World War II (Summary)In the article the author has attempted to characterize certain contexts of the 1947 flood – one of the worst calamities in Poland in the 20th century. According to incomplete data, at least 65 people died as a result, which is more than in the 1934 flood, which until then had been considered the worst (with 55 victims). The discussion, based mainly on source materials which have not been used before and press articles, relates to issues such as: anomalous weather conditions in Poland and Europe in the years 1946–47 (a cold wave), reasons for the flood (climate-related, organizational, economic), loss of property, everyday life in areas struck by the calamity and attempts at its political objectifycation, and forms of aid for the victims.
EN
The purpose of this study was to obtain and verify the methods of catchment regionalization for annual maximum discharge. An identification of Polish rivers was performed based on regional frequency analyses including recognition of regions homogeneous with respect to their physical properties and river flow parameters. The results suggest a division into two regional groups: mountain and lowland catchments. Statistical tests verify the regionalization obtained and allow to calculate regional probability curves for these two catchment groups. The results obtained may be helpful in the analysis of floods in ungauged catchments and in those where hydrological observations were performed during a short period, especially when the dependence of the maximum probable flows on their physico-geographical features in catchments under analysis has been proved.
EN
Objectives The aim of this article is to discuss the role of social media platforms, Facebook and Twitter, during the floods that took place in Poland in May 2019. The following research questions guided the study: (1) How is social media used by different actors at various stages of the disaster management cycle? (2) To what extent were social networking sites used during the 2019 floods in Poland? Methods The study employed social media analytic tools to analyze social media data published on Facebook and Twitter qualitatively and quantitatively in the period from 1 March to 10 June 2019. Results Social Media is used during emergencies by various actors for different purposes: emergency services use it to broadcast weather alerts and situational updates; authorities communicate weather alerts and offer assistance; mass media outlets share up-to-date information; individual users connect and share their experiences of the disaster as well as express political views; organizations spread general comments, situational updates and political comments. Conclusions Despite several drawbacks, such as the chaotic spread of messages, their unreliability and the politicization of the news- feed, social networking sites support disaster management. Therefore, they should be incorporated as an additional communication channel during emergencies.
EN
Anticipation, avoidance and reduction of the impact of threats have become a real challenge for contemporary generations. The old perception of threats characteristic of the 20th century (armed conflicts, global wars etc.) is no longer valid in the 21st century. Nowadays the forces of nature constitute the biggest threat. Therefore, it is vital to prepare and be ready for natural disasters, outbursts of epidemics among humans and animals, and for technical failures. It should be noticed, that in counteracting threats which occur in modern world it is necessary for a number of services to closely cooperate with one another. Floods are one of the most common threats against universal security in Poland. For the sake of efficiency, it is vital to organize cooperation between city or communal guards, the Police forces and the National Fire Service in order to assure smooth course of operations in case of a flood. The paper contains a description of the above mentioned cooperation and ends with some recommendations with respect to strengthening of the efficiency of cooperation between the services under discussion
PL
Zbrojnych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej do 2010 r. Stworzenie tego systemu było efektem wyciągnięcia wniosków z powodzi w 1997 r. Autor przedstawia historię tworzenia tego systemu, struktury organizacyjne jednostek ratownictwa inżynieryjnego, ich zadania oraz działanie w sytuacjach kryzysowych.
EN
The article presents an engineering rescue system operating in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland until 2010. The creation of this system was the result of drawing conclusions from the flood in 1997. The author presents the history of creating this system, organizational structures of engineering rescue units, their tasks and operation in crisis situations.
EN
The Author, in the article, discusses proper water management problems. He presents the primary causes resulting in the degradation of water relations in the form of regular occurrences of floods or dry spells in Europe. In the article, degradation of water relation problems taking place in our country is compared to those in Germany or Austria. He points to the need for systematic teaching of basic environmental subjects within the holistic concept constituting a tool in shaping pro-ecological consciousness.
EN
Current software systems address modelling and simulation of fire in various environments and conditions. They allow you to test various fire scenarios and model their course and consequences. They are able to detect the possible risks and circumstances that can lead to the damage and to prevent or limit the consequences of potential future fires. Based on fire tests and experiments, new tools and means have been developed to gather the necessary information on fires. Such a means is computer fire simulation. They are based on empirical and scientific knowledge and are comparable to real fire experiments. The great advantage of fire simulations is the non-destructiveness of materials and greater flexibility of use. The complexity of spatial geometry, the mathematical difficulty of solving differential equations, and the demands on computer performance, often include the complexities of fire modelling, but simulation currently allows fairly accurate prediction of the spread of fire and has become an important part of improving fire safety. Fundamental programs such as FDS, Smokeview and Smartfire are introduced as well as flood simulator developed in Czech Republic.
The Biblical Annals
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2023
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vol. 13
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issue 3
395-417
EN
This article discusses the literary structure of the flood account (1 En. 89:1b–9) in the Animal Apocalypse (1 En. 85–90). Since the Qumran Aramaic text of the story (4Q206 frags. 8 I and 9) has preserved a shorter text than that found in the ancient Ethiopic version, the study of the literary additions found therein is also undertaken. Although the Aramaic text of the flood account is not free from some redactional elaborations of the literary structure of the story, the literary additions in the Ethiopic version expand the shorter structure, especially in the first part of the account (strophes 2–4). The insertion of new cosmic elements into the story (heavenly roof and earthly enclosure) creates a well-circumscribed space where the punishment of humanity, sons of the Watchers and animals by the waters of the flood takes place (strophe 4). Thus, the Ethiopic longer recension of the flood account is far more distant from the shorter text of 4Q206. The last part of this study takes a closer look at the literary context of the flood story that closes the first part of the Animal Apocalypse (1 En. 85:3b–89:9) and preannounces its second section (1 En. 89:10–90:19) marred by the shedding of blood and violence between the nations and Israel.
11
75%
PL
Der aktuelle Wohlstand vieler Länder kennt keine Grenzen in der Eroberung der Natur. Die Theologie der Gegenwart steht diesen Problemen nicht gleichgültig gegenüber. In den bisherigen Erforschung des Themas wurde die riesige Katastrophe, von Gen 6-9 als Sintflut bezeichnet, verhältnismässig wenig beachtet. Selbst der Sinn des Regenbogens − oftmals ein Wappenzeichen der ökologischen Bewegung − ist nicht eindeutig : ob es ein Siegel bzw. Garantiezeichen der göttlichen Zuneigung ist oder eine Sinn-Vorgabe, die zum entscheideneden Kampf gegen die ökologische Verderbnis der Erde aufruft? Die biblische Fluterzahlung brachte diese Weltkatastrophe mit der Schöpfung in Verbindung und hat ihr somit einen neuen Sinn gegeben: die Bosheit des Menschen kann die Schöpfung als solche nicht in Frage stellen aber wohl gefährden. In Zukunft wird die böse Tat des Menschen auf ihn zurückfallen aber so, dass die Grundgegebenheiten des Lebens für die ganze Natur davon nicht nur unberührt bleiben, ja die Verantwortung des Menschen für die Welt wird nun noch eingeschärft. Die Wahrung der Untastbarkeit des menschlichen Lebens erstreckt sich auf Mensch und Tier. Auf keinen Fall ist die Herrschaftsstellung des Menschen in bezug auf die Tierwelt im Sinne einer Ausbeutung zu verstehen, sonst käme sie der vorsintflutlichen Gewalttätigkeit gleich. Das Flutgeschehen soll als ein Akt des göttlichen Schöpfungsgeschehens − namentlich des Baus eines neuen Lebenshauses für den Menschen verstanden werden. Diese Vorstellung macht für den Menschen eine Reihe von Aufgaben geltend. Die setzt die Teihabe des Menschen-Königs am universalen Hirtenamt des Schöpfers voraus. Nach der Sintflut darf in dem von Gott bestellten Lebenshause kein Lebewesen auf Kosten anderer leben, sonst wird die Erde durch Gewalttat und Blut wieder zu einem Hause des Todes und durch Verunreinigung und sinnlose Ausbeutung der Naturgüter − zur Öde und Verwüstung; dazu kommt noch die Verantwortung für das Schicksal der nachfolgenden Generationen. Die ganze Schöpfung liegt weiterhin in Seufzen und Wehen, harrt aber zugleich auf die Antwort der Kinder Gottes, auf die Antwort unserer Welt.
EN
The article presents the assumptions for conducting episodic exercises in crisis management in local government units together with the managing body (supervising the exercise), which is the Provincial Crisis Management Team.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia założenia do prowadzenia ćwiczeń epizodycznych z zarządzania kryzysowego w jednostkach samorządu terytorialnego (gmina, powiat) wraz z organem zarządzającym (nadzorującym ćwiczenie), jakim jest Wojewódzki Zespół Zarządzania Kryzysowego.
EN
In the article focuses on the Kłodnicki Canal and the Raciborz Reservoir as elements of floods protection. Showed the Region characteristic and the biggest floods who frequented it (1903, 1939, 1997, 2010). The most tragic flood was in 1997, when the water level was 10.45 m (water guge in Miedonia). After this flood, works on increasing flood protection started (“Program for Odra river–2006”, “Odra river basin flood protection”. The effect of programs is the constriction of the Racibórz Reservoir, which is to be completed in 2020. Other works are also undertaken (increase of retention in urbanized areas, construction of small retention reservoirs on smaller rivers), which ultimately are to affect the reduction of flood risk in the Region.
EN
A model of the economic appraisal of flood protection projects using the NPV indicator is presented with a recent enlargements concerning economic valuation of casualties and psychological losses in victims’ well-being. This year’s series of big floods in Poland has made this topic come back to public attention.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań, którym poddano wszystkie krajowe towarzystwa ubezpieczeń majątkowych mające w ofercie ubezpieczenie od ognia i innych żywiołów dla osób prywatnych – łącznie 24 podmioty. Analiza porównawcza ogólnych warunków ubezpieczeń (owu) skupiła się na sposobie ujęcia ryzyka powodzi w zakresie ubezpieczenia. W szczególności zwrócono uwagę na zawarte w owu definicje powodzi, dostępność ochrony od tego ryzyka w zakresie podstawowym lub rozszerzonym, dodatkowe zastrzeżenia i wyłączenia oraz spectrum możliwych przedmiotów ubezpieczenia.
EN
The article presents a research conducted on domestic non-life insurers selling fire and property damage insurance for private individuals - total 24 institutions surveyed. The comparative study of general insurance terms has focused on the issue of covering flood risk in a property insurance. Special attention has been put on flood definitions, flood risk coverage availability in basic or extended cover, additional stipulations and exclusions, list of possible insurable objects.
PL
Artykuł został poświęcony największej powodzi w historii powojennej Legnicy, mającej miejsce w pierwszych dniach sierpnia 1977 r., a będącej następstwem ulewnych deszczy w górnym biegu rzek dorzecza Kaczawy. 2 sierpnia woda przelała się przez wały przeciwpowodziowe i zatopiła obszar miasta zamieszkały przez ok. 30 tysięcy osób, z 70 ulicami i 950 budynkami. Nie działała elektryczność i telefony, ograniczony zasięg miała komunikacja miejska, a podstawowe towary spożywcze były dostarczane mieszkańcom przy pomocy pływającego sprzętu wojskowego. Omówiono przebieg akcji przeciwpowodziowej, wskazano podmioty odpowiedzialne za walkę z żywiołem w Legnicy i wykazano podjęte działania mające na celu doraźne usunięcie powstałych szkód. Ponadto przedstawiono założenia długoterminowego planu ochrony Legnicy i województwa legnickiego przed zagrożeniem powodziowym, a także zweryfikowano wykonane prace zabezpieczające względem projektowanych
EN
The focus of this article is on the biggest flood in Legnica after the II World War. It occurred during the first few days of August, caused by huge amounts of rainfall accumulating in the Kaczawa river basin. On August the 2nd, the river overflowed and flooded an area with 70 streets and 950 buildings, inhabited by thirty thousand citizens. There was a temporary power and telephone service cut. Public transport was limited and the armed forces were called upon to deliver basic food supplies. This article also describes the course of flood control action, identifies the services responsible for fighting against the elements and ad hoc actions undertaken to limit the arising damages. Moreover, the proposal of a long-term protection plan against flooding for Legnica and the surrounding province were shown and their results were verified
Prace Kulturoznawcze
|
2018
|
vol. 22
|
issue 1-2
129-142
EN
The aim of the article is to localise the representative examples of cultural models of behaviour and ways of adapting to the hazardous environmental changes. It is discussed on the basis of so called flood narratives in Polish literature such as Tomasz Różycki’s Bestiarium (2012) and Maciej Płaza’s Skoruń (2015). The author puts a question about the function of the polonocentric, combative model as a pattern of behaviour that emerges from these texts, as well as about the role of catholic religion in the society who cannot cope with more and more unpredictable catastrophic threats (like the flood). The author concludes that this situation is culturally contextualised and results in the social inability to accept a new ecological paradigm in the space and landscape management.
PL
Flood is not an episode in the history of the Netherlands, but a recurring fact of nature and social experience. The Dutch struggle against water (this metaphor seems to dominate the descriptions of the Netherlands) is not only troublesome and strenuous, but its significance also happens to be assessed in a positive way. In the literature indicated by the author, fascination with the capriciousness of the element of water and Dutch water engineering (satisfying a tourist‘s appetite?) takes prece‑ dence over the catastrophic and empathic discourse of lamentation. The article is an interpretation of the Dutch model of struggling against the element of water through the prism of anthropological categories of culture and nature. The exemplifications come from travel literature, tourist guides and scientific monographs, the reading of which shows that the mutual relationship (symbiosis) of the water element and cul‑ ture, the mentality of the Dutch who struggle with nature is the reoccurring conceptscheme. What is the main feature of the aquatic element is the ambivalent influence of water on Dutch culture. It is Dutch fairy tales that may prefigure this ambivalence.
Roczniki Psychologiczne
|
2014
|
vol. 17
|
issue 4
793-818
PL
Artykuł omawia podłużne badania psychologiczne osób poszkodowanych w powodzi, która w 2010 roku nawiedziła gminę Wilków w województwie lubelskim. Ze względu na wieloaspektowość projektu badawczego przedstawiona jest jedynie jego część, dotycząca istotnych w radzeniu sobie ze skutkami powodzi zmiennych psychologicznych i środowiskowych. Uzyskane wyniki pokazujące subiektywne znaczenie opisywanych obszarów, jak i zmiany, jakie zaszły pomiędzy 6 a 18 miesiącami od powodzi, poddano interpretacji w kontekście radzenia sobie ze skutkami katastrofy ekologicznej. W pracy opisano najważniejsze wnioski teoretyczne wynikające z badań oraz implikacje praktyczne w działaniach związanych z szeroko pojętą interwencją kryzysową.
EN
The article discusses longitudinal psychological examinations of victims of the flood that struck the County of Wilków in the Lubelskie Province, Poland, in 2010. Due to the multifaceted character of the research project, only a part of it is presented here, concerning the psychological and environmental variables significant in coping with the effects of the flood. The obtained results, illustrating the subjective importance of the domains described as well as the changes that occurred between 6 and 18 months after the flood, were interpreted in the context of coping with the effects of an ecological disaster. The paper describes the main theoretical conclusions emerging from the research and practical implications for activities connected with broadly understood crisis intervention.
EN
The tasks concerning public safety and order, as well as flood protection, have been assigned by the legislator to the executive body of the municipality. Task standards alone, however, cannot constitute a sufficient legal basis for determining obligations of the authority within this scope, especially in the context of criminal-law assessment of their non-fulfillment. Such assessment requires a precise setting of the content of the competency standards since only such norms can establish obligations of the authority and constitute an instrument for carrying out the tasks. The legislator should clearly indicate the obligations incumbent on the authority, and the criminal court should determine the ones which have not been fulfilled giving a specific provision of law requiring a specific action.
PL
Zadania z zakresu bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego, a także ochrony przeciwpowodziowej zostały przyznane przez ustawodawcę m.in. organowi wykonawczemu samorządu gminnego. Same normy zadaniowe nie mogą jednak stanowić dostatecznej podstawy prawnej dla ustalenia obowiązków organu w tym zakresie, zwłaszcza w aspekcie prawnokarnej oceny ich niedopełnienia. Taka ocena wymaga bowiem precyzyjnego ustalenia treści norm kompetencyjnych, gdyż dopiero takie normy statuują obowiązki organu i stanowią instrument realizacji zadań. Ustawodawca powinien wyraźnie wskazać, jakie obowiązki ciążą na organie, a sąd karny – określić te z nich, które zostały niedopełnione, z jednoczesnym podaniem konkretnego przepisu prawa zobowiązującego do określonego działania.
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