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EN
Introduction: In this article, selected issues concerning sanitary and epidemiological surveillance in post-war Poland (until 1989) have been described. Sanitary problems which occurred in Poland directly after the Second World War and the development of infectious diseases’ epidemiology have been included. Purpose: To summarize the establishment, development and modification of sanitary and epidemiological structures, the introduction of vaccinations as well as other medical means of overcoming infectious diseases, improving people’s living conditions and health situation. Materials and methods: Literature related to the topic and archival materials from the Voivodeship Sanitary-Epidemiological Station in Gdansk were used. Archives included a vaccination programme valid between 1975 and 1989 and a two-week specimen report concerning morbidity rates of infectious diseases and chemical poisoning. Results: Thanks to the archival materials, issues concerning infectious diseases were emphasized. The the utilized literature brought out the National Institute’s for Public Health role as an authority in the cooperation with other healthcare institutions, influenced the formation and organization of sanitary and epidemiological service in Poland. Conclusions: The historical background of this text has been presented as a secondary subject, however, the years 1945-1989 comprising the time-frame of this article were a period of great changes. One of them was the formation of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance.
EN
The article focuses on the general principles regarding personal protection of people during a pandemic. The author indicates the difference between the concepts of an epidemic and a pandemic, characterizes civil protection, and specifies classification and possibilities of incorporating personal means of protection against biological infection. The text also highlights measures that contribute to protection of health and life of civilians as well as personal means of protection in the armed forces.The publication is based on the analysis of available literature on the subject. In the research process, the author used his many years of experience in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland (the chemical troops), including data gathered from simulation of conduct in CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear) contaminated environment.
EN
The problem area of safety can be dealt with in many different ways. In my opinion, one of the more and more often appearing problems of the globalized world is protection against threats existing in the sphere of health safety and prevention of threats connected with terrorism. It seems only too appropriate to begin considerations on the question of health safety and preventing the terrorism threat with an attempt at defining the multi-form notion of safety. The practice to date shows that the problem area is still raising numerous controversies. However, the question of safety dealt with in the first part of the present considerations was discussed in the context of two phenomena: prevention in the area of health safety and terrorism threat. Especial attention should be paid to two phenomena taking on two forms: terrorism and health safety. Even though the heterogeneity of the phenomena does not allow accepting uniform procedures within safety protection, the need to elaborate uniform strategies and preventive mechanisms appears to be the common denominator. I am aware of the fact that the presentation of the problems undertaken in this paper is of the fragmentary character only, but I hope that in the future it will provide a strong impulse to make further deepened analyses and conduct comparative research.
EN
The investigation of migration can help us understand how the types of migration interact with each other as well as with the various local/national ‘immobilities’. Migrants pose special challenges to healthcare systems, in their origin as well as destination countries. Available data on this topic, following EU interests and policies, focuses on health problems of vulnerable migrant groups, often directed exclusively to issues that can affect the local population. This paper aims to set some explanatory contexts when it comes to the relationship between migration and healthcare within the European context.
EN
Homelessness is an urgent problem for any civilised society. It becomes the subject of examination of several fields of science such as social work, medicine, nursing, public health, law, sociology, psychology, theology, ethics, economy, environment and so on. In the paper, the authors analyze individual types of homelessness and social and health forms of assistance. They pay attention to the causes of homelessness, they describe the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms and the related right to treatment, the right to social services. In the Czech Republic, they approximate the importance, objectives and tasks of the association of asylum houses and dormitories, similarly indicating the situation in the Slovak Republic. They pay particular attention to health risks in the homeless community (mental disorders, infectious diseases, viral hepatitis, HIV/AIDS) and access to healthcare for the homeless.
EN
One of the voivodeship governor’s areas of public activities encompasses health safety. Being the element of this safety, health protection is the area requiring both responsible and efficient measures, as well as considerable financial means. One of the aspects of the governor’s activity within this area is preventing and eradicating human infections and infectious diseases. Within the local area competence, the governor may announce a sanitary epidemiological risk or an epidemic on the territory of the entire voivodeship or its part, introducing orders, prohibitions or obligations provided for in the laws in force.
PL
Jedną z publicznych sfer działania wojewody jest przestrzeń bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego. Ochrona zdrowia, jako element tego bezpieczeństwa, jest tym obszarem, który wymaga zarówno odpowiedzialnych i skutecznych działań, jak i znacznych nakładów finansowych. Jednym z aspektów aktywności wojewody w przestrzeni bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego jest zapobieganie oraz zwalczanie zakażeń i chorób zakaźnych u ludzi. W granicach właściwości miejscowej wojewoda w tym zakresie może ogłosić stan zagrożenia epidemicznego lub stan epidemii na obszarze całego województwa bądź jego części, wprowadzając przy tym ustawowo określone nakazy, zakazy czy też obowiązki.
EN
The article deals with the occurence of whooping cough epidemics using the example of the parish of Detva in the 1860s. However, the problem is more complicated in that the disease appears in the church registers as a cough (tussis), not as a whooping cough (pertussis / tussis convulsiva). Therefore, it was repeatedly verified in the medical literature and sources of the time whenever these terms are correlated. I present how whooping cough is characterized, and how its epidemics manifested themselves in the past. Another part of the text is an analysis of register records, indicating cough, or whooping cough as the cause of death based on records of burials from the parish of Detva in today's central Slovakia. Victims who perished of a "cough" died in every year of the analyzed decade. That was also the main reason why I chose this period. My goal was to find out the basic demographic characteristics of the epidemics, such as the average age of the victims, the gender ratio and the proportion of deaths of cough victims to other deceased. Then I would calculate the crude death rate of whooping cough victims and analyzing the seasonality of epidemics. In addition, the research also follow the course of the infection in different parts of the parish, comparing the primary centre of the parish, i.e., the town of Detva, with the periphery of the region, which was made up of estates scattered in the hills.
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EN
The objective of the article is to present the institution of employee vaccination and its current legal status. The considerations include examining vaccinations for employees from the perspective of their mandatory or voluntary nature and their consequences for the parties of the employment relationship. Employee vaccinations are related to such issues as the employer's obligation to protect the life and health of employees, the outcome of an employee's refusal to undergo preventive vaccinations, and responsibility for employee vaccinations. The investigated subject is crucial in the light of the current SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic, causing the COVID-19 disease and the resulting possibility of vaccinating employees against this disease.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie instytucji szczepień ochronnych dla pracowników i omówienie obecnego stanu prawnego tej instytucji. Autorka analizuje szczepienia ochronne dla pracowników z perspektywy ich obowiązkowego bądź zalecanego charakteru oraz idące za taką kwalifikacją konsekwencje dla podmiotów stosunku pracy. Ze szczepieniami pracowniczymi wiążą się m.in. takie zagadnienia jak obowiązek pracodawcy ochrony życia i zdrowia pracowników, skutki odmowy pracownika poddania się szczepieniu ochronnemu, a także kwestia odpowiedzialności za szczepienia pracownicze, zwłaszcza rozstrzygnięcie, czy obciąży ona pracownika czy pracodawcę. Tematyka artykułu jest szczególnie istotna w świetle obecnej pandemii koronawirusa SARS-CoV-2 powodującego chorobę COVID-19 oraz powstałą w związku z nią możliwością szczepienia pracowników przeciwko tej chorobie.
EN
Objectives: The aim of the study has been to analyze the epidemiological data on sharp injuries among health care workers before and after the implementation of regulations related to the conduct of the register of sharp injuries. Material and Methods: We hypothesized that the introduction of legislation would change the existing low reportability of sharp injuries and reporting incidents would increase. In Poland the binding regulations, dating back to 2013, require the employer to keep a record of sharp injuries. Therefore, we compared the data from before and after the entry regulations. Data was collected from the records of occupational exposure/accidents at work in hospitals in the Łódź Province during 2010–2014. The feedback came from 36 hospitals (return index = 51.5%), representing a total annual average of 13 211 medical workers. Results: The incidence of injuries did not change significantly over the period 2010–2014, and the number of reported injuries in 2014 (the year when the Regulation had already been effective) was even lower than in the previous years. The average annual injury index was 12.31 injuries per 1000 employees (95% confidence interval: 11.48–13.16/1000). The incidence of injuries among nurses was significantly higher than in other groups of medical professionals (p < 0.05). These injuries most often occur while using needles (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The obligation to record occupational exposures set forth in current regulations is not likely to improve the reliability of reporting the incidents actually taking place. Further research should focus on identifying barriers to reporting cases of exposure to potentially infectious material. Action should be taken to raise awareness of medical personnel about the possible effects of exposure to infectious material, in particular, the benefits of the implementation of early post-exposure procedures. Perhaps it will increase the reporting frequency of sharp injuries of medical personnel. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(1):37–46
EN
The Corona pandemic, which has dominated everyday life since the beginning of 2020, has brought Sections 178 and 179 of the Austrian Criminal Code (StGB) into the focus of criminal law discussion. They criminalize endangering other people through certain diseases: The perpetrator can be punished if he or she risks to transfer a disease, of which the presence must be reported to public authorities according to the law, to at least about ten other persons. Not least because these offenses have not had particular practical relevance up to date, several dogmatic questions remain unresolved, to which this paper provides an answer. These include, in particular, the extent to which a behavior must be dangerous for the health of others to lead to a criminal liability, how to deal with a lack of dangerousness that is determined ex post, and whether and under what conditions criminal liability by omission can exist. The proposed solutions are examined for their practical suitability based on typical “Corona cases” such as visiting so-called “Corona parties”, ignoring a segregation duty or concealing contacts during contact tracing. To answer the unresolved dogmatic questions, it is first necessary to present the relevant literature and second to interpret the criminal law provisions according to the recognized interpretation methods (especially systematic interpretation and historical will of the legislator). This will lead to new solutions that partially differ from the prevailing opinion.
EN
The causes of the great migratory movements are most often war conflicts, natural disasters and natural disasters, but the movement of people is also conducive to the development of infrastructure, including civil aviation and globalization - traveling for tourism, economic, seeking a place of better existence. The aim of the study is to characterize and assess the scale of the phenomenon of migration of the population and its eff ects on the health situation of Polish citizens. Currently, we don’t know much about the extent of transmission of diseases imported in Europe. Migration and imported infections are changing the distribution of infectious diseases in our region, the increase in the number of migrants and refugees is increasingly important for the epidemiology of infectious diseases. WHO experts emphasize that infectious diseases are primarily associated with poverty, exposure to infections and incomplete vaccination status. Currently, the increase in cases of measles, and hepatitis especially of type A and B is observed, while the low or almost negligible risk of disease concerns diseases transmitted by the vector, such as schistosomiasis, malaria, and leishmaniosis. It should be noted that in the case of many diseases, it is possible to prevent them by protective vaccinations and improve sanitary and living conditions.
PL
Przyczynami wielkich ruchów migracyjnych najczęściej są konflikty wojenne i katastrofy naturalne. Jednak przemieszczaniu się ludzi sprzyja także rozwój infrastruktury, w tym lotnictwa cywilnego, oraz globalizacja – podróże w celach turystycznych, ekonomicznych lub w poszukiwaniu lepszego miejsca do życia. Celem opracowania jest charakterystyka i ocena skali zjawiska migracji ludności i jej skutków dla sytuacji zdrowotnej mieszkańców Polski. Obecnie niewiele wiadomo na temat zasięgu przenoszenia chorób importowanych w Europie. Migracja i przywożone infekcje zmieniają dystrybucję chorób zakaźnych w naszym regionie, a wzrost liczby migrantów i uchodźców ma coraz większe znaczenie dla epidemiologii chorób zakaźnych. Eksperci Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia podkreślają, że choroby zakaźne są związane przede wszystkim z ubóstwem, narażeniem na infekcje i niepełnym statusem szczepień. Obecnie odnotowuje się wzrost zachorowań na odrę i wirusowe zapalenie wątroby, zwłaszcza typu A i B; natomiast małe lub wręcz znikome ryzyko zachorowania dotyczy chorób przenoszonych przez wektor, jak np. schistosomatoza, malaria, leiszmanioza. Należy zaznaczyć, że w przypadku wielu chorób istnieje możliwość zapobiegania im poprzez szczepienia ochronne oraz poprawę warunków sanitarnych i bytowych.
PL
W latach 1918–1919 świat nawiedziła pandemia grypy hiszpanki. Artykuł pokazuje, jakie problemy związane z tą chorobą były podejmowane w polskiej prasie tego okresu, jaki był poziom wiedzy autorów na temat etiologii tej niebezpiecznej choroby. Liczne informacje zawarte w czasopismach naukowych i prasie codziennej rzucają bez wątpienia nowe światło na słabo znany przebieg grypy hiszpanki w odradzającym się państwie polskim. Artykuł dostarcza wiedzy o nieskutecznych próbach walki z grypą w miastach i na wsi oraz badaniach nad tą chorobą w różnych ośrodkach naukowych kraju.
EN
In 1918–1919, the world was plagued with a Spanish flu pandemic. This article presents the disease-related problems covered in the contemporary Polish press and the editors’ knowledge of the aetiology of this dangerous disease. Undoubtedly, the abundant information in medical magazines and newspapers shed new light on the otherwise poorly covered spread of Spanish influenza in Poland, following its regained independence. The article also provides information about the futile attempts at combating the flu in cities and in rural areas, as well as about research into the disease carried out in various centres all over the country.
EN
In 1807, the greatest health threats to soldiers and civilians resulted from the conducted war. That is why we notice increased incidence and mortality in the base of the fighting French and Polish armies in Pomerania. However, these were not threats on the scale seen before when dealing with plague outbreaks, and later, during cholera epidemics. Health threats mobilized the authorities and the medical community to act. The ordinances issued at that time and the organizational efforts undertaken were directed at both immediate disease control and prevention, as well as creating the foundations for future sanitary and health relations.
PL
W 1807 r. największe zagrożenia zdrowotne dla żołnierzy i ludności cywilnej wynikały z prowadzonej wojny. Dlatego zwiększoną zapadalność i śmiertelność zauważamy na bezpośrednim zapleczu armii francuskiej i polskiej walczących na Pomorzu. Natomiast nie były to zagrożenia na skalę spotykaną wcześniej, kiedy trzeba było się borykać z epidemiami dżumy, jak również później, w warunkach epidemii cholery. Zagrożenia zdrowotne mobilizowały władze i środowisko lekarskie do działania. Wydane wówczas zarządzenia i podjęte wysiłki organizacyjne kierowane były zarówno na doraźne zwalczanie i zapobieganie chorobom, jak i tworzenie zrębów przyszłych stosunków sanitarno-zdrowotnych.
EN
In the era of civilization progress and globalization, the problem of infectious diseases, prevention and combating it remains one of the important public health tasks. On the other hand, the specific nature and course of these illnesses is still an important profession for medicine, especially in the field of research and development, depending on the chemical and biological solutions, including drugs and vaccines, which will be effective. The public sector is condemned in this regard in most cases for the scientific and financial activity undertaken by the pharmaceutical industry. The latter, particularly when using the monopoly resulting from patent protection, is not always interested in directing its offer to underdeveloped markets. These areas are often sources of spreading epidemics. Hence the efforts of international organizations, followed by the European Union, to create legal instruments, such as compulsory export licenses, to counteract these unfavorable phenomena. It seems, however, that the introduction of a legislative formula is not sufficient to achieve the expected results without adequate political, economic and social support.
PL
W dobie postępu cywilizacyjnego i związanej z nim globalizacji problem chorób zakaźnych, ich profilaktyki i zwalczania skutków pozostaje jednym z istotnych w zakresie zadań publicznych lokowanych w obszarze ochrony zdrowia. Z drugiej zaś strony specyfika i przebieg tych chorób stanowią wciąż istotne wyzwanie dla medycyny, zwłaszcza w zakresie związanym z badaniami i rozwojem, w znalezieniu takich rozwiązań chemicznych czy biologicznych, w tym leków i szczepionek, które będą skuteczne. Sektor publiczny skazany jest w tym względzie, w większości przypadków, na aktywność naukową i finansową podejmowaną przez przemysł farmaceutyczny. Ten ostatni, zwłaszcza gdy korzysta z monopolu wynikającego z uzyskanej ochrony patentowej, nie zawsze jednak jest zainteresowany kierowaniem swojej oferty do rynków słabo rozwiniętych. Obszary te zaś często to źródła rozprzestrzeniających się epidemii. Stąd wysiłki organizacji międzynarodowych, a w ślad za nimi także Unii Europejskiej, by stworzyć instrumenty prawne, takie jak przymusowa licencja eksportowa, pozwalające przeciwdziałać tym niekorzystnym zjawiskom. Wydaje się jednak, że wprowadzenie legislacyjnej formuły nie jest wystarczające dla osiągniecia oczekiwanych rezultatów bez odpowiedniego wsparcia politycznego, ekonomicznego i społecznego.
PL
Zachowane w Archiwum Państwowym w Poznaniu statystyki zachorowań na choroby zakaźne w poszczególnych powiatach województwa poznańskiego tuż po II wojnie światowej są szczegółowe i bogate w dane liczbowe. Ich syntezę może ułatwić zastosowanie ilościowych metod grupowania. W artykule zaprezentowano możliwości, jakie daje analiza skupień, a w szczególności metoda najdalszego sąsiedztwa. Uzyskane wyniki grupowania pozwoliły na usystematyzowanie wielowymiarowych informacji ilościowych, które może stanowić punkt wyjścia do szerszej interpretacji historycznej, dotyczącej zachorowań na choroby zakaźne po zakończeniu działań wojennych. The use of cluster analysis in historical research on the example of infectious diseases incidence in districts of the Poznań Voivodeship in 1946 Statistics of infectious diseases incidences soon after World War II for districts of the Poznań Voivodeship preserved in the State Archives in Poznań are detailed and rich in figures. Their synthesis is facilitated by the employment of quantitative methods of classification. The article presents possibilities offered by data clustering, in particular the method of the most distant neighbourhood. The clustering results made it possible to systematise multidimensional quantitative data and thus offered a starting point for a broader historical interpretation in the area of infectious diseases after the end of World War II.
EN
Roman Franciszek Henryk Nitsch was born on September 5, 1873 in Podchybie. In 1899, he graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the Jagiellonian University. Until 1915, he worked as an assistant in the Department of Hygiene of the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, cooperating with Prof. Odon Bujwid. In 1915 he was nominated as an associate professor of hygiene and bacteriology. In 1920, he was appointed full professor of bacteriology at the University of Warsaw. For the rest of his life, he was associated with the research center in Warsaw. He died on 29 March 1943. Roman Nitsch’s scientific activity, which mainly involved his research on vaccination against rabies, is a significant contribution to the development of Polish medical microbiology. The analysis of Roman Nitsch’s scientific achievements proves that he was a continuator of Ludwik Pasteur’s and Odon Bujwid’s – his predecessor and teacher – research thought, as well as the author of pioneering works that shed new light on the world of microbes, which was then only gradually being discovered.
PL
Walka z pandemią, będącą formą katastrofy naturalnej, zawsze związana jest z ograniczaniem konstytucyjnych wolności i praw człowieka i obywatela. W związku z pojawieniem się epidemii koronawirusa w Polsce przyjęto szereg uregulowań prawnych w celu jej zwalczania. Przyjęte regulacje mają charakter restrykcyjny i znacznie ograniczają korzystanie z konstytucyjnie gwarantowanych wolności i praw. W niniejszym artykule poddano analizie ograniczenia praw i wolności wprowadzonych w czasie pandemii w Polsce, w szczególności zaś sposób ich wprowadzania oraz dokonano oceny procesu z punktu widzenia naruszenia podstawowych standardów ochrony praw człowieka. Wyniki analizy prowadzą do konkluzji, że pomimo merytorycznego uzasadnienia wielu ograniczeń, sposób ich wprowadzania narusza podstawowe standardy ochrony praw człowieka i budzi fundamentalne wątpliwości z punktu widzenia zgodności z Konstytucją wprowadzanych rozwiązań.
EN
The fight against a pandemic, which is a form of natural disaster, is always connected with limiting constitutional freedoms and human and civil rights. Due to the emergence of the coronavirus epidemic in Poland, a number of legal regulations have been adopted to combat it. The adopted regulations are restrictive and significantly limit the exercise of constitutionally guaranteed freedoms and rights. This article analyzes the limitations of rights and freedoms introduced during the pandemic in Poland, and in particular the manner of their implementation, and assesses the process from the point of view of violating the basic standards of human rights protection. The results of the analysis lead to the conclusion that despite the substantive justification of many restrictions, the manner of their introduction violates the basic standards of human rights protection and raises fundamental doubts from the point of view of the compliance of the introduced solutions with the Constitution.
EN
The article focuses on a theme of re-emerging infectious diseases (R-EIDs) in film productions and television series. Our aim was to show interaction between the epidemics, public reactions and contents of popular culture. The analysis depicts how popular culture tends to present fears of epidemics, as well as describes two other threads important to R-EIDs-related narrative: fear of possible collapse of modernity and fear of technological progress.
EN
The article contains an analysis of the tasks implemented by the State Sanitary Inspection in the area of public health. The main responsibility of the inspection is first of all to maintain the proper level of sanitary safety in the country. The implementation of this task determines the scope of competences of the State Sanitary Inspection and its internal structure, which were described in the present article. The State Sanitary Inspector is also a state authority within the structure of the state administration that performs tasks under the specific legal regime of the state of epidemics.
PL
Artykuł zawiera analizę zadań realizowanych w obszarze zdrowia publicznego przez Państwową Inspekcję Sanitarną. Naczelną odpowiedzialnością Inspekcji jest przede wszystkim zachowanie właściwego poziomu bezpieczeństwa sanitarnego kraju. Realizacja tego zadania determinuje zakres kompetencji Państwowej Inspekcji Sanitarnej oraz jej wewnętrzną strukturę, które to zostały opisane w publikacji. Państwowy Inspektor Sanitarny to także kluczowy organ w strukturze administracji państwowej, która wykonuje zadania w ramach szczególnego reżimu prawnego stanu epidemii.
EN
The war in Vietnam resulted in numerous casualties, which included troops that were wounded, injured and sick. The fate of these soldiers was determined by the efficiency of the American military medical system. The foundations and structure of the system in South Vietnam had to be created and then further expanded due to the influx of new combatants from America. One of the elements of the medical logistic structure that came under the banner of the medical system was the sanitary-epidemiological security of its military personnel and the individuals (civilians) that cooperated with the American forces. This article attempts to describe and analyze this system, especially those activities that were undertaken in the field regarding the sanitary and epidemiological protection of American troops during the conflict.
DE
Der Vietnamkrieg forderte zahlreiche Gefallene, Verwundete, Verletzte und Kranke. Ihr weiteres Schicksal hing von der Effizienz des medizinischen Systems der amerikanischen Streitkräfte ab. Dieses musste in Südvietnam erst einmal die Grundlagen schaffen und dann mit dem Zustrom neuer amerikanischer Soldaten seine Strukturen ausbauen. Eines der Elemente des medizinischen und logistischen Aufbaus des Sanitätssystems war die sanitär-epidemiologische Absicherung der eigenen militärischen Komponente sowie der mit ihr arbeitenden Personen (Zivilisten). Der vorliegende Artikel ist ein Versuch, dieses System und insbesondere die sanitär-epidemiologischen Schutzmaßnahmen des US-Militärs während des Vietnamkriegs zu beschreiben und zu analysieren.
PL
Wojna w Wietnamie skutkowała licznymi ofiarami, rannymi, kontuzjowanymi oraz chorymi. O ich dalszych losach decydowała sprawność amerykańskiego wojskowego systemu medycznego. Ten w Południowym Wietnamie musiał stworzyć sobie fundamenty, a potem rozbudowywać swoje struktury wraz z napływem nowych żołnierzy z Ameryki. Jednym z elementów medyczno-logistycznej konstrukcji, jaka kryła się pod hasłem systemu medycznego, było zabezpieczenie sanitarno- -epidemiologiczne własnego komponentu wojskowego, jak i osób (cywilów) z nim współpracujących. Niniejszy artykuł jest właśnie próbą opisania i przeanalizowania tego systemu, a szczególnie działań podejmowanych w zakresie ochrony sanitarno- -epidemiologicznej wojsk amerykańskich podczas II konfliktu indochińskiego.
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