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EN
The functioning of hospice institutions may be considered based on three fundamental, functions accomplished by it, i.e. existential, social and economic ones. Holistic evaluation of hospice care requires taking into account actual and potential advantages, possible to achieve both through society represented by all citizens, and through the economy. The article has a survey character – the literature is based on critical analysis within the scope ofthe subject raised. The work was made rich from two-year own experience of volunteer work. For the purpose of realization of the subject raised, empirical examinations were also conducted based on the method of shadow prices and logical matrix. In this paper, the implementation of the function of an existential volunteer hospice is considered on the basis of its ability to alleviate the suffering of patients’ mental and spiritual capacity and give them practical help by volunteers. The usefulness of hospices, which is a part of their social function, was studied by considering the point of existence and functioning of palliative and long-term care centres. In order to define the economic function of a voluntary service, micro and macroeconomic types of analysis were used. One should, however, emphasise that these examinations should have an interdisciplinary character.
EN
Nowadays the good thing is being healthy, young and beautiful. Suffering, disease, old age and death are pushed to the margins of social life, hidden behind the closed doors of hospitals and nursing homes. A man wants do anything to get away from the situation of confrontation with the fragility of human life. However, there are still people who want to support others with professional activity. The purpose of this article is to present reports on the narrative research about working on the pediatric palliative ward and to show what medical staff is thinking about life, death and themselves.
EN
Introduction: The history of palliative care dates back to the 1950s. Purpose: To examine the perceptions of hospice workers and family members of hospice patients related to hospice care in Podlaskie province in Poland. Materials and methods: The present study included 103 hospice workers and 104 family members of patients in hospice. The survey approach was used. Results: 56.7% families and 95.1% hospice workers considered hospice comprehensive care for terminally ill patients. In all, 84.6% of the families and 91.3% of the staff thought positively about hospice. Lack of knowledge of family on dying patients (43.3% families and 61.2% hospice workers), low level of funding for hospices (50% families and 64.1% hospice workers) and a small number of hospices and palliative care clinics (47.1% families and 53.4% hospice workers) are the most common problems in palliative care. According to 78.8% of the families and 84.5% of the staff, a specialist of palliative medicine should work in hospice. 62.5% of the families and 75.7% of the hospice workers were convinced that a nurse with a specialization should also work in hospice. According to 92.9% of the families and 96.9% of the staff, the patient and their family receive support in hospice. Conclusions: Most of the respondents were convinced that hospice is an appropriate place for terminally ill patients. Lack of knowledge of family on dying patients, low level of funding for hospices, a small number of hospices and palliative care clinics are the most common problems in palliative care.
EN
Purpose: To assess attitudes towards euthanasia among medical staff (hospice workers and nurses not working in hospice), nursing students and family members of patients in hospice. Materials and methods: The study group included 565 persons: 175 nursing students, 183 professio-nally-active nurses not working in hospice, 103 hospice workers and 104 family members of patients in hospice. We used the original questionnaire survey. Results: Nearly half of the nurses, 49.6% of the students, 71.8% of the hospice workers and 45.2% of the family members were opposed to active euthanasia, whereas, 24.6% of the nurses, 32.4% of the students, 19% of the family members and 9% of the hospice workers supported euthanasia. Nurses supported the following forms of euthanasia: stopping resuscitation (47.5%), discontinuing life-support equipment (24%), and lethal injection (12%). In the student group, 43.6% supported stopping resuscitation, 34.4% supported the withdrawal of life-support equipment, and 12.6% supported lethal injection. Almost 46% of family members of patients in hospice accepted discontinuing life-support equipment and 21.2% supported stopping resuscitation. Nearly 37% of hospice workers accepted stopping resuscitation and 28.6% supported the withdrawal of life-support equipment. Most hospice workers were opposed to active euthanasia while most of the nursing students supported it. Conslusion: The legalization of euthanasia was favored by most of the students; however, in contrast, it was rarely favored by the hospice workers
EN
The family is the most secure supporting foundation in the situation of a loved one who is suffering and dying. Its activity results from the strength of intra-family bonds and appropriate legal regulations supporting its actions based on the principle of justice and support. Implementing these activates is based on the social capital of activities arising from the principles of the common good, social love and solidarity. An example is the Social Hospice Care Center operating within the Lublin Society of the Friends of the Sick at the Good Samaritan Hospice, which shows the practical applications of the above course of action within family assistance.
EN
This article discusses the need for cultural competencies in hospice and palliative care. The following discussion is based on patient narratives. The interviews (37) were conducted in Munich, Germany, in 2016. Half of the interviewees had a migration history. Thematic analysis revealed that (1) for most of the patients the aims of palliative and hospice care were ambiguous; (2) the end of life was connected with a loss of autonomy and wish for hastened death. Discussions about life, illness, and death were not perceived as burdensome, whereas discussing the end of life seemed challenging. A comparison between two groups revealed that for people with migration history the notion of ‘dying at home’ may cause additional suffering, and thus may need screening and additional attention from professionals. Cultural competence in the hospice and palliative care setting is providing safety by treating each patient as an individual and not as a member of some specific group. The task for medical anthropology in this context is to strive for research free from standpoint epistemology and stereotypes.
PL
The child’s illness, suffering and death provoke many emotions in  the family. The ill child and its family both experience grief which is an emotional reaction to the danger of losing health or life. Support offered by home hospices for children aims at overcoming the destructive influence of illness. A hospice counsellor’s task is to improve the ill child and its family’s quality of life. He is helping the family overcome grief and prepare for the child’s death. The hospice team supports the family members who experience anticipatory and later, actual mourning. Preventing pathological effects of grief is a basic challenge for people who offer help.
EN
The child’s illness, suffering and death provoke many emotions in  the family. The ill child and its family both experience grief which is an emotional reaction to the danger of losing health or life. Support offered by home hospices for children aims at overcoming the destructive influence of illness. A hospice counsellor’s task is to improve the ill child and its family’s quality of life. He is helping the family overcome grief and prepare for the child’s death. The hospice team supports the family members who experience anticipatory and later, actual mourning. Preventing pathological effects of grief is a basic challenge for people who offer help.
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Duszpasterstwo hospicyjne

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EN
Although contemporary medicine is able to fight many diseases yet it is helpless in the face of human suffering including cancer. Both the number of people getting infected and death rates are rising. Sadly, the cases of malicius tumour are diagnosed frequently. Medical diagnosis stating “cancer” is always received with a shock, disbelief or even rebellion. It is necessary to emphasize the care for the patients who cannot be cured. The sickness always challenges the state of personal and family equillibrium. This pain often leads to a truthful revelation of a meaning of human existence, which goes far beyond our earthly matters. Death is strictly interfered with life and is inevitably involved in the life of every human being. It demands respect and responsibility, especially from those who are in charge od medical services. It is the hospice movement that helps people overcome their fears and pain in the last stage of cancer.
EN
A children’s hospice is regarded not only as a specific place but as a multi-faceted program of care for terminally ill children and their families. Hospices take care of people in need, taking into consideration their physical, emotional, social, and also spiritual needs. Hospice workers deal with treating the painful symptoms of the disease, bringing relief and respite to families as well as support during both the time of dying and the period of mourning. The main aim of these institutions is to improve the quality of the last days of patients’ lives by providing not only professional and attentive medical care but also psychological, pastoral, spiritual, and social support. The article presents the premises of hospice work and compares the situation in this respect in Poland and Ukraine.
EN
The aim of this paper is to review the situation in communist and post-revolutionary Czechoslovakia in the area of palliative care. It will familiarize readers with the enormous efforts of two big personalities in the history of Czech health care: Marie Opatrná and Marie Svatošová, who tried to change the old and inconvenient Soviet health care system and make the care of terminal and dying people more human. At the end, it will present some challenges which the current Czech hospice care is confronted with.
EN
Introduction: The role of nurses in palliative and hospice care especially with the terminally ill and dying patients in hospice. Aim of the study: To show the importance and irreplaceable role of nurses in meeting the needs of a patient. Material and methods: The survey was performed among nurses working with terminally ill and dying people in hospices in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Results: Obtained results were analyzed by means of questionnaires, where there are opinions and attitudes of nurses who take care of patients in the terminal stages of various diseases. Conclusions: Although the survey shows significant differences in providing hospice care in Slovakia and the Czech Republic, we can conclude the same result, which is that the role of nurses in the case of care of the terminally ill is extremely important.
XX
Wstęp: Rola pielęgniarki w opiece paliatywnej i hospicyjnej oraz w terapii terminalnie chorych i umierających pacjentów w hospicjum. Cel badania: Pokazanie znaczenia i roli pielęgniarek w zaspokajaniu potrzeb pacjentów. Materiał i metody: Badanie przeprowadzono w czeskich i słowackich hospicjach wśród pielęgniarek pracujących z nieuleczalnie chorymi i umierającymi ludźmi. Wyniki: Analizowaliśmy wyniki uzyskane za pomocą kwestionariuszy, w których określono opinie i postawy pielęgniarek w opiece pielęgniarskiej pacjentów w terminalnej fazie choroby. Wnioski: Mimo że badanie wykazało istotne różnice w zakresie dostępu do opieki hospicyjnej na Słowacji i w Czechach, to rola pielęgniarek w opiece nad śmiertelnie chorymi w obu krajach jest niezwykle ważne.
EN
In the light of the contemporary biopsychosocial model of disability, social exclusion is not an individual problem of the individual, but the situation significantly altering the functioning of the entire family system. Disability can be a cause of social exclusion for both the persons with disability and their families. Therefore, it is important to look for effective (formal and informal, institutional and non-institutional) ways to support families with disabled persons particularly in those activities that enhance the quality of life of families affected by disability. The purpose of this article is to show the importance of social support and examples of good practice that prevent social exclusion of both the persons with disabilities and their careers.
PL
W świetle współczesnego biopsychospołecznego modelu niepełnosprawności wykluczenie społeczne nie jest indywidualnym problemem jednostek lecz sytuacją, która w dużym stopniu wpływa na funkcjonowanie całego systemu rodzinnego. Niepełnosprawność bywa przyczyną wykluczenia społecznego zarówno w odniesieniu do samych osób niepełnosprawnych, jak i dla ich rodzin. Dlatego ważne jest znalezienie skutecznych (formalnych i nieformalnych a także nie-instytucjonalnych) sposobów wsparcia rodzin osób niepełnosprawnych, w szczególności w odniesieniu do działań, które podnoszą jakość życia rodzin dotkniętych niepełnosprawnością. Celem tego artykułu jest wskazanie dużego znaczenia wsparcia społecznego oraz przykładów dobrych praktyk, które zapobiegają wykluczeniu społecznemu zarówno osób niepełnosprawnych jak i ich dróg kariery.
Forum Pedagogiczne
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2018
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vol. 8
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issue 1
297-308
PL
Powstanie pierwszego Hospicjum w Polsce jest związane ze stosunkowo niedawną historią lat 70-tych. Jednak zmiany jakie się dokonały w Polsce w ostatnich latach powodują, że dzisiaj na wolontariat hospicyjny decydują się inne osoby niż ponad czterdzieści lat temu. Artykuł pokaże wpierw jak wyglądały idee wolontariatu hospicyjnego. Zostanie to opisane w świetle wywiadu z byłą koordynator wolontariatu w Hospicjum św. Łazarza w Krakowie, Ewą Bodek. Wywiad ten jest obecnie przygotowywany do publikowania. Jak wygląda motywacja wolontariuszy dzisiaj zostanie zaś przedstawione w świetle analizy rozmów wstępnych z czterech ostatnich rekrutacji kandydatów na wolontariuszy Hospicjum św. Łazarza w Krakowie. Nowością artykułu będzie zestawienie z jednej strony wyników badań jakościowych dotyczących motywacji pierwszych hospicyjnych wolontariuszy w Polsce, z drugiej zaś wyników analizy badań dotyczących motywacji przychodzących w ostatnich latach do Hospicjum kandydatów do wolontariatu.
EN
The first hospices in Poland were opened in 1970s, however, the reasons why people decided to volunteer in such places in the past and why they do it today differ. The article presents the ideas governing hospice volunteering over forty years ago on the basis of an interview with Ewa Bodek, an ex-coordinator of voluntary service in St. Lazarus Hospice in Cracow. This interview is now being prepared for publication. Present volunteers' motivation is analysed on the basis of interviews with candidates for voluntary service in St. Lazarus Hospice in Cracow conducted during the last four recruitment processes. The novelty of the article lies in juxtaposition of qualitative research on motivation of the first hospice volunteers in Poland and the results of the analysis of the motivation of contemporary candidates for voluntary service in St. Lazarus Hospice in Cracow.
EN
Service of the chaplain in the hospice in the light of selected documents of the Church after the Second Vatican Council The priest has many tasks and sections of his work ahead of him. One of them is the seryice to the sick and suffering to which the Word of God and the documents of the Church calls. A special place of this service is the hospice ministry that awaits the conscio- us and committed pastors. This article shows great need for spiritual service in hospices, showing its sources, specificity and specific tasks and areas of pastoral work. The article aims to raise awareness and the need to engage the clergy in the hospice movement, that becomes an example for the laity. Pastoral involvement in the hospice movement continu- es to be a pastoral challenge which the Church in Poland must pursue, as there are more and more sick and suffering waiting for help.
PL
Łacińska nazwa hospitium, pochodzi od słowa hospes, oznaczającego osobę udzielającą gościny i gospodarza. Z czasem zaczęto odnosić ją do miejsc, w których obejmowano opieką nieuleczalnie chorych. W średniowieczu taką opiekę, zwłaszcza nad chorymi ubogimi, pełniły zgromadzenia zakonne. Do powstania wielu przytułków i schronisk przyczyniły się również powszechna w tamtym okresie praktyka pielgrzymek do odległych miejsc uznawanych za święte, a także krucjaty organizowane w latach 1095-1270. W wielu miejscach przyjmowano z czasem nie tylko pielgrzymów, ale także chorych, którym wykonywano proste zabiegi opiekuńczo-lecznicze. Dopiero w wieku XIX zaczęły powstawać pierwsze domy opieki skierowane do umierających. Prekursorką z tej dziedzinie była Cicely Saunders, założycielka pierwszego współczesnego hospicjum w 1967 roku w Londynie. W Polsce ruch hospicyjny w roku 1964 zapoczątkowała Hanna Chrzanowska. W latach 80. i 90. XX wieku nastąpił dynamiczny rozwój ruchu hospicyjnego. Stopniowo powstawało coraz więcej placówek ukierunkowanych na dzieci. W XXI wieku w związku ze znacznym postępem w zakresie diagnostyki prenatalnej, zaczęto otwierać ośrodki opieki paliatywno-hospicyjnej obejmującej integralną opieką dzieci, u których zdiagnozowano ciężką i nieuleczalną chorobę w okresie prenatalnym oraz ich rodziców.
EN
The latin word hospitium, derived from hospes, originally meant a person granting hospitality, and/or a host. With the passage of time it begans to apply it to the places where embracing care of incurable patients. In medieval times the care of the sick, especially the poor sick, was performed by various congregations. An increase number of refuges and shelters was caused by common pilgrimage movement and crusades in the years 10951270. It was only in the nineteenth century that the first houses focused on the dying were built. The forerunner in this field was Cicely Saunders, the founder of the first hospice in the world in 1967 in London. In Poland, Hanna Chrzanowska started the hospice movement in 1964. In the 80s and 90s, there has been a significant development of the hospice movement. Also more and more hospices were dedicated exclusively for children. In the twenty first century due to significant advances in the prenatal diagnosis new centers of perinatal palliative care began to open which were focused on the children in prenatal stage and their family.
PL
Opieka paliatywno-hospicyjna jest związana z ostatnim etapem życia ludzkiego i bywa proponowana w postaci opieki domowej lub stacjonarnej wtedy, gdy chory cierpi na zaawansowaną, nieuleczalna chorobę przewlekłą, głównie nowotworową. Ciężka choroba, umieranie, śmierć oraz przeżywanie straty i żałoby są elementami wpisanymi w misję opieki paliatywno-hospicyjnej i związanego z nią w Polsce i na świecie wolontariatu. Ochotnicze zaangażowanie wiąże się głównie z pomocą osób o właściwych postawach moralnych, w tym młodzieży z „dobrych szkół” czy środowisk o ukształtowanej duchowości i dobrych wzorcach z życia rodzinnego i społecznego. Czy jest możliwe, by tego rodzaju sytuacje graniczne o dużym ładunku emocjonalnym mogły być pozytywnymi i rozwojowymi doświadczeniami dla kształtującej się struktury psychofizycznej młodego człowieka zagrożonego wykluczeniem? Czy można przygotować nauczycieli i wychowawców, by poprzez tematy związane z końcem ludzkiego życia mogli wpływać na emocjonalny rozwój swoich podopiecznych, szczególnie w sytuacjach kryzysowych? Prezentując podstawowe informacje o opiece paliatywno-hospicyjnej i wolontariacie hospicyjnym, ukazane zostały w tym artykule przykłady udanej współpracy hospicjum i szkoły w psychopedagogicznym oddziaływaniu na młodzież z grupy zagrożonej wykluczeniem. Odniesienia do propozycji wydawniczych Biblioteki Fundacji Hospicyjnej, będących pomocą dla wychowawców, katechetów i innych osób pracujących z tak zwaną trudną młodzieżą kończą ten artykuł oparty na praktycznym działaniu i społecznej edukacji na temat końca ludzkiego życia i wolontariatu.
EN
Hospice-palliative care is related to the last stage of human life and is sometimes proposed as a home or stationary care when patient is suffering from advanced, incurable chronic disease, especially cancer. Serious illness, dying, and death as well as experience of loss and bereavement are described in the mission of end-of-life care which is related in Poland with volunteering. Volunteer involvement is associated mainly with the help of people with good moral attitudes, including young people from “good schools” or environments with shaped spirituality and good practices of family and social life. Is it possible that this type of boundary situations with high emotional charge can be positive and developmental experiences for psychophysical structure emerging young person at risk of exclusion? Is it possible to prepare teachers and educators, which through the topics related to the end of life care could affect the emotional development of students, especially in crisis situations? Presenting basic information about hospice care in Poland and hospice volunteering examples of successful cooperation between hospice and school has been shown, especially its impact on young people at risk of exclusion from a group. References to publishing proposals from Hospice Foundation Library, which were prepared as help to educators, catechists and others working with so-called difficult youth ends this article based on practical action and social education about the end of life and volunteering.
PL
Dzięki ruchowi hospicyjnemu oraz medycynie paliatywnej w ciągu ostatnich lat powstała w Niemczech wielka liczba ośrodków opieki o charakterze stacjonarnym lub ambulatoryjnym. Ich ideą przewodnią jest pragnienie tworzenia takich warunków dla umierających, które umożliwiłyby im życie w godności aż do ostatniej chwili. Równocześnie przez solidarne towarzyszenie umierającym oraz ich bliskim powinna powstawać baza dla nowej „kultury umierania” rozumianej jako ars moriendi, jak również wyraźna alternatywa w stosunku do propagowanej aktywnej eutanazji. Realizacja tego celu domaga się szczególnego zabezpieczenia jakości, ponieważ chodzi tu o śmierć człowieka. Artykuł pokazuje, że w tym przypadku nie można ograniczać się do jakości struktur, procesów i wyników. Potrzeba jest także podstawowa refleksja etyczna, co znaczy .jakość. w najbardziej pierwotnym rozumieniu.
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2018
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vol. XVII
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issue (1/2018)
323-337
EN
Aim: The family of a sick child may use support offered by various institutions and social organisations. One of the forms of boosting an ill child’s family is support offered by children’s hospices. Their aim is to ensure the optimal quality of the child’s life and help other family members. Hospice websites are an important source of information for parents who would like to receive support. The aim of the research was to present what kind of support is offered to ill children and their families. Methods: The research was conducted with the use of qualitative analysis of data available on websites of 31 children’s hospices in Poland. Results: The analysis of websites showed that support offered by the institutions meets palliative care standards. This kind of support satisfies ill children’s needs, improves the quality of their life and boosts other family members. The way of presenting information is specific to each website, which emphasises the variety of approaches. It sometimes raises questions about the determinants of social support. Conclusions: Resources available on hospice websites meet the need to receive simple and useful information which helps parents make important decisions.
PL
Cel: Rodzina nieuleczalnie chorego dziecka może korzystać ze wsparcia różnych instytucji i organizacji społecznych. W ofercie pomocowej znajduje się również wsparcie proponowane przez hospicja dla dzieci. Działania hospicjum są ukierunkowane na zapewnienie optymalnej jakości życia chorego dziecka, a także wsparcie jego bliskich. Ważnym źródłem informacji na temat tej działalności są strony internetowe prowadzone przez hospicja. Rodzice poszukujący wsparcia mogą z nich korzystać, czerpiąc z nich niezbędną wiedzę. Celem podjętych badań jest pokazanie, jaką pomoc i w jaki sposób hospicja oferują wsparcie dla chorych dzieci i ich rodzin. Metody: Dla osiągniecia tego celu dokonano jakościowej analizy danych zawartych na stronach internetowych wybranych 31 hospicjów dla dzieci w Polsce. Wyniki: Analiza stron internetowych hospicjów pokazała, że proponowana przez nie opieka w pełni spełnia standardy opieki paliatywnej. Zakres świadczonej pomocy wychodzi naprzeciw potrzebom chorych dzieci, podnosząc jakość ich życia, a także ich rodzinom. Sposób przedstawiania treści na stronach hospicyjnych jest specyficzny dla każdej witryny, co świadczy o różnorodności podejść. Niekiedy skłania do refleksji na temat różnorodnych uwarunkowań wsparcia społecznego. Wnioski: Treści zawarte w witrynach są rzetelną odpowiedzią na potrzebę uzyskania prostych i rzeczowych informacji, na podstawie których rodzice chorego dziecka mogą podejmować ważne decyzje.
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