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EN
The elaborate rituals accompanying the construction of a temple and the installation of its idols characteristic of Tantric traditions were meant to ensure a perfect abode and receptacle for the highest god in his earthly manifestation. Descriptions of these rituals in religious texts supplement technical prescripts included in texts on art and architecture and provide a theoretical and theological background for the temple cult. The practices enable the proper creation and then the appropriate use of the temple and its idol, guaranteed by the permanent presence of god. But in the every-day temple practice the ritual could be endangered by the fact that the temple and the idol in some situations lose their perfection. This can be caused by impurity or damage. The ideal structure can be spoilt and therefore the religious practice and ritualistic manuals have to provide practical methods of reacting to such inevitable events. The article refers to several Pāñcarātrika sources which in their passages concern the impurity and damages as well as the renovation and replacement of old temples and images. The actions to be undertaken in such cases are presented in the texts under the heading jīrṇoddhāra.
EN
The image that Romania has abroad represents, especially from a journalistic perspective, a more and more fashionable topic, although the westerners’ interest in this ‘different’ country is not that recent. What is recent is the self-awareness that Romanians are starting to develop, with regard to the westerners’ opinions, appreciative or deprecatory as they may be. The media play a very important role in the dissemination of national images and are the main provider of clichés and stereotypes. Ethnic groups are stereotyped and ‘otherized’ on the basis of popular media images. However, travel accounts are the literary works that carry imagological messages par excellence. My intention is to illustrate how the media influence the dissemination of images in travel writing and how images in travel writing can be approached through instruments normally used in journalistic discourse analysis
EN
Zainichi Koreans are Korean nationals, permanently living in Japan without holding Japanese citizenship. Their living conditions there have been difficult from the very beginning, dating back to 1910. Since then, various myths and stereotypes were created about Zainichi Koreans. What is more interesting, media has been playing an important role in spreading information about them and creating a specific image about this ethnic minority in Japan. In order to find out what image of Zainichi Koreans is being created nowadays, articles in Japanese internet news website The Japan Times were used while accomplishing a discourse analysis.
LT
‘Zainichi’ [sk. dzainiči] korėjiečiai yra Pietų arba Šiaurės Korėjos piliečiai, gyvenantys Japonijoje nuolatinių rezidentų teisėmis. Šis statusas jiems dažnai kelia įvairių sunkumų. Žiūrint iš istorinės perspektyvos, Zainichi korėjiečiai susiduria su sunkumais nuo pat jų migracijos į Japoniją pradžios, nuo 1910 m. Nuo tada apie Zainichi korėjiečius buvo kuriami įvairūs mitai, vadovaujamasi stereotipais bei išankstine (neretai klaidinga) nuomone. Nuo tada, kai žiniasklaida tapo visuotinai prieinama bei populiari, jos vaidmuo įvaizdžių kūrime tapo vienu svarbiausiu. XX a. antroje pusėje buvo pradėta vengti tautinių mažumų tematikos Japonijos spaudoje, tačiau pastaruoju metu ši tendencija nyksta. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjami dabartinėje Japonijos žiniasklaidoje pateikiami Zainichi korėjiečių įvaizdžiai, jų pateikimo ypatybės bei tendencijos.
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EN
Introductory CommentsThe sixth issue (not just in the Thematic Section) is devoted to the borders of civilization in our memory, in culture, in art, in literature, in the arrangement of political objectives. Both their demarcation and their crossing is a matter of the objectives we can and want to set ourselves in the context of the order that exists and into which we try to fit, transforming it or levelling.The value of this survey of  “images of borders” is its setting in such varied material, owing to which the theoretical speculations gain a representative illustration and, at the same time, a guarantee of being rooted, even if it is only a “contact zone”. WprowadzenieSzósty numer (nie tylko sekcja tematyczna) jest poświęcony kwestii granic cywilizacji w naszej pamięci, kulturze, sztuce, literaturze, w definiowaniu celów politycznych. Zarówno ich wyznaczanie, jak i przekraczanie, jest kwestią celów, jakie możemy i chcemy postawić sobie w kontekście istniejącego ładu, w który staramy się wpisać, przekształcając go lub dostosowując się do niego. Wartością niniejszego przeglądu "obrazów granic" jest przedstawienie ich poprzez tak zróżnicowany materiał, dzięki czemu rozważania teoretyczne zyskują reprezentatywną ilustrację, a zarazem gwarancję zakorzenienia, nawet jeśli będzie to tylko "sfera kontaktu".
FR
Narrative developments often stem from images in Dany Laferrière’s work. On the other hand, some of the narration in Laferrière’s fiction and nonfiction is synthesized in narrative snapshots that resemble descriptions. Temporal dimension plays a key role in this constant shift between image and imagination, because, as Didi-Huberman has shown, images carry an anachronistic element. This element also allows Laferrière and his narrators to use mainly simple present tense, even when the content of the narration is set in the past. Nevertheless, images are never explained or rationalized in Laferrière’s work, which keeps the mystery and ambiguity that characterize visual representations.
EN
Sustainable development policies have become new objectives of local actions since the implementation of the notion in the 1990s. Small towns promote images of places where the living is easy and with sustainable amenities like “natural” living environment. But, beyond these perceptions, operational sustainable development policies are quite occasional. Taking a sample of French small towns in the Auvergne region as examples, it is interesting to analyse this paradox of an interesting potential leading to rare effective actions. It seems that it is quite difficult for local stakeholders to implement really transversal and not sectoral policies and the lack of capacity and budget is an important issue for them as it takes time and money to develop really participative and holistic programs.
EN
The aim of the article is to present images of Russia made by young Polish documentary filmmakers during the workshop project Russia-Poland. New gaze, which appears as the voice in the discussion about the mutual perception of Poles and Russians. Representations of Russia presented by Polish directors seems to me interesting in the context of film history and literary tradition, fragments of observed reality and its cinematic interpretation. As the result, we receive the record of relationship with the neighbor which involves a lot of contexts and is negotiated in tension between stereotype and the attempt of breaking it.
EN
Environmental sustainability is a topic widely discussed in the field of science education, yet, few entities have committed to developing environmental sustainability education standards. The Washington State Department of Education has created K-12 Integrated Environmental and Sustainability Learning Standards (IESLS, 2009), which align with current research and practices in environmental and sustainability education. This study focuses on the perceptions of secondary pre-service teachers about the use of images to teach environmental sustainability topics integrated in their content area. The research explores the question what secondary pre-service teachers' perceptions of sustainability and using images to teach environmental sustainability topics in their content area are. The participants were comprised of secondary pre-service teachers enrolled in an instructional methodology course from a small university in the Pacific Northwestern United States. Teaching environmental sustainability and integrating lessons using images had a noticeable impact on pre-service teachers' perceived future teaching practices. Participants also changed beliefs over the course of the study about using images to teach environmental sustainability topics.
EN
In an age when the global dissemination of digital information is transforming the way we read and write by foregrounding the interdependence of visual/verbal elements and languages, the reconstruction of identity and history in digital environments challenges binary translation processes. From this perspective, we interrogate the integration of visual and verbal elements in three Wikipedia articles, written in Polish, English, and Portuguese, about the topic “Polish death camp”. What is the role of translation in the semiotic construction of historical discourses in these articles? What are the conflicts generated by translated denominations? How do Wikipedia communities engage with the production of these cognitiverepresentations? This paper attempts to answer these questions.
PL
The main aim of this article is an attempt to show a new scientific/scholarly discipline that is the study of image. The study is spreading in the area of the social sciences and it is connected with hope for further, scientific undertakings that will refresh and depict a slightly different view to the perception and interpretation of sense in the image. The author emphasises that all the sources referring to pictorial turn, should be sought at the philosophical basis of the image theory as well as the language conceptions. At the same time they set a trend for further scientific investigations. It is essential to show an anthropology of the image that follows the way of the image getting absorbed in the analysis of the media as well as the symbols, including the symbols created by the particular culture on the grounds of the sense made by the human existence.
EN
This article proposes a reflection on a tale that can be a bridge between “literature for children and teens” and “literature for adults”: The Bears’ Famous Invasion of Sicily by Dino Buzzati. It offers a link between fable and fantasy novel and contains all of the elements of the fairy tale that Vladimir Propp planned in 1928: loss, departure, challenges to overcome, reward, and return. It is closely connected to its historical reality (the period after the Second World War), but at the same time it detaches itself from that period through the fantastic element. In short, the book is a mirror of Buzzati’s literary personality and the first literary work of a restless but sensitive author who always felt linked to painting and writing, to adults and children, to reality and evasion.
IT
Il presente contributo propone una riflessione su un racconto da sempre in grado di fare da ponte tra “letteratura per bambini e ragazzi” e “letteratura per adulti”: La famosa invasione degli orsi in Sicilia di Dino Buzzati è infatti un romanzo di confine, un anello di congiunzione tra fiaba e romanzo fantastico. Ha in sé tutti gli elementi della fiaba magistralmente gerarchizzati da Vladimir Propp nel 1928 (mancanza, partenza, prove, premio, ritorno), è strettamente connesso alla realtà storica del suo tempo (il secondo dopoguerra) e al tempo stesso se ne distacca con garbo tramite l’elemento fantastico. È, insomma, specchio della personalità letteraria di Dino Buzzati, la prima prova di un autore inquieto e insensibile, da sempre legato da un doppio filo a pittura e scrittura, adulti e bambini, contemporaneità ed evasione.
EN
The main aim of this article is an attempt to show a new scientific/scholarly discipline that is the study of image. The study is spreading in the area of the social sciences and it is connected with hope for further, scientific undertakings that will refresh and depict a slightly different view to the perception and interpretation of sense in the image. The author emphasises that all the sources referring to pictorial turn, should be sought at the philosophical basis of the image theory as well as the language conceptions. At the same time they set a trend for further scientific investigations. It is essential to show an anthropology of the image that follows the way of the image getting absorbed in the analysis of the media as well as the symbols, including the symbols created by the particular culture on the grounds of the sense made by the human existence.
EN
Creativity with words or pictures is not simply a matter of communicating a message, but of communicating it well, in a way that is effective, original and which defies convention. Effectiveness here pertains to the pragmatic goals of the communicator, and the extent to which these are achieved, while originality pertains to the manner in which the message is framed. Language, for instance, provides a wealth of conventions for framing a message; indeed, the vast part of language is a solidified body of culturally received conventions, which fix the meaning of words and phrases and determine the contextual appropriateness of specific terms, topics and conversational strategies. To frame a message in a novel manner that stretches or even subverts these conventions, a communicator must imbue the elements of communication-whether words, gestures or pictorial elements-with additional meanings. This duality of meaning is not arbitrary, however, or communication cannot succeed. Rather, a creative communicator must draw out secondary meanings that are already implicit in the stock elements of communication, in a way that the audience can understand, appreciate and replicate. Duality thus lies at the heart of creative communication, allowing a communicator to say one thing and simultaneously convey another, secondary message that may augment or subvert the overt content of the communication. This mechanism, which draws out and gives prominence to that which is normally unseen or implicit, is Figure-Ground Reversal.
EN
No account or discourse on Kāśī goes without claiming the extraordinary status of the place; the city is considered the eternal tīrtha, where all notable places of Indian sacred geography are represented by local replicas; moreover, according to Puranic tradition Kāśī dwells on Lord Śiva triśūla, surviving the universal dissolution for it exists outside space, beyond time. The perception of the historical place gets often confused with the mythical image forged by the māhātmya tradition and supported by different actors in the course of time (sacred specialists, “new Hindūs”, nationalists, orientalists and tourists). The paper deals with the image of Kāśī beyond time and space and analyses its construction through history and society. Basing our reflections on the phenomenological approach to the study of spatial dimension, we want to highlight the interactions between the struggle of creation of a mythic space of the city and the inevitable intrusions and contributions of lived places and their practices, as depicted in the visual sources on Banāras.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie praktyki wykorzystywania nietekstualnych elementów w uzasadnieniach sądowych, a także wyjaśnienie potrzeby powstania tego nowego terminu oraz sposobu, w jaki został wyłoniony. Realizuję cel poprzez udzielenie odpowiedzi na kilka pytań. Po pierwsze omawiam, jakie niekonwencjonalne elementy pojawiają się w uzasadnieniach sądowych. Następnie argumentuję dlaczego pojęcia obrazu i wizualności nie są adekwatne dla opisu tego zjawiska i wskazuję na potrzebę sformułowania nowego pojęcia. W następnej kolejności odpowiadam na pytanie, co łączy te nietypowe elementy i na tej podstawie proponuję pojęcie nietekstualnych elementów w uzasadnieniach sądowych. Analizuję także, czy wyróżnienie takiej kategorii oznacza, że może być ona traktowana jako homogeniczna. Na koniec rozważam, czy obecność nietekstualnych elementów w uzasadnieniach sądowych jest czymś nowym w rzeczywistości prawnej, a jeśli tak, to jakie jest jej znaczenie dla procesu stosowania prawa.
EN
The objective of the article is to present the practice of using non-textual elements in judicial opinions, as well as to explain the need for a new term and the way in which it was created. In order to do so, several questions have been addressed. First, the elements actually used in judicial opinions are specified. Next, the reasons why terms such as image or visual material cannot adequately describe the phenomenon in question are presented and reasons are offered for the creation of a new term. What the elements have in common is then outlined and the concept of non-textual elements in judicial opinions is introduced. An examination of whether distinguishing this category means that these elements can be treated as a homogeneous group is then presented. Finally, whether the presence of such elements in judicial opinions is new in legal reality is considered and, if so, what their significance is to the functioning of judicial opinions.
XX
W Polsce w okresie międzywojennym ukazywało się kilkanaście czasopism o tematyce fotograficznej. W roku 1936 na rynku wydawniczym ukazało się aż dziewięć ich tytułów. Liczba artykułów omawiających dane zagadnienie w zakresie fotografiki wahała się od kilku do kilkuset. Zamierzeniem autorów artykułów zamieszczonych w tych czasopismach było nauczenie osób zajmujących się fotografowaniem uzyskiwania poprawnych zdjęć pod względem artystycznym, kompozycyjnym i technicznym. Swoje przesłanie edukacyjne kierowali oni głównie do fotoamatorów. Z analizy treści artykułów wynika, że owo przesłanie dydaktyczne dotyczyło głównie problematyki związanej z estetyką i kompozycją wykonywanych fotografii. Pozostałe artykuły odnosiły się do techniki wykonywania zdjęć oraz ich obróbki w procesie negatywowym i pozytywowym, a także sprzętu wykorzystywanego w całym procesie otrzymywania obrazów. Poza tym teksty zawierały wiele informacje z zakresu chemii, fizyki i krajoznawstwa. W licznych artykułach można również odnaleźć wątki wychowania patriotycznego.
EN
Close to a dozen journals dedicated to photography were published in Poland during the interwar period. For instance, in 1936, there were as many as nine specific titles with numerous volumes, and the number of journal articles discussing issues pertinent to photography ranged from several to more than a couple hundreds. The intention of the articles’ authors was to educate those interested in photography about obtaining images that were proper in regard to artistry, composition and technique. The educational message was primarily targeted at amateur photographers. From the content analysis of the articles, it appears that the aforementioned main educational message related mostly to the issues linked with aesthetics and composition of the pictures taken. The remaining articles addressed the technique of taking a photo, as well as developing and editing it within the negative and positive photo-processes. The authors also debated the equipment used during the entire process of acquiring images. The articles contained a lot of technical information from the fields of chemistry, physics and geography/landscape. Additionally, multiple journal articles reflect the themes of patriotic education.
EN
The article concerns common knowledge seen as a kind of a rational construction that determines symbolic images of the world shown on TV. The article looks at symbolic strategies of “domesticating” the world, both local and global. The Polish perspective is adopted since images of the world shown on TV share some common features that result from television language, but are specific for different television channels, not only in the world but also within one country – Poland. I will take a look at images of the world shown by Polish television channels.
PL
Wizerunki prezentowane w reklamach są bardzo mocne i mają ogromny wpływ na nasze postrzeganie świata. Role kobiet i mężczyzn zmieniły się w ciągu ostatniego dziesięciolecia i dlatego warto zbadać sposób, w jaki są one postrzegane w reklamie. Cel naszego badania był dwojaki. Po pierwsze, chcieliśmy dowiedzieć się jak polscy studenci anglistyki, którymi są głównie kobiety, postrzegają wizerunek mężczyzny przedstawiany w reklamie. Naszym drugim celem była analiza postrzegania przez studentki sloganów zastosowanych w reklamach. W celu zebrania odpowiedzi na nasze pytania badawcze dotyczące wizerunku mężczyzn w reklamie, a także języka reklamy, postanowiliśmy przygotować specjalny kwestionariusz, w którym studentki były proszone o skomentowanie reklam związanych z danym wizerunkiem dotyczącym mężczyzn. Reklamy zostały wybrane na podstawie kategorii ustalonych przez Frith i Müeller (2010). Podczas analizy danych postanowiliśmy wykorzystać te kategorie, które opiszemy w części teoretycznej naszego artykułu. Uzyskane dane pozwoliły nam dowiedzieć się jaki jest wizerunek mężczyzn w reklamie oraz jaki rodzaj języka sprawia, że reklamy są skuteczne.
EN
Images presented in advertisements are very powerful and have huge impact on our perception of the world. The roles of women and men have changed within the last decade and therefore it is worth investigating the way they are perceived in advertising. The purpose of our study was twofold. First, we aimed to find out how Polish students from the English Department at a tertiary level institution in Poland, who are mainly females, perceive the image of a man in advertising. Our second purpose was to analyse their reception of slogans used in the advertisements. In order to find out the answers to our research questions concerning the image of males in advertising as well as language of advertising, we have decided to design a special questionnaire in which the students were asked to comment on advertisements associated with particular image concerning men. The advertisements had been chosen in relation to the categories established by Frith and Müeller (2010). While analysing the data we decided to use these categories, which are to be described in the theoretical part of the article. The obtained data has allowed us to find out what the image of a man is and what kind of language is used to make the advertisements effective.
EN
The aim of this article is to present media images of Ukrainian women in the weekly opinion magazine Newsweek Polska at the beginning of the war with Russia, as well as from the perspective of a year after the start of the military actions. The media played a special role in the process of reporting on the course of the Russian-Ukrainian war, portraying Ukrainian women in the varied roles of mothers, wives, caretakers of the household, but also active women, often soldiers fighting against the invader. An analysis of the content of Newsweek’s coverage has shown changes in the ways Ukrainian women are portrayed. Media representations of Ukrainian women in Newsweek, as a consequence of the war, have been transformed – from the stereotypical roles in which women are most often shown, through victims of war, to images of people fighting side-by-side with men. In addition, at the beginning of 2023, the studies showed a decline in interest in the topic of the Russian-Ukrainian war in the pages of Newsweek Polska.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie wizerunków medialnych Ukrainek w tygodniku opinii „Newsweek Polska” na początku wojny z Rosją, jak i z perspektywy roku od rozpoczęcia działań wojennych. W procesie informowania o przebiegu wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiej szczególną rolę odegrały media, ukazujące mieszkanki Ukrainy w zróżnicowanych rolach matek, żon, opiekunek domowego ogniska, ale także kobiet aktywnych, często żołnierek walczących z najeźdźcą. Analiza zawartości przekazów na łamach „Newsweeka” wykazała zmiany w sposobach ukazywania Ukrainek. Medialne reprezentacje kobiet Ukrainy w tygodniku „Newsweek”, jako konsekwencja wojny uległy przeobrażeniu – od stereotypowych ról, w których ukazywane są najczęściej kobiety, poprzez ofiary wojny, do obrazów osób walczących ramię w ramię z mężczyznami. W 2023 roku w badaniach odnotowano ponadto spadek zainteresowania problematyką wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiej na łamach tygodnika „Newsweek Polska”.
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