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PL
“There is a tradition of irony in Austria, not only in literature”, said Kathrin Röggla in an interview in 2012; my article considers the assertion as a starting point to an analysis of three novels by contemporary Austrian women authors Flor, Präauer and Simon. The aim is to examine the different patterns of irony by Flor, Präauer and Simon in order to assess what the “Austrian” concept of irony can mean today. Furthermore, I would like to consider the „Austrian“ irony as a specific Austrian cue to express involvement in current political matters.
DE
Den Ausgangspunkt für den Artikel bildet die Aussage von Kathrin Röggla, derzufolge „Was in Österreich – nicht nur in der Literatur – Tradition hat, ist Ironie“. Den Gegenstand der Untersuchung bilden Ironie-Konzepte in drei Romanen der österreichischen Autorinnen der Gegenwart Olga Flor, Teresa Präauer, Cordula Simon. Die Fragestellung ist auf die spezifisch „österreichische“ Ironie ausgerichtet, die, so die These, eine besondere Form der Auseinandersetzung mit aktuellen sozialen und politischen Themenkomplexen darstellt.
EN
We propose here to analyze from an emotional point of view Charlemagne’s Journey, which is undoubtedly the funniest chanson de geste (except the atypical Audigier). In particular, we will try to see to what extent the irony of the text influences the representation of emotions, and how these influence in turn the reception of the text by the reader.
EN
This paper proposes to analyse ironic utterances in the British TV series Downton Abbey (Season One) by comparing the English source text (ST) irony found in the script of the film to its subtitled variant of the Hungarian target text (TT). First the literature of the domain is surveyed in order to draw attention to the difficulty of rendering irony in audiovisual subtitles which emphasises that, as a multidisciplinary area, it involves not only audio and visual, but also verbal and non-verbal factors. This section is followed by a brief survey of irony theories highlighting the incongruence factor of irony, which also needs to be rendered in the TT After offering an outline of the story, several examples of ironic utterances are discussed, applying the dynamic equivalence method.
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Niepochwytność ironii

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PL
Dyskusja nad książką Zofii Mitosek, Co z tą ironią?, Gdańsk 2013.
EN
The text discusses the book "Co z tą ironią?", whose author, Zofia Mitosek, distinguishes between critical irony and irony of doubt. Pointing out the differences in the world view aspect of those two types of irony, Mitosek claims that the first one is specific for “ironic attitude”, while the second one characterizes “ironic consciousness”. The article, however, questions the validity of such categorization in analytical practice. The final conclusion emphasises the fact that it is very difficult to make clear-cut division between the two types of irony.
EN
According to authors opinion irony is one of fundamental ideas giving us one of the ways of thinking of world around us - anthropological thought consideration. Realizing the multiplicity of meanings, polymorphism and inhomogeneous modus operandi by using it notices analogy with every aspect of anthropological recognition - from literal one to methodology and research attitude. Polymorphism of irony is ideal but very hard to use tool, moreover the one which have many ways to operate it. It wouldn´t be misuse if author aligned it with deconstruction, because the similarity is unquestioned though not directly shown in text itself. Such juxtaposition is even more justified if considered with strong philosophic perspective of R. Rorty who had written it in “Final Vocabulary” of postmodernists. The irony can´t be completely defined- being described from centuries it acumulates meanings and attempt of its exact description is pointless - it tends to be equally on same level as deconstruction as well as one above it which may be one of ways to read or construct it.
PL
Zrób mi jakąś krzywdę by Jakub Żulczyk and the question of realism in prose The article focuses on the effort to revisit Polish novel from the end of XX and the beginning of XXI centuries and to re-examine critical voices that were directed at young writers at the time. The subject of reflection relies on the question whether it would be justified to view selected prose from that period as realistic, in the way that realism is understood in the perspective of anthropology of literature.
EN
The paper discusses the ironic manner in which gender relations are often tackled in the early modern English romance, from Shakespeare’s comedies to Sidney’s pastorals or Lady Mary Wroth’s poetry. Strong female characters, effeminate males and the subversive, often ambiguous, manner in which the theme of love is approached in 16th- and 17th - century English literature are some of the aspects to be discussed.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyse William Golding’s novel The Paper Men as an example of a modern confessional narrative. It is argued that the narrator of the novel, Wilfred Barclay, is characterised by his ironical stance both with respect to himself, other people, and – what is more important – to his own narrative. This ironical distance makes him a self-conscious narrator who is aware of both the powers and limitations of his confession. By referring to different modes of self-expression, most importantly the legal and the psychoanalytic, Barclay seeks to redefine confessional discourse to suit his own purposes. In his journal, he addresses issues which have always been crucial for authors of both ecclesiastical and secular confessions: free will, sin, damnation and redemption. The present article is a close examination of the above-mentioned issues. It is argued that that the relationship between the two major protagonists of the novel — Wilfred Barclay and Rick L. Tucker — can be treated as a commentary on Golding’s attitude towards literary critics. The conclusion of the article considers The Paper Men against the background of Golding’s views on literature and the creative process.
EN
The aim of the article is to present a general image of Irony functioning in the public sphere and pos¬sibilities of conceptualization of Irony from a sociological and linguistic perspective. Next, attention is turned to the specificity of its indicators and functions. The empirical part depicts the image of Irony conceptualization in selected aphorisms, proverbs and other short humorous texts and illustrates various (subjective) interpretive models of this category.
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EN
The linguistic analysis of Zbigniew Herbert’s style of poetry leads to the conclusion that the poet’s innovativeness relates mainly to semantics and syntax. The basic stylistic category of his works is his allegorisation. Besides, there are found the following as well: antropomorphisation, personification, a symbol (of a particularly flashing meaning), trans-categorial metaphor connecting the spheres of abstract and reality as well as irony. His style connections with the scientific style and colloquial style belong to the very few pieces of evidence for a linguistic stylisation.
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O stosunku do własnego życia

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EN
Author suggests that we should not treat our own life too seriously. Treating seriously can be analyzed, firstly, as treating as something important. But we should not think about ourselves as more important than other persons. The second analysis suggests life without sense of humor. But, irony and laugh is the only way to cope with tragic events. That is why the attitude of resignation and accepting one own weakness is, against moral ideals, acceptable.
EN
Since antiquity man has been studying irony, it has always been in the center of a continuous debate of scholars of many different scientific disciplines: from Socrates to Aristophanes, from Plato and Aristotle to Cicero and Quintilianus, St. Thomas Aquinas, Baldassarre Castiglione, to the German Romantics. Irony is a world with many acceptations: for this reason, as irony is a rethorical component and a very important element of italian language and culture, it is a very interesting element, which can be used in glottodidactics. The following pages provide a brief overview on the various conceptions of irony, then move on to the suggestion of practical exercises where irony can be used in teaching italian language.  
IT
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O stosunku do własnego życia

77%
EN
Author suggests that we should not treat our own life too seriously. Treating seriously can be analyzed, firstly, as treating as something important. But we should not think about ourselves as more important than other persons. The second analysis suggests life without sense of humor. But, irony and laugh is the only way to cope with tragic events. That is why the attitude of resignation and accepting one own weakness is, against moral ideals, acceptable.
EN
This paper aims to show how David Foster Wallace uses the story My Appearance to convey his ideas on postmodernism and irony. I argue that two sensibilities, ironic and post-ironic, are represented by the main characters David Letterman and Edilyn, respectively. I briefly outline the ways in which irony is problematic. Then I focus on how the battle between the ironic and the post-ironic is played out during an interview that the above mentioned characters participate in. I also write about the tension inherent in the notion of sincerity. I draw on the works of Adam Kelly and Lukas Hoffmann on postirony as well as a body of literature devoted to irony.
EN
The article discusses three elements characteristic of the works of the poet, prose writer and performer Adam Kaczanowski, which resulted in the poor visibility of his achievements in the critical literary discourse after 2000. The first issue concerns the convention of “onirism, which stands firmly on earth” (or “wide realism”), which did not allow Kaczanowski to enter into the binary system “experience versus language” visible in the most important critical literary approaches of the last dozen or so years. The second issue is Kaczanowski’s critique of late capitalism ideology – the hero of this article touched upon this problem at a time when the economic situation favored primarily post-transformation, liberal and libertarian narrations. The third thread is related to the strategy of contesting the status quo: whereas from the late 1990s in the poetry and accompanying discourses the most popular category was irony, Kaczanowski used humor as a tool of subversion (both irony and humor are defined after Gilles Deleuze). 
EN
In his book Rzeczy, których nie wyrzuciłem [Things I Didn’t Throw Out] Marcin Wicha, in a gesture of filial mourning, tries to reconstruct the portrait of hisdeceased mother by writing about the objects she has left. Starting from the material, he recreates the behaviours, views, and family memories of his mother, and saves from the oblivion the scenes that most fully reflect her complexity. Wicha’s book is also an expression of rebellion against the ready word formulas used in the face of death as it attempts to create a story that matches only one deceased person. Rzeczy, których nie wyrzuciłem corresponds with other “mourning texts” (works by Różewicz, Iwasiów, Barthes and Zagajewski) but thanks to the author’s skillful oscillation between individual life and general truths, pathos and irony, understatements and exposures, the personal and the literary – the book turns out to be an original example of writing about loss as it avoids banality and sentimentality.
EN
Balladyna by Juliusz Słowacki is a text which causes controversy as its interpretation cannot be unequivocal – it results from the plot based on the rule of parallelism and parody as well as its structure and its frame that is an evident sign of irony. The history of critical reception of Balladyna demonstrates how difficult it is simply to read this drama. It can be regarded as a quintessence of Romantic playing with conventions, but it contains many elements of pre- Romantic tradition and it also opens the aesthetic and worldview perspectives for modern and postmodern literature. Such multidimensional drama is included in a core curriculum at lower secondary school. It is a source of difficulties for teachers and students and it is often read in too simplified manner during the lessons. The aim of the article is to present a sugges-tion of such attitude towards the drama that can help to discover the play of ambiguous perspectives that is inscribed in it.
EN
The main aim of this paper is to identify patterns in the communication of irony in political discourse, and to determine the role of negative emotions in conveying ironic meaning. The first point to be considered is how politicians use irony, which communicates a contextually incongruent meaning. To be specific, the author’s aim is to investigate what mechanisms of negative politeness are communicated by irony. The second issue to be analysed is the role of negative affect and irony in political discourse. Consequently, the author’s aim is to investigate whether such an interface is socially acceptable and justified in parliamentary discourse. The empirical part of the research seeks to probe the language-affect interface in human interaction. The qualitative and quantitative elements of the analysis lead to results that corroborate the findings relating to the Tinge Hypothesis of Shelley Dews and Ellen Winner (1995: 3), which underscore that irony mutes negative emotions. The paper also takes the perspective of linguistic pragmatics and sociology to highlight the individual factors which play a crucial role in communicating irony. These include face-threatening acts (henceforth: FTAs), role-taking, and negative emotions (evaluations). Another aspect to be considered is the role of the speaker in producing ironic meaning. The author expounds upon the patterns of communication among politicians who share affect-imbued ironic meanings.
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