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EN
Some remarks about the development of secondary spatial prepositionsThe literature devoted to spatial prepositions is quite abundant. The present article constitutes a recapitulation of the historical research which has heretofore been done on the subject. It is also an attempt at presenting the general characteristics of the evolution undergone by the class of units being described. This class is treated here in a broad manner, taking into account also equivalence. Spatial prepositions are the oldest layer of secondary forms and as far as many aspects are concerned, they constitute a very peculiar group. The attention of the scholar is drawn to lexemes such as blisko [close to, near] and the complex prepositions such as zza, poza, spoza [from behind, beyond, from beyond], which emerged quite late. Properties which are important for the evolution of the prepositions in question also include the considerable number of their variants. The direction of their evolution is quite clear also as far as their functions are concerned. The Polish language inherited from the Proto-Slavonic language precise distinctions of proximity, in contradistinction to the ablative content or expressions of considerable distances, which are indicated in a relatively general manner. The development of secondary prepositions emphasizes these properties of spatial description even further. As years went by, the disproportion between the indications of approaching and departing, of being near and being far away, did not diminish. On the contrary, it increased. The peculiarity of secondary prepositions is determined by their relationship with other classes of words that also describe spatial relations. Without doubt, this mutual relationship, which determines the evolution in spatial description, requires in-depth research. Kilka uwag o rozwoju wtórnych przyimków przestrzennychLiteratura poświęcona przyimkom przestrzennym jest dość bogata. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi podsumowanie dotychczasowych badań historycznych i jednocześnie próbę ogólnej charakterystyki ewolucji omawianej klasy jednostek. Klasa ta traktowana jest tu szeroko, również z uwzględnieniem ekwiwalencji. Przyimki przestrzenne stanowią najstarszą warstwę form wtórnych i tworzą grupę pod wieloma względami specyficzną. Zwracają uwagę leksemy typu blisko oraz dość późno utworzone przyimki złożone typu zza, poza, spoza. Do cech ważnych dla ewolucji omawianych przyimków zalicza się również znaczną wariantywność. Kierunek ich ewolucji jest dość wyrazisty także pod względem pełnionych funkcji. Polszczyzna odziedziczyła po prasłowiańszczyźnie szczegółowe wyróżnianie relacji bliskości w odróżnieniu od dość ogólnie wskazywanych treści ablatywnych czy określeń znacznych odległości. Rozwój przyimków wtórnych te cechy opisu przestrzennego jeszcze mocniej uwypukla. Dysproporcja między wskazaniem zbliżanie–oddalanie, blisko–daleko z biegiem lat nie zmniejsza się, a wręcz przeciwnie – rośnie. O swoistości przyimków wtórnych decyduje związek z wieloma innymi klasami wyrazów – wyznacznikami relacji przestrzennych. Ta wzajemna zależność, wyznaczająca ewolucję w opisie przestrzennym, niewątpliwie wymaga gruntownych badań.
EN
From the history of the lexemes gzić się, grzać się, parzyć się, bzykać sięThe present article undertakes a semasiological analysis of four Polish vulgarisms associated with sexual intercourse: gzić się, grzać się, parzyć się, bzykać się. Taking is the point of departure their etymology, it investigates the changes in the meanings of these units.It was discovered that initially the analysed lexemes communicated a very wide range of content, far from their contemporary semantic structure. Successively, some of their senses were rearranged, causing these units to become attributed to animal copulation and later to human sexual intercourse. However, it was until the mid-20th century that the analysed verbs have come to play the role of vulgarisms. Z historii leksemów: gzić się, grzać się, parzyć się, bzykać sięW artykule poddano analizie semazjologicznej cztery polskie wulgaryzmy wiązane ze stosunkiem seksualnym, tj.: gzić się, grzać się, parzyć się i bzykać się. Wychodząc od etymologii, badano zmiany w znaczeniach tych jednostek.Okazało się, że analizowane leksemy początkowo posiadały bardzo szerokie treści, dalekie ich współczesnej strukturze semantycznej. Sukcesywnie dochodziło jednak do przeszeregowania niektórych sensów, na skutek czego badane jednostki wpierw zaczęto odnosić do zwierzęcej kopulacji, natomiast nieco później do ludzkiego współżycia. Rolę wulgaryzmów analizowane czasowniki zaczęły odgrywać jednak dopiero w połowie XX wieku.
EN
Equivalence may be interpreted as the relationship between units of the same language or two different languages. The article analyses the equivalence between units of the same linguistic system, with the assumption that equivalence is the relationship between words/phrases with a common referent. This is a semantic relationship strongly dependent on context; one which is fully realised only on the level of parole, a specific use. The analysed material comprises inventories, surveys and testaments from the seventeenth and (mostly) eighteenth centuries. The aim of the article is to present the methods for determining equivalence between the units present in the text. Seven of such methods are highlighted.
PL
In this article, the author presents the lexical family with piecz-/piek- roots. A pool of 39 lexemes was extracted from all the available lexicographic sources of historical vocabulary and presented in the form of a word-forming cluster. The goal of the analysis was to display the internal structure of the chronological derivation of the core of the cluster, piec się with the group of terms of varying degrees of derivation. The analysis is an attempt at explaining the meaning behind the formations with piecz-/piek-roots. The reconstruction of the cluster leads to a discussion of the observed transformations, as well as identifying the nature of the changes to the meaning of specific units. To a large extent, the semantic modifications discussed contributed to constraints in the meaning. Once the primary meaning had disappeared, Polish language users would gradually become less aware of the word formation of the derivatives. Subsequently, the very large etymological cluster disintegrated.
EN
The article presents the lexical material concerning clothes vocabulary. The data was extracted from arrest warrants published from 1816 to 1836 in Publiczny Donosiciel ( Public Denunciator ) which was an annex to Dziennik Urzędowy Królewskiej Regencyi w Poznaniu ( Official Journal of the Royal Regency in Poznan ). The article presents the structure of the lexical and semantic field of NAMES OF CIVILIAN CLOTHES OF MEN’S FROM LOWER SOCIAL STRATA and its semantic and genealogical analysis. In this lexical and semantic field, 361 lexical items were classified, described and assigned to nine subfields which were then divided further. The genealogical analysis showed that a third of the vocabulary described are loanwords.
PL
This article attempts to prove the hypothesis on the “processual homogeneity” of the changes iR (*ŕ̥ *ir *yr) ≥ eR i iL ≥ eL. The source material for the following analysis has been excerpted from letters written in Polish between 1525–1550. Within the specified time brackets, the most dynamic is the process of the extension of the groups iR ≤ *ŕ̥ , whereas the extended combinations eR ≤ *ir *yr are characterized by far lower intensity. The extensions within the groups of the type eL are not numerous and rare. Textual extensions of the combinations eR and eL show a significant convergence: forms with eL are to be found mostly in those letters that consistently demonstrate and provide evidence of the occurrence of the group eR; while they are virtually non-existent in the texts that document exclusively the combination iR. This fact confirms the hypothesis that combines both types of change into one process. The author does not associate the dependencies in the different pace of both phenomena and their different outcome with phonetic factors, but with the sensitivity to phonotactic and phonostatistical provisions and patterns, as well as with the morphological placement of the dyads under scrutiny. This interpretation, in turn, provides a new insight into the nature of the process of shaping linguistic norms: all the contributing processes have random (non-purposeful) origins, and their constraints involve a necessity to retain the necessary minimum of the internal balance.
PL
Monolingual dictionaries of Polish as well as the old translation dictionaries which until the 19th century also fulfilled the function (in compliance with the intention of their authors) of general Polish dictionaries are traditionally regarded as fundamental sources of the history of the Polish language, especially its development and lexical resources. The collections of folk vocabulary which-more or less professionally-were narrowly used in the papers concerning the past periods of the Polish language aroused poor interest on the part of the historians of language. The article contends that small dialectal dictionaries should be treated equally with other sources of the history of the Polish language, especially lexicographical ones, for they provide a very interesting material for analysis and interpretation, not only linguistic.
PL
The article presents Poznań school of historical linguistics. The founder of the school is Władysław Kuraszkiewicz. The schools’ central idea is a scholarly attitude which is based on respect for material, philological akribeia (accuracy) and caution in ­drawing conclusions. The representatives of this school are characterised by aspiration for measurability of research results and understanding of the role of statistics. Research is conducted on the carefully selected, very extensive material taking into account numerous variable features: chronological, geographic, generic, stylistic or formal. Among the scholars who must be included in this school are the disciples of Professor Kuraszkiewicz: Zdzisława Krążyńska, Tadeusz Lewaszkiewicz, Leszek Moszyński, Wojciech Ryszard Rzepka, Tadeusz Skulina, Bogdan Walczak and Tadeusz Zdancewicz. Nowadays, their disciples form another generation of scholars connected with Poznań school of historical linguistics.
EN
Names of dreams in the history of the Polish languageThis article analyzes old names of dreams. During the process of collecting and sorting of the material, etymological data were taken into consideration, which allowed to establish that all the investigated units concentrated around three fields: 1. words with the root: sen/sn-, 2. words with the root: mor-/mar-/marz-, 3. words with the root: widz-. The dominating method in this sketch is the analysis of contexts in which the words within the “dream field” appeared. Considering as evidence the usages of each word recorded in dictionaries of old Polish, I deduce its meaning value in particular periods. Nazwy marzeń sennych w historii języka polskiegoW artykule analizie poddano dawne nazwy marzeń sennych. Podczas porządkowania materiału pod uwagę wzięto dane etymologiczne, które pozwoliły ustalić, że wszystkie badane jednostki koncentrowały się wokół trzech pól: 1. o rdzeniu sen-/śn-; 2. o rdzeniu mor-/mar-/marz-; 3. o rdzeniu widz-. Metodą dominującą w szkicu jest analiza kontekstów, w których występowały wyrazy należące do pola marzenie senne. Na podstawie poświadczeń użycia danego wyrazu w słownikach rejestrujących polszczyznę dawną wnioskuję o jego wartości znaczeniowej w danym okresie.
EN
The aim of the article is to indicate the most important modifications in the Polish language etiquette that were conditioned by social and cultural changes which can be observed from the mid-18th century till the 1860s. What became visible in this period was the crisis of values typical of Sarmatism, which, as aconsequence, led to the disappearance of acts of language etiquette characteristic of the noble sociolect and the emergence of new polite forms. The corpus of the studied texts includes: letters, diaries, memoirs, dramas and novels. Such aselected language material allows for the examination of both written and oral polite forms, as well as it displays their formal and functional changeability in as broad social and cultural context as possible. The analysis of the collected material allows to state that the first century of the modern Poland age was the time of the fundamental changes in the Polish lan­guage etiquette. As much as the middle Poland age was the period of the enrichment of the structures, in the examined period there was aclear tendency to simplify and individualize them.
EN
The article discusses the kitab studies covering the physical and cultural legacy of the Tatars of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania (today: Polish, Belarusian and Lithuanian Tatars). Religious manuscripts, including kitabs, are a part of Tatars’ cultural legacy, hence the article presents these writings and the areas of research on kitabs that cover: a) cataloguing the manuscripts; b) monographic studies providing their philological analysis; c) discussion of their content, with attention to Muslim and Christian traditions; d) textual analysis of these old texts; e) editorial preparations.
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EN
Professor Tadeusz Skulina (1929–1992) was born in Katowice but from the Second World War he was connected with Great Poland. Also in Poznań, he studied Polish Studies and following his graduation became employed at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań where he completed the consecutive stages of his scholarly career. As a disciple of Professor Władysław Kuraszkiewicz he conducted research on the Polish language of the Old-Polish era and of the 16th century. His doctoral thesis (1964) was devoted to historical phonetics and historical dialectology but soon he changed his scholarly interests and entered the field of Slavic studies, especially East-Slavic languages. In his habilitation thesis he discussed the question of the Old-Ruthenian anthroponymy. This thesis, published in 1973, was the first original, so extensive and detailed thesis about the Old-Ruthenian names. As we know, in the period following the receipt of his habilitation degree Professor Tadeusz Skulina had plans to prepare a monograph about Polish feminine onomastics. He had pursued this for years, however, unfortunately, never managed to prepare a synthesis. He only left an unfinished editorial draft of this book. Apart from research activities, Professor Skulina was involved in didactics and also performed responsible administrative functions at the Institute of Polish Philology, was a member of numerous scholarly societies. For his achievements, he received many awards and honours. Professor Tadeusz Skulina died in 1992 after a long and emaciating illness. The scholarly achievements he has left inspire the successive generations of researchers. He also left unfinished written works and ideas which he never managed to realize.
Poradnik Językowy
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2022
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vol. 796
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issue 7
79-89
EN
The aim of this paper is to present the semantic history of the verb zrodzić (się) in the Polish language against other names describing the act of giving birth or being born, most of which have a common root, e.g. rodzić (się), porodzić (się), narodzić (się), urodzić (się). It turns out that despite the fact that nowadays the discussed word is not a synonymous equivalent of either rodzić (się) or urodzić (się), it can still be found in the living speech in this meaning (e.g. zradzać potomstwo (to give birth to off spring)). Lexicographic sources document the characterised verb in one content only, cf. zrodzić ‘to originate something; to cause, create, induce’, zrodzić się ‘to be originated, to result, to arise from something; to come into being’ (e.g. konflikt, pomysł zrodził się (a conflict, idea was born); idea, inicjatywa zrodziła się (an idea, initiative was born)). The archaic content of the title verb fossilised in texts of prayers and in phraseology.
EN
The text presents an analysis of three Polish herbariums from the period of the sixteenth to the seventeenth centuries as examples representing the ancient academic discourse. The presented considerations allow for maintaining the claim about the cultural aspect of Polish academic discourse in the distant past. The texts which represent it are the source of the information about the state of the knowledge in chosen domains and dis- ciplines. Moreover, they constitute the reflection of the knowledge itself in its practi- cal use described in the herbariums, which is a peculiar feature of old Polish academic texts. Justified, then, is the claim that these analysed texts and their discourse are aca- deming in nature, of course on condition that one takes into account their historical context. Apart from the professional awareness of the time, one notices certain strate- gies for constructing the texts and their discourse which prove the academic discourse. Features such as precision, objectivity, argument problematisation etc. were developed and strengthened in subsequent centuries.  
PL
The religious writings of the Tatars constitute a valuable source for philological research due to the presence of heretofore unexplored grammatical and lexical layers of the north borderland Polish language of the 16th-20th centuries and due to the interference-related and transfer-related processes in the context of Slavic languages and Slavic-Oriental contacts. Therefore the basis for linguistic analyses is constituted by one of the most valuable monuments of this body of writing – the first translation of the Quran into a Slavic language in the world (probably representing the north borderland Polish language), which assumed the form of a tefsir. The source of linguistic analyses is constituted by the Olita tefsir, which dates back to 1723 (supplemented and corrected in the 19th century). On the basis of the material that was excerpted from this work the author presents both borderland features described in the subject literature and tries to point the new or only sparsely confirmed facts in the history of the Polish language, including the formation of the north borderland Polish language on the Belarusian substrate. Research involves all levels of language – the phonetic-phonological, morphological, syntactic and the lexical-semantic levels.
PL
17th-century printed texts, represented in the article by stylistically uniform texts of church sermons, mainly funeral sermons, are characterised by significant differences in the frequencies of specific forms entering into the composition of variant pairs or sequences. The completed research experiment consisted in the comparison of the frequency of individual variants. Firstly, in texts by a single author published in different printing offices in different cities, secondly, in texts by a single author published in different printing shops, but in the same city, and finally, in texts by various authors published in the same printing shop. The experiment demonstrated that, generally, the author of a printed text was not the one who made the selection of a specific word form constituting a part of a variant pair. We must note the significant contribution to this process of workers in the book industry employed in publishing offices: editors, proofreaders and type-setters. Usually, it is difficult to say that 17th- century printed texts were characterised by the originality of the language of their authors or proofreaders/ typesetters. A different attitude towards the problem would be more appropriate, acknowledging that we are dealing with linguistic properties of text which include some components of language used by the author – editor/proofreader – typesetter.
Świat i Słowo
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2022
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vol. 39
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issue 2
209-230
EN
Expressive qualifiers and the identification of emotionally marked vocabulary in the lexicographic sources The article compiles and compares the signaling or qualifying expressive vocabulary methods in 13 early and contemporary lexicographic sources. The author refers to the findings of researchers to date, including on the history and scope of use of qualifiers, in particular expressive qualifiers (e.g. piesz., lekcew., pog., wulg., żart.), and other ways of signaling by lexicographers of expressive marking of words, e.g. in the form of terms used in the definition (e.g. „expressively about...”, „with pity about...”, „offensive word”). Based on the collected material, she formulates conclusions about the possibilities and difficulties in the excerption of expressively characterized vocabulary from the lexicographic sources in a diachronic approach. It justifies that in studies of expressive lexis, it is necessary to observe colloquialisms as well as diminutive and bold words. He also draws attention to the possibility of using electronic dictionaries in quantitative and qualitative research on expressively characterized words.
Język Polski
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2022
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vol. 102
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issue 2
5-20
EN
The article presents a dozen or so methods of quantifying amounts used in the oldest Polish culinary books. The material is based on the works published for the first time in the Monumenta Poloniae Culinaria series edited by Jerzy Dumanowski. Determining the quantity in the culinary discourse was associated not only with counting, using measures of volume and weight, but also with the use of human body parts, vessels, items treated as a standard to measure products, determining the mutual proportions of products, as well as subjective assessments of quantity resulting from observing the process of preparing dishes.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono kilkanaście sposobów określania ilości stosowanych w najdawniejszych polskich książkach kulinarnych. Podstawę materiałową stanowią wykorzystane w tym celu po raz pierwszy dzieła wydane w serii Monumenta Poloniae Culinaria pod red. Jerzego Dumanowskiego. Określanie ilości wiązało się w dyskursie kulinarnym nie tylko z liczeniem, stosowaniem miar objętości i wagi, ale też z wykorzystaniem części ciała człowieka, naczyń, rzeczy traktowanych jako wzorzec, ustalaniem wzajemnych proporcji produktów, a także z subiektywnymi ocenami ilości wynikającymi z obserwowania procesu przygotowywania potraw.
EN
The paper summarizes research on Polish-foreign bilingualism in Poland and outside of its borders. It takes various works into account, regardless of whether their authors place bilingualism in the centre of their research interests, or only mention it in the background of considerations on the use of Polish in the given national or ethnic minority. Apart from works on modern Polish-foreign bilingualism, the author discusses research into bi- and multilingualism in Polish linguistic history. Particular attention is given to the Polish-French bilingualism of Polish romantic authors of the 19th century. The final part of the paper reviews the methodology of research into bilingualism, especially those methods that extend beyond the analysis of linguistic contacts, and combine research into bilingualism with cultural, anthropological and humanistic linguistics. The paper closes with remarks on the perspectives of research on bi- and multilingualism in Poland.
Poradnik Językowy
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2023
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vol. 808
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issue 9
31-53
EN
The term najnowsze dzieje polszczyzny / najnowsze dzieje języka polskiego (the latest history of the Polish language) has been in use since the late 1970s and the early 1980s. It has brought problems concerning the chronologisation and internal periodisation of that period in the history of the Polish language. The participants of the discourse, which has continued since the early 1990s, include linguists such as Antoni Furdal, Krystyna Kleszczowa, Stanisław Borawski, Stanisław Dubisz, Irena Bajerowa, Ewa Woźniak. Their publications clearly evidence the need for distinguishing the period in the periodisation of the Polish language, while differing as to its specific timeframe, distinction criteria, and internal periodisation. This study aims to compile the data, present the history of the discourse, and make a summary proposal.
PL
Termin najnowsze dzieje polszczyzny / najnowsze dzieje języka polskiego funkcjonuje od przełomu lat 70. / 80. XX w., a wraz z nim pojawiły się problemy dotyczące chronologizacji i wewnętrznej periodyzacji tego okresu w dziejach języka polskiego. W dyskursie na ten temat, trwającym od początku lat 90. XX w., wzięli udział tacy językoznawcy jak Antoni Furdal, Krystyna Kleszczowa, Stanisław Borawski, Stanisław Dubisz, Irena Bajerowa, Ewa Woźniak. Ich publikacje dokumentują jednoznacznie potrzebę wyodrębnienia w periodyzacji dziejów języka polskiego tego okresu, różniąc się w szczegółach co do jego granic czasowych, kryteriów wydzielania i wewnętrznej periodyzacji. Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu zestawienie tych danych, ukazanie historii tego dyskursu oraz przedstawienie propozycji sumarycznej.
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