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EN
Objectives: To identify the methods of the state’s influence on health care system through intellectual property law mechanisms. Research Design & Methods: Literature review based on the economic analysis of law. F indings: An active role of the state in innovations in the pharmaceutical branch could bring benefits in the health care system. This role does not have to be limited to being a shareholder in selected projects (as a capital supplier). Implications / Recommendations: The state is able to influence the speed, the structure, and the direction of patent races b y setting a real width of the patent (court verdicts) and patent height (patent office’s decisions) as well as the manner and the scale of compulsory licences usage. Contribution / Value Added: Making changes in the speed, the structure, and the direction of patent races has got a strong impact on health policy. Appropriate influencing of the state on innovation activity in the pharmaceutical branch allows one to generate large benefits in the health care system.
EN
The following paper critically evaluates the health care system in Poland, including the market reform of the Polish healthcare system between 1999 and 2010. The article presents the process of ownership transformation, including the scale and dynamics of the introduced reform. Apart from analysing the core assumptions and aims of the long-term programme entitled „Wsparcie jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w działaniach stabilizujących system ochrony zdrowia” (Support for Local Authorities in Healthcare System Stabilization) the paper analyses proposed solutions based on the so called „health acts package” including the health care activity bill. The main aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the health care system reform in Poland, mainly focusing on the process of commercialisation of public hospitals. As a conclusion it is suggested that the introduced reform does not solve the most important problems of the Polish healthcare system in a comprehensive and suffi cient manner.
EN
Health is a significant cultural value and is one of the basic good valued by the society. Institutions responsible for the improvement of public health are regional and international organizations, public authorities, political parties as well as non-governmental organization, which should secure health safety of the population. Health policy should include in its action whole population regardless demographic, economic, social and geographic conditionings.
EN
This article tries to analyze the meaning and relevance of the concept of solidarity as compared to the concept of justice. While ‘justice’ refers to rights and duties (Moralität), the concept of solidarity refers to relations of personal commitment and recognition (Sittlichkeit). The article wants to answer the question whether solidarity and liberal justice should be seen as mutually exclusive or whether both approaches should be regarded as complementary to each other. The paper starts with an analysis of liberal theories of justice which are followed by an analysis of the descriptive and a moral understanding of the concept of solidarity. The importance of solidarity lies in its relational aspects, particularly its emphasis on cooperation and commonality. The paper argues that while solidarity is more fundamental than justice, both concepts are important for the arrangement of health care practices. The paper gives special attention to the concept of decent care, reflective solidarity and humanitarian solidarity which is seen as fundamental for all health care policies and care practices.
EN
W nowym powojennym modelu systemu państwowej służby zdrowia aż do lat 70. XX w. jedyną grupą społeczną pozostającą na jego marginesach byli rolnicy indywidualni. Pozostawienie ludności wiejskiej poza systemem bezpłatnej opieki medycznej i tym samym zmuszenie dorosłych jej reprezentantów do ponoszenia wysokich kosztów leczenia powszechnych wówczas schorzeń zdrowotnych (np. gruźlicy) stanowić miało w latach 50. jedną z form stalinowskiej polityki opresyjnej. W rzeczywistości jednak sytuacja taka wymuszona była przede wszystkim niewydolnością ekonomiczną, kadrową i organizacyjną odbudowywanego państwa.Instalowane lub docierające na wieś lat 50. instytucje opieki medycznej bezpłatną pomoc oferowały tylko małym i dorastającym dzieciom oraz kobietom w ciąży. Wygenerowana powojenną przebudową struktury społecznej i własnościowej dynamicznie narastająca mobilność społeczna polskiej wsi stawała się coraz istotniejszym czynnikiem wspierającym modernizacyjne działania władz centralnych. Celem tekstu jest zarysowanie skali wiejskich problemów zdrowotnych w okresie tużpowojennym. Traktując okres ten jako swego rodzaju punkt wyjścia, w tekście podejmę również próbę scharakteryzowania kierunków i tempa przemian dokonujących się w życiu codziennym polskiej wsi w obszarze zdrowia do początku lat 70. ubiegłego stulecia. In a new post-war model of the state healthcare system the only group that stayed on its margin until the 1970s were individual farmers. Leaving the peasants outside the system of free medical care and thus forcing adult members of this class to pay high costs of treatment of common at that time medical maladies (such as, for example, tuberculosis) was in the 1950s one of the forms of oppressive Stalinist policy. In fact, however, such a situation was forced mainly by economic, personnel, and organisational malfunction of the reconstructed state.Institutions of medical care that reached the countryside or were established there in the 1950s, provided free medical coverage only for children and pregnant women. A rapidly growing social mobility of the Polish countryside generated by the post-war revamping of social and ownership structure was becoming an increasingly important factor supporting modernisation actions of the central authorities. The purpose of the present study is to outline the scale of medical and health problems in the Polish countryside immediately after the war. Treating this period as a peculiar starting point, I also make an attempt to characterise directions and pace of changes occurring in the everyday health life of the Polish country to the 1970s.
RU
Вызванные мировым финансовым кризисом от 2008—2010 гг падение дохода, высокий дефицит и задолженность привели к тому, что во многих государствах были предприняты действия для поиска экономии и изме-нений социально-экономической структуры. В статье были представлены последствия деконъюнктуры для сектора здравоохранения. Целью статьи является получение ответа на вопрос касающийся приспособления рас-ходов на здравоохранение, а в частности масштаба и темпов возможного их понижения в ситуации оказывания высокого давления государствен-ными финансами. В статье было представлено формирование основных экономических параметров, а затем размеры и тенденции в различных категориях рас-ходов на здравоохранение. Были охарактеризованы также условия для спасательных программ в международном масштабе.
PL
Wywołane światowym kryzysem finansowym z lat 2008—2010 spadki dochodu, wysokie deficyty oraz zadłużenie wymusiły w wielu państwach podejmowanie działań na rzecz poszukiwania oszczędności i zmiany struktury społeczno-gospodarczej. W opracowaniu pokazano konsekwencje dekoniunktury dla sektora opieki zdrowotnej. Artykuł ma na celu uzyskanie odpowiedzi na pytania dotyczące dostosowania wydatków zdrowotnych, a w szczególności skali i tempa możliwych ich redukcji w sytuacjach wysokiej presji ze strony finansów publicznych. Opisano kształtowanie się podstawowych parametrów ekonomicznych, a następnie wielkości i tendencje w różnych kategoriach wydatków zdrowotnych. Przedstawiono też uwarunkowania programów ratunkowych w skali międzynarodowej.
EN
Declines in income, high deficits and debt (caused by the global financial crisis of 2008-2010) forced many countries to take action to contribute to saving and changing socio-economic structure. The study shows the consequences of the downturn for the healthcare sector. The article aims to provide answers to questions concerning the adjustment of health expenditure, in particular the scale and pace of their possible reduction in high-pressure situations on the part of public finances. The article describes evolution of basic economic parameters, then the figures and trends in the different categories of health spending. Also conditions for rescue programs on an international scale are presented.
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